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@article{GRIPS,
Abstract = {Georeferenced information on road infrastructure is essential for spatial planning, socio-economic assessments and environmental impact analyses. Yet current global road maps are typically outdated or characterized by spatial bias in coverage. In the Global Roads Inventory Project we gathered, harmonized and integrated nearly 60 geospatial datasets on road infrastructure into a global roads dataset. The resulting dataset covers 222 countries and includes over 21 million km of roads, which is two to three times the total length in the currently best available country-based global roads datasets. We then related total road length per country to country area, population density, GDP and OECD membership, resulting in a regression model with adjusted R
2 of 0.90, and found that that the highest road densities are associated with densely populated and wealthier countries. Applying our regression model to future population densities and GDP estimates from the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenarios, we obtained a tentative estimate of 3.0--4.7 million km additional road length for the year 2050. Large increases in road length were projected for developing nations in some of the world's last remaining wilderness areas, such as the Amazon, the Congo basin and New Guinea. This highlights the need for accurate spatial road datasets to underpin strategic spatial planning in order to reduce the impacts of roads in remaining pristine ecosystems.},
Author = {Johan R Meijer and Mark A J Huijbregts and Kees C G J Schotten and Aafke M Schipper},
Date-Added = {2019-10-03 16:10:30 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2019-10-03 16:10:37 -0500},
Doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/aabd42},
Journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
Month = {may},
Number = {6},
Pages = {064006},
Publisher = {{IOP} Publishing},
Title = {Global patterns of current and future road infrastructure},
Url = {https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2Faabd42},
Volume = {13},
Year = 2018,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2Faabd42},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aabd42}}
@article{levpetrin2003,
Abstract = { We add to the methods for conditioning out serially correlated unobserved shocks to the production technology. We build on ideas first developed in Olley and Pakes (1996). They show how to use investment to control for correlation between input levels and the unobserved firm-specific productivity process. We show that intermediate inputs (those inputs which are typically subtracted out in a value-added production function) can also solve this simultaneity problem. We discuss some theoretical benefits of extending the proxy choice set in this direction and our empirical results suggest these benefits can be important. Copyright 2003, Wiley-Blackwell.},
Author = {James Levinsohn and Amil Petrin},
Date-Added = {2019-09-08 15:51:58 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2019-09-08 15:52:04 -0500},
Journal = {Review of Economic Studies},
Number = {2},
Pages = {317-341},
Title = {{Estimating Production Functions Using Inputs to Control for Unobservables}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/oup/restud/v70y2003i2p317-341.html},
Volume = {70},
Year = 2003,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/oup/restud/v70y2003i2p317-341.html}}
@article{olleypakes1996,
Abstract = { Technological change and deregulation have caused a major restructuring telecommunications equipment industry over the last two decades. Our empirical focus is on estimating the parameters of a production function for the equipment industry, and then using those estimates to analyze the evolution of plant-level productivity. The restructuring involved significant entry and exit and large changes in the sizes of incumbents. This generates a selection and a simultaneity problem when estimating production functions. Our theoretical focus is on providing an estimation algorithm which takes explicit account of these issues. We find that our algorithm produces markedly different estimates of production function coefficients than do traditional estimation procedures, and that the productivity increases that followed deregulation were primarily a result of a reallocation of capital towards more productive establishments. Copyright 1996 by The Econometric Society.},
Author = {Olley, G Steven and Pakes, Ariel},
Date-Added = {2019-09-08 15:51:10 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2019-09-08 15:51:20 -0500},
Journal = {Econometrica},
Month = {November},
Number = {6},
Pages = {1263-1297},
Title = {{The Dynamics of Productivity in the Telecommunications Equipment Industry}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ecm/emetrp/v64y1996i6p1263-97.html},
Volume = {64},
Year = 1996,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ecm/emetrp/v64y1996i6p1263-97.html}}
@unpublished{DHS,
Author = {ICF},
Date-Added = {2019-07-22 12:21:31 -0400},
Date-Modified = {2019-07-22 12:23:18 -0400},
Note = {Funded by USAID. Rockville, MD: ICF [Distributor]},
Title = {Demographic and Health Surveys (various) [Datasets]},
Year = {1986-2017}}
@unpublished{gadm,
Author = {{Global Administrative Areas Project}},
Date-Added = {2019-07-22 11:12:17 -0400},
Date-Modified = {2019-07-22 11:19:51 -0400},
Note = {https://gadm.org/index.html},
Title = {GADM Database},
Url = {https://gadm.org/index.html},
Year = {2019},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://gadm.org/index.html}}
@book{fisher1930,
Address = {New York, NY},
Author = {Irving Fisher},
Date-Added = {2019-06-26 14:47:20 -0400},
Date-Modified = {2019-06-26 14:47:54 -0400},
Keywords = {theory},
Publisher = {Macmillan},
Title = {The Theory of Interest},
Year = {1930}}
@article{ghk1997,
Abstract = {The role that investment-specific technological change played in generating post-war U.S. growth is investigated here. The premise is that the introduction of new, more efficient capital goods is an important source of productivity change, and an attempt is made to disentangle its effects from the more traditional Hicks-neutral form of technological progress. The balanced growth path for the model is characterized and calibrated to U.S. National Income and Product Account (NIPA) data. The quantitative analysis suggests that investment-specific technological change accounts for the major part of growth.},
Author = {Jeremy Greenwood and Zvi Hercowitz and Per Krusell},
Date-Added = {2019-06-25 12:45:45 -0400},
Date-Modified = {2019-06-25 12:45:54 -0400},
Issn = {00028282},
Journal = {The American Economic Review},
Keywords = {theory},
Number = {3},
Pages = {342--362},
Publisher = {American Economic Association},
Title = {Long-Run Implications of Investment-Specific Technological Change},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2951349},
Volume = {87},
Year = {1997},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2951349}}
@article{okkst2019,
Abstract = {{What is the aggregate real rate of return in the economy? Is it higher than the growth rate of the economy and, if so, by how much? Is there a tendency for returns to fall in the long run? Which particular assets have the highest long-run returns? We answer these questions on the basis of a new and comprehensive data set for all major asset classes, including housing. The annual data on total returns for equity, housing, bonds, and bills cover 16 advanced economies from 1870 to 2015, and our new evidence reveals many new findings and puzzles.}},
Author = {Jord\`{a}, \`{O}scar and Knoll, Katharina and Kuvshinov, Dmitry and Schularick, Moritz and Taylor, Alan M},
Date-Added = {2019-06-19 15:40:53 -0400},
Date-Modified = {2019-06-19 15:42:32 -0400},
Doi = {10.1093/qje/qjz012},
Eprint = {http://oup.prod.sis.lan/qje/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/qje/qjz012/28790445/qjz012.pdf},
Issn = {0033-5533},
Journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
Keywords = {intro, macro, rich, theory},
Month = {04},
Title = {{The Rate of Return on Everything, 1870--2015*}},
Url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjz012},
Year = {2019},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjz012}}
@book{Friedman000,
Author = {Milton Friedman},
Date-Added = {2019-06-11 19:29:00 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2019-06-11 19:29:24 +0000},
Keywords = {theory},
Publisher = {Princeton University Press},
Title = {Theory of the consumption function},
Year = {1957}}
@book{Keynes000,
Address = {London},
Author = {John Maynard Keynes},
Date-Added = {2019-06-11 19:22:06 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2019-06-11 19:23:09 +0000},
Keywords = {theory},
Publisher = {Macmillan},
Title = {The general theory of employment, interest and money},
Year = {1936}}
@incollection{koopmans1965,
Author = {Koopmans, Tjalling},
Booktitle = {The Economic Approach to Development Planning},
Date-Added = {2019-06-09 18:05:22 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2019-06-09 18:07:23 -0500},
Keywords = {theory},
Pages = {225-287},
Publisher = {Rand McNally},
Title = {On the concept of optimal economic growth},
Year = {1965}}
@article{cass1965,
Author = {David Cass},
Date-Added = {2019-06-09 18:05:02 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2019-06-09 18:05:09 -0500},
Issn = {00346527, 1467937X},
Journal = {The Review of Economic Studies},
Keywords = {theory},
Number = {3},
Pages = {233--240},
Publisher = {[Oxford University Press, Review of Economic Studies, Ltd.]},
Title = {Optimum Growth in an Aggregative Model of Capital Accumulation},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2295827},
Volume = {32},
Year = {1965},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2295827}}
@article{ramsey1928,
Author = {F. P. Ramsey},
Date-Added = {2019-06-09 18:04:06 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2019-06-09 18:05:00 -0500},
Issn = {00130133, 14680297},
Journal = {The Economic Journal},
Keywords = {theory},
Number = {152},
Pages = {543--559},
Publisher = {[Royal Economic Society, Wiley]},
Title = {A Mathematical Theory of Saving},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2224098},
Volume = {38},
Year = {1928},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2224098}}
@article{ghos2017,
Author = {Grossman, Gene M. and Helpman, Elhanan and Oberfield, Ezra and Sampson, Thomas},
Date-Added = {2019-06-07 14:39:56 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2019-06-07 14:49:28 -0500},
Doi = {10.1257/aer.20151739},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Month = {April},
Number = {4},
Pages = {1293-1312},
Title = {Balanced Growth Despite {U}zawa},
Url = {http://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.20151739},
Volume = {107},
Year = {2017},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.20151739},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20151739}}
@article{jonesscrim2008,
Abstract = { Abstract This note revisits the proof of the steady-state growth theorem, first given by Uzawa in 1961.We provide a clear statement of the theorem, discuss intuition for why it holds, and present a new, elegant proof due to Schlicht (2006). },
Author = {Jones, Charles I. and Scrimgeour, Dean},
Date-Added = {2019-06-07 14:06:03 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2019-06-07 14:49:41 -0500},
Doi = {10.1162/rest.90.1.180},
Eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1162/rest.90.1.180},
Journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
Number = {1},
Pages = {180-182},
Title = {A New Proof of {U}zawa's Steady-State Growth Theorem},
Url = {https://doi.org/10.1162/rest.90.1.180},
Volume = {90},
Year = {2008},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1162/rest.90.1.180}}
@article{uzawa1961,
Author = {Uzawa, H.},
Date-Added = {2019-06-07 14:03:43 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2019-06-07 14:04:01 -0500},
Doi = {10.2307/2295709},
Eprint = {http://oup.prod.sis.lan/restud/article-pdf/28/2/117/4439033/28-2-117.pdf},
Issn = {0034-6527},
Journal = {The Review of Economic Studies},
Keywords = {theory},
Month = {02},
Number = {2},
Pages = {117-124},
Title = {{Neutral Inventions and the Stability of Growth Equilibrium}},
Url = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2295709},
Volume = {28},
Year = {1961},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2295709}}
@article{kaldor1957,
Author = {Nicholas Kaldor},
Date-Added = {2019-06-04 14:59:36 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2019-06-04 15:00:06 -0500},
Issn = {00130133, 14680297},
Journal = {The Economic Journal},
Keywords = {theory},
Number = {268},
Pages = {591--624},
Publisher = {[Royal Economic Society, Wiley]},
Title = {A Model of Economic Growth},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2227704},
Volume = {67},
Year = {1957},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2227704}}
@unpublished{Barkai000,
Author = {Barkai, Simcha},
Date-Added = {2019-06-03 15:30:07 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2019-06-03 15:31:06 -0500},
Keywords = {markup},
Note = {Stigler Center for the Study of the Economy and the State},
Title = {Declining labor and capital shares},
Url = {https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e1a5/64275af0ff7f7515306107e22b59ff3c4c88.pdf},
Year = {2017},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e1a5/64275af0ff7f7515306107e22b59ff3c4c88.pdf}}
@techreport{bf2019short,
Abstract = {This paper provides two simple and economically-interpretable decompositions for aggregate productivity analysis in the presence of distortions and in general equilibrium. In the process, we propose a new ``distorted'' Solow residual which, contrary to the traditional Solow residual, accurately measures changes in aggregate productivity in disaggregated economies with distortions. Our formulas apply to any collection of producers ranging from one isolated producer to an industry or to an entire economy. They can be useful for empiricists and theorists alike. Potential applications of these formulas include: (1) decomposing aggregate productivity into its microeconomic sources, separating technical and allocative efficiency; (2) aggregating microeconomic estimates (for example, from natural experiments) to assess macroeconomic effects; (3) constructing and interpreting aggregate counterfactuals. Despite their simplicity, the formulas are general, allowing for production networks, multi-product firms, and non-constant returns. They are also entirely nonparametric. They only assume market clearing and cost minimization.},
Author = {David Baqaee and Emmanuel Farhi},
Date-Added = {2019-06-03 14:20:25 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2019-06-04 15:00:39 -0500},
Institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc},
Keywords = {theory},
Month = Mar,
Number = {25688},
Title = {{A Short Note on Aggregating Productivity}},
Type = {NBER Working Papers},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/25688.html},
Year = 2019,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/25688.html}}
@book{HorowitzPlanting000,
Author = {Karen J. Horowitz and Mark A. Planting},
Date-Added = {2019-06-03 13:21:45 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2019-06-03 13:23:20 -0500},
Keywords = {theory},
Publisher = {U.S. Department of Commerce Bureau of Economic Analysis},
Title = {Concepts and Methods of the U.S. Input-Output Accounts},
Year = {2009}}
@book{Leontief000,
Author = {Leontief, Wassily W.},
Date-Added = {2019-06-03 12:14:53 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2019-06-03 12:15:09 -0500},
Keywords = {theory},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
Title = {Input-Output Economics},
Year = {1966}}
@article{mrf2008,
Abstract = {Croplands cover ∼15 million km2 of the planet and provide the bulk of the food and fiber essential to human well-being. Most global land cover data sets from satellites group croplands into just a few categories, thereby excluding information that is critical for answering key questions ranging from biodiversity conservation to food security to biogeochemical cycling. Information about agricultural land use practices like crop selection, yield, and fertilizer use is even more limited. Here we present land use data sets created by combining national, state, and county level census statistics with a recently updated global data set of croplands on a 5 min by 5 min (∼10 km by 10 km) latitude-longitude grid. The resulting land use data sets depict circa the year 2000 the area (harvested) and yield of 175 distinct crops of the world. We aggregate these individual crop maps to produce novel maps of 11 major crop groups, crop net primary production, and four physiologically based crop types: annuals/perennials, herbaceous/shrubs/trees, C3/C4, and leguminous/nonleguminous.},
Author = {Monfreda, Chad and Ramankutty, Navin and Foley, Jonathan A.},
Date-Added = {2019-04-05 14:54:28 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2019-06-04 15:00:53 -0500},
Doi = {10.1029/2007GB002947},
Eprint = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2007GB002947},
Journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
Keywords = {nature, deep},
Number = {1},
Title = {Farming the planet: 2. Geographic distribution of crop areas, yields, physiological types, and net primary production in the year 2000},
Url = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2007GB002947},
Volume = {22},
Year = {2008},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2007GB002947},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GB002947}}
@article{remf2008,
Abstract = {Agricultural activities have dramatically altered our planet's land surface. To understand the extent and spatial distribution of these changes, we have developed a new global data set of croplands and pastures circa 2000 by combining agricultural inventory data and satellite-derived land cover data. The agricultural inventory data, with much greater spatial detail than previously available, is used to train a land cover classification data set obtained by merging two different satellite-derived products (Boston University's MODIS-derived land cover product and the GLC2000 data set). Our data are presented at 5 min (∼10 km) spatial resolution in longitude by longitude, have greater accuracy than previously available, and for the first time include statistical confidence intervals on the estimates. According to the data, there were 15.0 (90\% confidence range of 12.2--17.1) million km2 of cropland (12\% of the Earth's ice-free land surface) and 28.0 (90\% confidence range of 23.6--30.0) million km2 of pasture (22\%) in the year 2000.},
Author = {Ramankutty, Navin and Evan, Amato T. and Monfreda, Chad and Foley, Jonathan A.},
Date-Added = {2019-04-05 14:52:55 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2019-06-04 15:00:59 -0500},
Doi = {10.1029/2007GB002952},
Eprint = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2007GB002952},
Journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
Keywords = {nature, deep},
Number = {1},
Title = {Farming the planet: 1. Geographic distribution of global agricultural lands in the year 2000},
Url = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2007GB002952},
Volume = {22},
Year = {2008},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2007GB002952},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GB002952}}
@article{gg2018,
Abstract = {{Estimating future demand for food is a critical aspect of global food security analyses. The process linking dietary changes to wealth is known as the nutrition transition and presents well-identified features that help to predict consumption changes in poor countries. This study proposes to represent the nutrition transition with a nonhomothetic, flexible-in-income demand system. The resulting model is estimated statistically based on cross-sectional information from FAOSTAT. The model captures the main features of the nutrition transition: rise in demand for calories associated with income growth; diversification of diets away from starchy staples; and a large increase in caloric demand for animal-based products, fats, and sweeteners. The estimated model is used to project food demand between 2010 and 2050 based on a set of plausible futures (trend projections and Shared Socioeconomic Pathways scenarios). The main results of these projections are: (a) global food demand will increase by 47\\%, less than half the growth in the previous four decades; (b) this growth will be attributable mainly to lower-middle-income and low-income countries; (c) the structure of global food demand will change over the period, with a doubling of demand for animal-based calories and a much smaller 19\\% increase in demand for starchy staples; and (d) the analysis of a range of population and income projections reveals important uncertainties---depending on the scenario, the projected increases in demand for animal-based and vegetal-based calories range from 74\\% to 114\\%, and from 20\\% to 42\\%, respectively.}},
Author = {Gouel, Christophe and Guimbard, Houssein},
Date-Added = {2019-04-04 16:05:33 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2019-04-04 16:05:56 -0500},
Doi = {10.1093/ajae/aay030},
Eprint = {http://oup.prod.sis.lan/ajae/article-pdf/101/2/383/27841875/aay030.pdf},
Issn = {0002-9092},
Journal = {American Journal of Agricultural Economics},
Keywords = {nutrition, takeoff},
Month = {06},
Number = {2},
Pages = {383-403},
Title = {{Nutrition Transition and the Structure of Global Food Demand}},
Url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aay030},
Volume = {101},
Year = {2018},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aay030}}
@techreport{NBERw25382,
Abstract = {The US economy has undergone a number of puzzling changes in recent decades. Large firms now account for a greater share of economic activity, new firms are being created at a slower rate, and workers are getting paid a smaller share of GDP. This paper shows that changes in population growth provide a unified quantitative explanation for these long-term changes. The mechanism goes through firm entry rates. A decrease in population growth lowers firm entry rates, shifting the firm-age distribution towards older firms. Heterogeneity across firm age groups combined with an aging firm distribution replicates the observed trends. Micro data show that an aging firm distribution fully explains i) the concentration of employment in large firms, ii) and trends in average firm size and exit rates, key determinants of the firm entry rate. An aging firm distribution also explains the decline in labor's share of GDP. In our model, older firms have lower labor shares because of lower overhead labor to employment ratios. Consistent with our mechanism, we find that the ratio of nonproduction workers to total employment has declined in the US.},
Author = {Hopenhayn, Hugo and Neira, Julian and Singhania, Rish},
Date-Added = {2019-01-25 11:45:38 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2019-01-25 11:45:46 -0600},
Doi = {10.3386/w25382},
Institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
Keywords = {slowdown},
Month = {December},
Number = {25382},
Series = {Working Paper Series},
Title = {From Population Growth to Firm Demographics: Implications for Concentration, Entrepreneurship and the Labor Share},
Type = {Working Paper},
Url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w25382},
Year = {2018},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w25382},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.3386/w25382}}
@techreport{inq2017,
Abstract = {This paper provides evidence of the long-run effects of a permanent increase in agricultural productivity on conflict. We construct a newly digitized and geo-referenced dataset of battles in Europe, the Near East and North Africa covering the period between 1400 and 1900 CE. For variation in permanent improvements in agricultural productivity, we exploit the introduction of potatoes from the Americas to the Old World after the Columbian Exchange. We find that the introduction of potatoes permanently reduced conflict for roughly two centuries. The results are driven by a reduction in civil conflicts.},
Author = {Murat Iyigun and Nathan Nunn and Nancy Qian},
Date-Added = {2019-01-01 09:37:27 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2019-01-01 09:37:35 -0600},
Institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = Nov,
Number = {24066},
Title = {{The Long-run Effects of Agricultural Productivity on Conflict, 1400-1900}},
Type = {NBER Working Papers},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/24066.html},
Year = 2017,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/24066.html}}
@article{bop2018,
Abstract = {Abstract The presence of a state is one of the most reliable historical predictors of social and economic development. In this article, we complete the coding of an extant indicator of state presence from 3500 BCE forward for almost all but the smallest countries of the world today. We outline a theoretical framework where accumulated state experience increases aggregate productivity in individual countries but where newer or relatively inexperienced states can reach a higher productivity maximum by learning from the experience of older states. The predicted pattern of comparative development is tested in an empirical analysis where we introduce our extended state history variable. Our key finding is that the current level of economic development across countries has a hump-shaped relationship with accumulated state history.},
Author = {Oana Borcan and Ola Olsson and Louis Putterman},
Date-Added = {2019-01-01 09:35:04 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2019-01-01 09:35:15 -0600},
Doi = {10.1007/s10887-015-9122-3},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = {March},
Number = {1},
Pages = {1-40},
Title = {{State history and economic development: evidence from six millennia}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/kap/jecgro/v23y2018i1d10.1007_s10887-017-9152-0.html},
Volume = {23},
Year = 2018,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/kap/jecgro/v23y2018i1d10.1007_s10887-017-9152-0.html},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10887-015-9122-3}}
@book{goody1983,
Author = {Jack Goody},
Date-Added = {2018-12-19 09:15:36 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-19 09:16:10 -0600},
Keywords = {deep},
Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
Title = {The Development of the Family and Marriage in Europe},
Year = {1983}}
@article{ANG20131,
Abstract = {We study the role of institutional development as a causal mechanism of history affecting current economic performance. Several indicators capturing different dimensions of early development in 1500AD are used to remove the endogenous component of the variations in institutions. These indicators are adjusted with large-scale movements of people across international borders using the global migration matrix of Putterman and Weil (2010) to account for the fact that the ancestors of a population have facilitated the diffusion of knowledge when they migrate. The exogenous component of institutions due to historical development is found to be a significant determinant of current output. By demonstrating that the relationship between early development and current economic performance works through the channel of institutions and that better institutions can be traced back to historical factors, the results of this paper shed some light on how history has played a role in shaping long-run comparative development.},
Author = {James B. Ang},
Date-Added = {2018-12-12 13:18:05 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-12 13:18:11 -0600},
Doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2013.06.002},
Issn = {0304-3878},
Journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
Keywords = {deep},
Pages = {1 - 18},
Title = {Institutions and the long-run impact of early development},
Url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304387813000862},
Volume = {105},
Year = {2013},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304387813000862},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2013.06.002}}
@article{sftbm2004,
Author = {Santiago-Fernandez, Piedad and Torres-Barahona, Rosario and Muela-Mart{\'\i}nez, J. Antonio and Rojo-Mart{\'\i}nez, Gemma and Garc{\'\i}a-Fuentes, Eduardo and Garriga, M. Jos{\'e} and Le{\'o}n, Ana Garc{\'\i}a and Soriguer, Federico},
Date-Added = {2018-12-09 16:47:10 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2019-01-03 11:49:25 -0600},
Doi = {10.1210/jc.2003-031652},
Eprint = {/oup/backfile/content_public/journal/jcem/89/8/10.1210_jc.2003-031652/2/jcem3851.pdf},
Journal = {The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism},
Keywords = {nutrition},
Number = {8},
Pages = {3851-3857},
Title = {Intelligence Quotient and Iodine Intake: A Cross-Sectional Study in Children},
Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2003-031652},
Volume = {89},
Year = {2004},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2003-031652}}
@article{fpw2017,
Author = {Feyrer, James and Politi, Dimitra and Weil, David N.},
Date-Added = {2018-12-09 16:40:09 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2019-04-03 09:10:33 -0500},
Doi = {10.1093/jeea/jvw002},
Eprint = {/oup/backfile/content_public/journal/jeea/15/2/10.1093_jeea_jvw002/5/jvw002.pdf},
Journal = {Journal of the European Economic Association},
Keywords = {deep},
Number = {2},
Pages = {355-387},
Title = {The Cognitive Effects of Micronutrient Deficiency: Evidence from Salt Iodization in the United States},
Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvw002},
Volume = {15},
Year = {2017},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvw002}}
@article{SCRIMSHAW1998351,
Abstract = {Three widely prevalent nutritional deficiencies are recognized to have the potential for permanent adverse effects on learning and behavior: protein-energy, iron, and iodine. Supplementation with adequate protein and calories during the first two years of life improves the cognitive performance of poorly nourished children, and the benefits may be even more robust years later when the children become adolescents and young adults. Iron deficiency is the most common global nutritional problem; among the earliest functions to be affected are those associated with the brain enzymes involved in cognition and behavior. The effects of iron deficiency during infancy appear to be irreversible. At older ages iron deficiency is intellectually and educationally disadvantageous independently of ethnicity and of physical and social environment. Even in areas where cases of cretinism due to iodine deficiency in the mother are few, the linear growth of the infant, its intellectual capacity, and certain other of its neurological functions are permanently compromised to varying degrees. In addition to these three most prevalent forms of deficiency, recent evidence suggests that cow's milk and infant formulas may lack sufficient omega-3 fatty acids for optimal development of the preterm infant and the neonate. Nutritional deficiencies are also potential contributors to impaired cognition in the elderly. Investments in education and community development would be more effective if the physical and cognitive capacity of underprivileged populations were not impaired by malnutrition.},
Author = {Nevin S. Scrimshaw},
Date-Added = {2018-12-09 16:26:15 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2019-01-03 11:49:18 -0600},
Doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0271-5317(98)00027-X},
Issn = {0271-5317},
Journal = {Nutrition Research},
Keywords = {nutrition},
Number = {2},
Pages = {351 - 379},
Title = {Malnutrition, brain development, learning, and behavior},
Url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S027153179800027X},
Volume = {18},
Year = {1998},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S027153179800027X},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0271-5317(98)00027-X}}
@article{nlhf2013,
Abstract = {This review examines the current evidence for a possible connection between nutritional intake (including micronutrients and whole diet) and neurocognitive development in childhood. Earlier studies which have investigated the association between nutrition and cognitive development have focused on individual micronutrients, including omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin B12, folic acid, choline, iron, iodine and zinc, and single aspects of diet. The research evidence from observational studies suggests that micronutrients may play an important role in the cognitive development of children. However, the results of intervention trials utilising single micronutrients are inconclusive. More generally, there is evidence that malnutrition can impair cognitive development, whilst breastfeeding appears to be beneficial for cognition. Eating breakfast is also beneficial for cognition. In contrast, there is currently inconclusive evidence regarding the association between obesity and cognition. Since individuals consume combinations of foods, more recently researchers have become interested in the cognitive impact of diet as a composite measure. Only a few studies to date have investigated the associations between dietary patterns and cognitive development. In future research, more well designed intervention trials are needed, with special consideration given to the interactive effects of nutrients. },
Author = {Nyaradi, Anett and Li, Jianghong and Hickling, Siobhan and Foster, Jonathan and Oddy, Wendy},
Date-Added = {2018-12-09 16:24:34 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2019-01-03 11:49:38 -0600},
Doi = {10.3389/fnhum.2013.00097},
Issn = {1662-5161},
Journal = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience},
Keywords = {nutrition},
Pages = {97},
Title = {The role of nutrition in children's neurocognitive development, from pregnancy through childhood},
Url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00097},
Volume = {7},
Year = {2013},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00097},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00097}}
@article{broadhurst_cunnane_crawford_1998,
Author = {Broadhurst, C. Leigh and Cunnane, Stephen C. and Crawford, Michael A.},
Date-Added = {2018-12-09 16:20:04 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2019-01-03 11:49:56 -0600},
Doi = {10.1079/BJN19980004},
Journal = {British Journal of Nutrition},
Keywords = {nutrition},
Number = {1},
Pages = {3--21},
Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
Title = {Rift Valley lake fish and shellfish provided brain-specific nutrition for early Homo},
Volume = {79},
Year = {1998},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19980004}}
@article{BRENNA201499,
Abstract = {Humans evolved a uniquely large brain among terrestrial mammals. Brain and nervous tissue is rich in the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Docosahexaenoic acid is required for lower and high order functions in humans because of understood and emerging molecular mechanisms. Among brain components that depend on dietary components, DHA is limiting because its synthesis from terrestrial plant food precursors is low but its utilization when consumed in diet is very efficient. Negligible DHA is found in terrestrial plants, but in contrast, DHA is plentiful at the shoreline where it is made by single-celled organisms and plants, and in the seas supports development of very large marine mammal brains. Modern human brains accumulate DHA up to age 18, most aggressively from about half-way through gestation to about two years of age. Studies in modern humans and non-human primates show that modern infants consuming infant formulas that include only DHA precursors have lower DHA levels than for those with a source of preformed DHA. Functional measures show that infants consuming preformed DHA have improved visual and cognitive function. Dietary preformed DHA in the breast milk of modern mothers supports many-fold greater breast milk DHA than is found in the breast milk of vegans, a phenomenon linked to consumption of shore-based foods. Most current evidence suggests that the DHA-rich human brain required an ample and sustained source of dietary DHA to reach its full potential.},
Author = {J. Thomas Brenna and Susan E. Carlson},
Date-Added = {2018-12-09 16:16:57 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2019-01-03 11:50:00 -0600},
Doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.02.017},
Issn = {0047-2484},
Journal = {Journal of Human Evolution},
Keywords = {nutrition},
Note = {The Role of Freshwater and Marine Resources in the Evolution of the Human Diet, Brain and Behavior},
Pages = {99 - 106},
Title = {Docosahexaenoic acid and human brain development: Evidence that a dietary supply is needed for optimal development},
Url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248414000839},
Volume = {77},
Year = {2014},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248414000839},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.02.017}}
@article{price94,
Abstract = {Karl Wittfogel's writings on the evolution of irrigation systems are examined in light of his distinction between hydraulic and hydroagricultural systems. Wittfogel recognized that different hydraulic conditions allowed for the development of different types of irrigation systems: hydraulic societies have tended to develop in massive riverine environments, while hydroagricultural societies have tended to develop along smaller water sources in regions where geographical features hydraulically compartmentalized the countryside. Robert Hunt's recent refutation of Wittfogel's model is examined in light of Wittfogel's own writings about the size and density of hydraulic and hydroagricultural societies. It is argued that Hunt's critique of Wittfogel's model fails because it ignores the specific variables which Wittfogel postulated as primarily influencing the administrative character of irrigation societies.},
Author = {David H. Price},
Date-Added = {2018-12-08 16:37:41 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2019-01-03 11:49:29 -0600},
Issn = {00917710},
Journal = {Journal of Anthropological Research},
Keywords = {deep},
Number = {2},
Pages = {187--204},
Publisher = {[University of New Mexico, University of Chicago Press]},
Title = {Wittfogel's Neglected Hydraulic/Hydroagricultural Distinction},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3630459},
Volume = {50},
Year = {1994},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3630459}}
@article{og1993,
Abstract = {Many analysts presume that the appropriators of a common-pool resource are trapped in a Hobbesian state of nature and cannot themselves create rules to counteract the perverse incentives they face in managing the resource. The logical consequence of this view is to recommend that an external authority---\"the\" government---take over the commons. But considerable empirical evidence from field and experimental settings holds that appropriators frequently do constitute and enforce their own rules, and that these rules work. Our research agenda is to develop a coherent understanding of the set of conditions that enhance or detract from self-organizing capabilities when individuals differ substantially from one another. For the sake of concreteness, this paper focuses on the asymmetry present in most irrigation systems between those who are physically near the source of water (the head-enders) and those who are physically distant from it (the tail-enders). This paper first explores the interaction between head-end and tail-end farmers, particularly their decisions about whether to devote resources to the upkeep of the irrigation system, and how bargaining between the parties can benefit all sides. Finally, we examine empirical evidence from a study of irrigation institutions in Nepal and discuss the broader practical significance of our findings.},
Author = {Elinor Ostrom and Roy Gardner},
Date-Added = {2018-12-08 14:58:42 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2019-01-03 11:49:34 -0600},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = {Fall},
Number = {4},
Pages = {93-112},
Title = {{Coping with Asymmetries in the Commons: Self-Governing Irrigation Systems Can Work}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/jecper/v7y1993i4p93-112.html},
Volume = {7},
Year = 1993,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/jecper/v7y1993i4p93-112.html}}
@book{weber1958,
Address = {New York, NY},
Author = {Max Weber},
Date-Added = {2018-12-08 10:24:45 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2019-01-03 11:49:04 -0600},
Keywords = {deep},
Publisher = {Charles Scribner and Sons},
Title = {The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (Talcott Parsons Translation)},
Year = {1958}}
@book{wittfogel1957,
Address = {New Haven, CT},
Author = {Karl Wittfogel},
Date-Added = {2018-12-08 10:23:44 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2019-01-03 11:49:10 -0600},
Keywords = {deep},
Publisher = {Yale University Press},
Title = {Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power},
Year = {1957}}
@article{vdv2011,
Abstract = { Reflecting coping with threats to survival, national cultures differ in baseline levels of ingroup favoritism. These national baselines are mapped and explained in terms of inhabitants' cultural adaptations to climate-based demands and wealth-based resources. A 73-nation study of compatriotism---the social branch of patriotism---a 116-nation study of nepotism, and a 57-nation study of familism support the demands-resources explanation. Compatriotism, nepotism, and familism are strongest in lower-income countries with demanding cold or hot climates, moderate in countries with temperate climates irrespective of income per head, and weakest in higher-income countries with demanding cold or hot climates. Thus, cultural echos of climatic survival hold up across three distinct group conditions of genetic survival. Integration of the three measures provides a cross-disciplinary applicable index of baselines of cultural ingroup favoritism in 178 countries around the globe. },
Author = {Evert Van de Vliert},
Date-Added = {2018-12-08 10:23:30 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-08 10:28:55 -0600},
Doi = {10.1177/0022022110381120},
Eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022110381120},
Journal = {Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology},
Keywords = {deep},
Number = {3},
Pages = {494-515},
Title = {Climato-Economic Origins of Variation in Ingroup Favoritism},
Url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022110381120},
Volume = {42},
Year = {2011},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022110381120}}
@article{JANSSEN2007170,
Abstract = {Farmers within irrigation systems, such as those in Bali, solve complex coordination problems to allocate water and control pests. Lansing and Kremer's [Lansing, J.S., Kremer, J.N., 1993. Emergent properties of Balinese water temples. American Anthropologist 95(1), 97--114] study of Balinese water temples showed that this coordination problem can be solved by assuming simple local rules for how individual communities make their decisions. Using the original Lansing--Kremer model, the robustness of their insights was analyzed and the ability of agents to self-organize was found to be sensitive to pest dynamics and assumptions of agent decision making.},
Author = {Marco A. Janssen},
Date-Added = {2018-12-08 10:19:40 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2019-01-03 11:49:43 -0600},
Doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2006.05.004},
Issn = {0308-521X},
Journal = {Agricultural Systems},
Keywords = {deep},
Number = {1},
Pages = {170 - 190},
Title = {Coordination in irrigation systems: An analysis of the Lansing--Kremer model of Bali},
Url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308521X06000837},
Volume = {93},
Year = {2007},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308521X06000837},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2006.05.004}}
@article{huntetal1976,
Abstract = { Theory linking labor inputs of irrigation agriculture to social organization is briefly reviewed. Labor input is distinguished into five tasks: construction, maintenance, allocation, conflict resolution, and organization of ritual. A sample of world communities is canvassed in search of structural variation. A rationale for studying these phenomena in a local, rather than a society-wide, context is presented. Types of ties of the locality with the larger system are explored. Several propositions about pervasive external linkages with local phenomena are presented. Millon's results, showing no relationship between size of irrigation system and centralization, are challenged. It is found that often irrigation management roles are embedded in other socially powerful roles rather than forming part of a specialized bureaucracy. Conditions for role embeddedness are explored. },
Author = {Hunt, Robert C. and Hunt, Eva and Ahmed, G. Munir and Bennett, John W. and Cleek, Richard K. and Coy, P. E. B. and Glick, Thomas F. and Lewis, Russell E. and MacLachlan, Bruce B. and Mitchell, William P. and Partridge, William L. and Price, Barbara J. and Roder, Wolf and Steensberg, Axel and Wade, Robert and Wellmann, Imre},
Date-Added = {2018-12-08 10:19:01 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2019-01-03 11:49:51 -0600},
Doi = {10.1086/201755},
Eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1086/201755},
Journal = {Current Anthropology},
Keywords = {deep},
Number = {3},
Pages = {389-411},
Title = {Canal Irrigation and Local Social Organization [and Comments and Reply]},
Url = {https://doi.org/10.1086/201755},
Volume = {17},
Year = {1976},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1086/201755}}
@article{hunt1988,
Abstract = { It is widely assumed that all irrigation systems must have constituted authority and that all large irrigation systems must have centralized authority. The small literature which tests these beliefs is reviewed, and the results of a systematic comparative study are presented. The concepts of "irrigation system," "irrigation system size," and "irrigation system structure of authority" are defined. Variables which measure these concepts are constructed, and measurements from a purposive sample are displayed. A handful of small irrigation systems without authority structures was found. An inspection of the data reveals no relationship between size and the structure of authority in systems ranging from 700 to 458,000 ha. Furthermore, an irrigation system of 458,000 ha is managed by farmers. Conclusions: (1) irrigation systems without constituted authority exist and (2) large systems do not require central authority. },
Author = {Hunt, Robert C.},
Date-Added = {2018-12-08 10:17:56 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2019-01-03 11:49:46 -0600},
Doi = {10.1086/jar.44.4.3630504},
Eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1086/jar.44.4.3630504},
Journal = {Journal of Anthropological Research},
Keywords = {deep},
Number = {4},
Pages = {335-355},
Title = {Size and the Structure of Authority in Canal Irrigation Systems},
Url = {https://doi.org/10.1086/jar.44.4.3630504},
Volume = {44},
Year = {1988},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1086/jar.44.4.3630504}}
@article{yg2011,
Abstract = { We present empirical evidence that, among a variety of cultural dimensions, the individualism-collectivism dimension, based on Hofstede's (2001) data, is the most important and robustly significant effect of culture on long run growth. Other dimensions that have a significant effect, albeit less robust, are generally strongly correlated with individualism and convey similar information. We found no significant or robust effect on growth from cultural dimensions that are independent from the individualism-collectivism cleavage.},
Author = {Yuriy Gorodnichenko and Gerard Roland},
Date-Added = {2018-12-08 10:15:39 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2019-04-03 09:18:42 -0500},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = {May},
Number = {3},
Pages = {492-498},
Title = {{Which Dimensions of Culture Matter for Long-Run Growth?}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v101y2011i3p492-98.html},
Volume = {101},
Year = 2011,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v101y2011i3p492-98.html}}
@article{yg2017,
Abstract = {We argue that a more individualist culture leads to more innovation and to higher growth because of the social status rewards associated with innovation in that culture. We use data on the frequency of particular genes associated with collectivist cultures, as well as a measure of distance in terms of frequencies of blood types, and historic prevalence of pathogens to instrument individualism scores. The relationship between individualism and innovation/growth remains strong even after controlling for institutions and other potentially confounding factors. We also provide evidence consistent with two-way causality between culture and institutions.},
Author = {Yuriy Gorodnichenko and Gerard Roland},
Date-Added = {2018-12-08 10:14:46 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2019-04-03 09:19:18 -0500},
Journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = {July},
Number = {3},
Pages = {402-416},
Title = {{Culture, Institutions, and the Wealth of Nations}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/tpr/restat/v99y2017i3p402-416.html},
Volume = {99},
Year = 2017,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/tpr/restat/v99y2017i3p402-416.html}}
@article{bcp2002,
Abstract = {In this paper, an index of the depth of experience with state-level institutions, or state antiquity, is derived for a large set of countries. We show that state antiquity is significantly correlated with measures of political stability and institutional quality, with income per capita, and with the rate of economic growth between 1960 and 1995. State antiquity contributes significantly to the explanation of differences in growth rates, explaining half of the differences in growth rates between countries like China and Mauritania, which are located at the two ends of the spectrum. It is also a good instrument for \"social infrastructure,\" which explains cross-country differences in worker productivity. Copyright 2002 by Kluwer Academic Publishers},
Author = {Bockstette, Valerie and Chanda, Areendam and Putterman, Louis},
Date-Added = {2018-12-08 10:12:41 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2019-04-03 09:19:07 -0500},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = {December},
Number = {4},
Pages = {347-369},
Title = {{States and Markets: The Advantage of an Early Start}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/kap/jecgro/v7y2002i4p347-69.html},
Volume = {7},
Year = 2002,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/kap/jecgro/v7y2002i4p347-69.html}}
@article{bardhan2000,
Abstract = {No abstract is available for this item.},
Author = {Bardhan, Pranab},
Date-Added = {2018-12-08 10:11:42 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2019-04-03 09:19:27 -0500},
Journal = {Economic Development and Cultural Change},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = {July},
Number = {4},
Pages = {847-865},
Title = {{Irrigation and Cooperation: An Empirical Analysis of 48 Irrigation Communities in South India}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/ecdecc/v48y2000i4p847-65.html},
Volume = {48},
Year = 2000,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/ecdecc/v48y2000i4p847-65.html}}
@article{aacg2015,
Abstract = { To be efficient, flexible labor markets require geographically mobile workers. Otherwise firms can take advantage of workers' immobility and extract rents at their expense. In cultures with strong family ties, moving away from home is costly. Thus, to limit the rents of firms and to avoid moving, individuals with strong family ties rationally choose regulated labor markets, even though regulation generates higher unemployment and lower incomes. Empirically, we find that individuals who inherit stronger family ties are less mobile, have lower wages and higher unemployment, and support more stringent labor market regulations. We find a positive association between labor market rigidities at the beginning of the 21st century and family values prevailing before World War II, and between family structures in the Middle Ages and current desire for labor market regulation. Both results suggest that labor market regulations have deep cultural roots.},
Author = {Alberto Alesina and Yann Algan and Pierre Cahuc and Paola Giuliano},
Date-Added = {2018-12-08 10:10:45 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2019-04-03 09:18:52 -0500},
Journal = {Journal of the European Economic Association},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = {August},
Number = {4},
Pages = {599-630},
Title = {{Family Values And The Regulation Of Labor}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/jeurec/v13y2015i4p599-630.html},
Volume = {13},
Year = 2015,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/jeurec/v13y2015i4p599-630.html}}
@article{fbdes2018,
Author = {Falk, Armin and Becker, Anke and Dohmen, Thomas and Enke, Benjamin and Huffman, David and Sunde, Uwe},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 20:28:03 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 20:28:36 -0600},
Doi = {10.1093/qje/qjy013},
Eprint = {/oup/backfile/content_public/journal/qje/133/4/10.1093_qje_qjy013/3/qjy013.pdf},
Journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
Keywords = {deep},
Number = {4},
Pages = {1645-1692},
Title = {Global Evidence on Economic Preferences},
Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjy013},
Volume = {133},
Year = {2018},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjy013}}
@article{ms2010,
Abstract = { Regional differences in disease prevalence are associated with a wide array of cross-cultural differences. However, the complex relationships among culture, disease, and other ecological variables remain underinvestigated. Future research into the origins of cultural differences will benefit from the availability of a numerical index identifying the extent to which infectious diseases have been historically prevalent within regions defined by geopolitical borders. This article introduces such an index. This index is based on disease prevalence data obtained from old epidemiological atlases and is calculated for 230 geopolitical regions (mostly nations) around the world. },
Author = {Damian R. Murray and Mark Schaller},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 16:31:10 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 16:31:18 -0600},
Doi = {10.1177/0022022109349510},
Eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022109349510},
Journal = {Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology},
Keywords = {deep},
Number = {1},
Pages = {99-108},
Title = {Historical Prevalence of Infectious Diseases Within 230 Geopolitical Regions: A Tool for Investigating Origins of Culture},
Url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022109349510},
Volume = {41},
Year = {2010},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022109349510}}
@article{dow2017,
Abstract = {We investigate the empirical relationship between ethnicity and culture, defined as a vector of traits reflecting norms, values, and attitudes. Using survey data for 76 countries, we find that ethnic identity is a significant predictor of cultural values, yet that within-group variation in culture trumps between-group variation. Thus, in contrast to a commonly held view, ethnic and cultural diversity are unrelated. Although only a small portion of a country's overall cultural heterogeneity occurs between groups, we find that various political economy outcomes (such as civil conflict and public goods provision) worsen when there is greater overlap between ethnicity and culture.},
Author = {Klaus Desmet and Ignacio Ortu{\~n}o-Ort{\'\i}n and Romain Wacziarg},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 16:28:50 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 16:29:01 -0600},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = {September},
Number = {9},
Pages = {2479-2513},
Title = {{Culture, Ethnicity, and Diversity}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v107y2017i9p2479-2513.html},
Volume = {107},
Year = 2017,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v107y2017i9p2479-2513.html}}
@article{dcw,
Abstract = {We examine the effect of malaria on economic development in Africa over the very long run. Using data on the prevalence of the mutation that causes sickle cell disease, we measure the impact of malaria on mortality in Africa prior to the period in which formal data were collected. Our estimate is that in the more afflicted regions, malaria lowered the probability of surviving to adulthood by about ten percentage points, which is twice the current burden of the disease. The reduction in malaria mortality has been roughly equal to the reduction in other causes of mortality. We then ask whether the estimated burden of malaria had an effect on economic development in the period before European contact. Using data at the ethnic group level, we find little evidence of a negative relationship between malaria burden and population density or other measures of development.},
Author = {Depetris-Chauvin, Emilio and Weil, David N.},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 16:26:31 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 16:27:11 -0600},
Doi = {10.1111/ecoj.12433},
Eprint = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ecoj.12433},
Journal = {The Economic Journal},
Keywords = {deep},
Number = {610},
Pages = {1207-1234},
Title = {Malaria and Early African Development: Evidence from the Sickle Cell Trait},
Url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ecoj.12433},
Volume = {128},
Year = {2018},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ecoj.12433},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12433}}
@article{caicedo2018,
Author = {Caicedo, Felipe Valencia},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 15:46:15 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2019-04-03 15:39:52 -0500},
Doi = {10.1093/qje/qjy024},
Eprint = {/oup/backfile/content_public/journal/qje/pap/10.1093_qje_qjy024/1/qjy024.pdf},
Journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
Keywords = {deep},
Number = {1},
Pages = {507-556},
Title = {The Mission: Human Capital Transmission, Economic Persistence, and Culture in South America*},
Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjy024},
Volume = {134},
Year = {2018},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjy024}}
@article{cdj2009,
Abstract = {In this paper, we use the classical twin design to provide estimates of genetic and environmental influences on experimentally elicited preferences for risk and giving. Using standard methods from behavior genetics, we find strong prima facie evidence that these preferences are broadly heritable and our estimates suggest that genetic differences explain approximately twenty percent of individual variation. The results thus shed light on an important source of individual variation in preferences, a source that has hitherto been largely neglected in the economics literature.},
Author = {David Cesarini and Christopher T. Dawes and Magnus Johannesson and Paul Lichtenstein and Bj{\"o}rn Wallace},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 14:40:09 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 15:06:07 -0600},
Journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
Keywords = {deep},
Number = {2},
Pages = {809-842},
Title = {{Genetic Variation in Preferences for Giving and Risk Taking}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/oup/qjecon/v124y2009i2p809-842..html},
Volume = {124},
Year = 2009,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/oup/qjecon/v124y2009i2p809-842..html}}
@article{bgv2017,
Abstract = {This paper studies the influence of marine ecology on social institutions of inheritance and descent. In a sample of 79 small-scale horticultural fishing communities in the Solomon Islands, and in samples of 186 to 1,265 societies across the world, we find that coral reef density systematically predicts the prevalence of matrilineal inheritance. Moreover, this result likely reflects adaptation of institutions to ecological conditions, as it holds within ethno-linguistic groups. Reef density explains as much as 10\% of the variation in inheritance rules across villages in the Solomon Islands. Explanations based on the sexual division of labor and on inclusive fitness arguments support our results. We also document some of the demographic consequences of matrilineal inheritance, including smaller household and village population size, but find at best weak evidence that matrilineal inheritance translates into higher female economic or political agency.},
Author = {BenYishay, Ariel and Grosjean, Pauline and Vecci, Joe},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 14:38:19 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 14:46:37 -0600},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2016.12},
Journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
Keywords = {deep},
Number = {C},
Pages = {234-249},
Title = {{The fish is the friend of matriliny: Reef density and matrilineal inheritance}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/deveco/v127y2017icp234-249.html},
Volume = {127},
Year = 2017,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/deveco/v127y2017icp234-249.html},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2016.12}}
@article{grosjean2014,
Abstract = { The paper tests the popular hypothesis that the high prevalence of homicide in the South of the United States originates from the settlement by herders from the fringes of Britain in the 18th century. I find that historical Scots-Irish presence is associated with higher contemporary homicide, particularly by white offenders, and that a culture of violence was transmitted to subsequent generations---but only in the South and, more generally, where historical institutional quality was low. The interpretation is that the Scots-Irish culture of honor prevailed and persisted as an adaptive behavior to weak institutions. As institutional quality converged between the South and North over the last 200 years, the influence of the culture of honor has been fading over time. The results are robust to controlling for state fixed effects and for a large number of historical and contemporary factors, as well as to relying on instrumental variables for historical settlements. The results are also specific to a particular type of homicide and background of settlers.},
Author = {Pauline Grosjean},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 14:37:29 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 15:18:44 -0600},
Journal = {Journal of the European Economic Association},
Keywords = {deep, takeoff, dev},
Month = {October},
Number = {5},
Pages = {1285-1316},
Title = {{A History Of Violence: The Culture Of Honor And Homicide In The Us South}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/jeurec/v12y2014i5p1285-1316.html},
Volume = {12},
Year = 2014,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/jeurec/v12y2014i5p1285-1316.html}}
@article{abd2017,
Abstract = {We hypothesize that cultural appreciation of hard work and thrift,the Protestant ethic according to Max Weber,had a pre-Reformation origin.The proximate source of these values was,according to the proposed theory,the Catholic Order of Cistercians.In support,we first document an impact from the Order on growth within the epicenter of the industrial revolution;English counties that were more exposed to Cistercian monasteries experienced faster productivity growth from the 13th century onwards. Consistent with a cultural influence,this impact is also found after the monasteries were dissolved in the 1530s.Second,we find that the values emphasized by Weber are relatively more pervasive in European regions where Cistercian monasteries were located historically,and that the legacy of the Cistercianscan be detected inpresent-day employment rates across European sub-regions.
(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)},
Author = {Thomas Barnebeck Andersen and Jeanet Bentzen and Carl‐Johan Dalgaard and Paul Sharp},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 14:36:11 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 15:35:44 -0600},
Journal = {Economic Journal},
Keywords = {deep, takeoff},
Month = {September},
Number = {604},
Pages = {1756-1793},
Title = {{Pre‐reformation Roots of the Protestant Ethic}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/wly/econjl/v127y2017i604p1756-1793.html},
Volume = {127},
Year = 2017,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/wly/econjl/v127y2017i604p1756-1793.html}}
@article{bbhw2016,
Abstract = {We hypothesise that the Habsburg Empire with its well-respected administration increased citizens' trust in local public services. In several Eastern European countries, communities on both sides of the long-gone Habsburg border have shared common formal institutions for a century now. We use a border specification and a two-dimensional geographic regression discontinuity design to identify from individuals living within a restricted band around the former border. We find that historical Habsburg affiliation increases current trust and reduces corruption in courts and police. Falsification tests of spuriously moved borders, geographic and pre-existing differences and interpersonal trust corroborate a genuine Habsburg effect.
(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)},
Author = {Sascha O. Becker and Katrin Boeckh and Christa Hainz and Ludger Woessmann},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 14:35:05 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 15:15:00 -0600},
Journal = {Economic Journal},
Keywords = {dev, deep},
Month = {February},
Number = {590},
Pages = {40-74},
Title = {{The Empire Is Dead, Long Live the Empire! Long‐Run Persistence of Trust and Corruption in the Bureaucracy}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/wly/econjl/v126y2016i590p40-74.html},
Volume = {126},
Year = 2016,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/wly/econjl/v126y2016i590p40-74.html}}
@article{RePEc:tpr:restat:v:95:y:2013:i:3:p:904-918,
Abstract = { This paper provides an economic rationale for the practice of consanguineous marriages observed in parts of the developing world. In a model of incomplete marriage markets, dowries are viewed as ex ante transfers made from the bride's family to the groom's family when the promise of ex post gifts and bequests is not credible. Consanguineous unions join families between whom ex ante pledges are enforceable ex post. The model predicts a negative relationship between consanguinity and dowries and higher bequests in consanguineous unions. An empirical analysis based on data from Bangladesh delivers results consistent with the model. {\copyright} 2013 The President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.},
Author = {Quy-Toan Do and Sriya Iyer and Shareen Joshi},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 14:33:37 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 14:33:42 -0600},
Journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
Keywords = {dev},
Month = {July},
Number = {3},
Pages = {904-918},
Title = {{The Economics of Consanguineous Marriages}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/tpr/restat/v95y2013i3p904-918.html},
Volume = {95},
Year = 2013,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/tpr/restat/v95y2013i3p904-918.html}}
@article{cac2014,
Abstract = {The endowment effect, the tendency to value possessions more than non-possessions, is a well known departure from rational choice and has been replicated in numerous settings. We investigate the universality of the endowment effect, its evolutionary significance, and its dependence on environmental factors. We experimentally test for the endowment effect in an isolated and evolutionarily relevant population of hunter-gatherers, the Hadza Bushmen of Northern Tanzania. We find that Hadza living in isolated regions do not display the endowment effect, while Hadza living in a geographic region with increased exposure to modern society and markets do display the endowment effect.},
Author = {Coren L. Apicella and Eduardo M. Azevedo and Nicholas A. Christakis and James H. Fowler},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 14:32:17 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 15:03:58 -0600},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = {June},
Number = {6},
Pages = {1793-1805},
Title = {{Evolutionary Origins of the Endowment Effect: Evidence from Hunter-Gatherers}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v104y2014i6p1793-1805.html},
Volume = {104},
Year = 2014,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v104y2014i6p1793-1805.html}}
@article{RePEc:aea:aejmac:v:1:y:2009:i:1:p:146-77,
Abstract = {We study culture by examining the work and fertility behavior of second-generation American women. Culture is proxied with past female labor force participation and total fertility rates from the woman's country of ancestry. The values of these variables capture not only economic and institutional conditions but also the country's preferences and beliefs regarding women's roles. Since the women live in the United States, only the belief and preference components are potentially relevant. We show that the cultural proxies have positive significant explanatory power even after controlling for education and spousal characteristics, and we demonstrate that the results are unlikely to be explained by unobserved human capital. (JEL: J13, J16, J22, J24, Z13)},
Author = {Alessandra Fogli and Raquel Fernandez},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 14:30:02 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 14:30:08 -0600},
Journal = {American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics},
Keywords = {dev, takeoff},
Month = {January},
Number = {1},
Pages = {146-177},
Title = {{Culture: An Empirical Investigation of Beliefs, Work, and Fertility}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aejmac/v1y2009i1p146-77.html},
Volume = {1},
Year = 2009,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aejmac/v1y2009i1p146-77.html}}
@article{ag2011,
Abstract = {We establish an inverse relationship between family ties and political participation, such that the more individuals rely on the family as a provider of services, insurance, transfer of resources, the lower is one's civic engagment and political participation. We also show that strong family ties appear to be a substitute for generalized trust, rather than a complement to it. These three constructs-civic engagement, political participation, and trust- are part of what is known as social capital; therefore, in this paper, we contribute to the investigation of the origin and evolution of social capital. We establish these results using within-country evidence and looking at the behavior of immigrants from various countries in 32 different destination places.
(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)},
Author = {Alberto Alesina and Paola Giuliano},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 14:28:49 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 14:28:58 -0600},
Doi = {j.1542-4774.2011.01030.x},
Journal = {Journal of the European Economic Association},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = {October},
Number = {5},
Pages = {817-839},
Title = {{Family Ties And Political Participation}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/jeurec/v9y2011i5p817-839.html},
Volume = {9},
Year = 2011,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/jeurec/v9y2011i5p817-839.html},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/j.1542-4774.2011.01030.x}}
@article{tab2010,
Abstract = { Does culture have a causal effect on economic development? The data on European regions suggest that it does. Culture is measured by indicators of individual values and beliefs, such as trust and respect for others, and confidence in individual self determination. To isolate the exogenous variation in culture, we rely on two historical variables used as instruments: the literacy rate at the end of the 19th century, and the political institutions in place over the past several centuries. The political and social history of Europe provides a rich source of variation in these two variables at a regional level. The exogenous component of culture due to history is strongly correlated with current regional economic development, after controlling for contemporaneous education, urbanization rates around 1850, and national effects. (JEL: O10, F10, P10, N13) (c) 2010 by the European Economic Association.},
Author = {Guido Tabellini},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 14:25:46 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 15:42:00 -0600},
Journal = {Journal of the European Economic Association},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = {June},
Number = {4},
Pages = {677-716},
Title = {{Culture and Institutions: Economic Development in the Regions of Europe}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/tpr/jeurec/v8y2010i4p677-716.html},
Volume = {8},
Year = 2010,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/tpr/jeurec/v8y2010i4p677-716.html}}
@article{mvc2015,
Abstract = {Using newly collected subnational data, this article establishes the within-country persistence of economic activity in the New World over the last half millennium, a period including the trauma of European colonisation, the drastic reduction of native populations and the imposition of potentially growth inhibiting institutions. High pre-colonial density areas tend to be denser today due to locational fundamentals and agglomeration effects: colonialists established settlements near existing native populations for reasons of labour, trade, knowledge and defence. These areas, identified with pre-colonial prosperity, also tend to have higher incomes today suggesting that at the subnational level, fortune persists.},
Author = {Maloney, William F. and Valencia Caicedo, Felipe},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 14:21:23 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2019-04-03 09:16:03 -0500},
Doi = {10.1111/ecoj.12276},
Eprint = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ecoj.12276},
Journal = {The Economic Journal},
Keywords = {deep},
Number = {598},
Pages = {2363-2401},
Title = {The Persistence of (Subnational) Fortune},
Url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ecoj.12276},
Volume = {126},
Year = {2015},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ecoj.12276},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12276}}
@article{RePEc:ucp:jpolec:doi:10.1086/674988,
Abstract = {We study the effect of constraints on chiefs' power on economic outcomes, citizens' attitudes, and social capital. A paramount chief in Sierra Leone must come from a ruling family originally recognized by British colonial authorities. In chiefdoms with fewer ruling families, chiefs face less political competition, and development outcomes are significantly worse today. Variation in the security of property rights over land is a potential mechanism. Paradoxically, with fewer ruling families, the institutions of chiefs' authority are more highly respected, and measured social capital is higher. We argue that these results reflect the capture of civil society organizations by chiefs.},
Author = {Daron Acemoglu and Tristan Reed and James A. Robinson},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 14:18:50 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 14:18:57 -0600},
Journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
Keywords = {dev, takeoff},
Number = {2},
Pages = {319-368},
Title = {{Chiefs: Economic Development and Elite Control of Civil Society in Sierra Leone}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/jpolec/doi10.1086-674988.html},
Volume = {122},
Year = 2014,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/jpolec/doi10.1086-674988.html}}
@article{forsolsson2007,
Abstract = {A key event in economic history was the independence of nearly ninety former colonies after World War II. On the basis of qualitative and quantitative evidence, we argue that independence often constituted an institutional disequilibrium that the new regimes reacted to in very different ways. We present a model of endogenous changes in property rights institutions where an autocratic post-colonial ruler faces a basic trade-off between stronger property rights, which increases his dividends from the modern sector, and weaker property rights that increases his ability to appropriate resource rents. The model predicts that revenuemaximizing regimes in control of an abundance of resource rents and with insignificant interests in the modern sector will rationally install weak institutions of private property, a prediction which we argue is well in line with actual developments in for instance DR Congo, Ghana, and Zambia.
(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)},
Author = {Congdon Fors, Heather and Olsson, Ola},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 14:15:50 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 16:01:52 -0600},
Journal = {European Economic Review},
Keywords = {dev, takeoff},
Month = {November},
Number = {8},
Pages = {1896-1921},
Title = {{Endogenous institutional change after independence}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/eecrev/v51y2007i8p1896-1921.html},
Volume = {51},
Year = 2007,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/eecrev/v51y2007i8p1896-1921.html}}
@article{rubin2011,
Abstract = {No abstract is available for this item.},
Author = {Jared Rubin},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 14:14:25 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 15:57:51 -0600},
Doi = {j.1468-0297.2011.02455.x},
Journal = {Economic Journal},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = {December},
Number = {557},
Pages = {1310-1339},
Title = {{Institutions, the Rise of Commerce and the Persistence of Laws: Interest Restrictions in Islam and Christianity}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ecj/econjl/v121y2011i557p1310-1339.html},
Volume = {121},
Year = 2011,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ecj/econjl/v121y2011i557p1310-1339.html},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/j.1468-0297.2011.02455.x}}
@article{dippel2014,
Abstract = { Studying Native American reservations, and their historical formation, I find that their forced integration of autonomous polities into a system of shared governance had large negative long‐run consequences, even though the affected people were ethnically and linguistically homogenous. Reservations that combined multiple sub‐tribal bands when they were formed are 30\% poorer today, even when conditioning on pre‐reservation political traditions. The results hold with tribe fixed effects, identifying only off within‐tribe variation across reservations. I also provide estimates from an instrumental variable strategy based on historical mining rushes that led to exogenously more centralized reservations. Data on the timing of economic divergence and on contemporary political conflict suggest that the primary mechanism runs from persistent social divisions through the quality of local governance to the local economic environment.},
Author = {Christian Dippel},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 14:12:30 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 15:16:52 -0600},
Journal = {Econometrica},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = {November},
Pages = {2131-2165},
Title = {{Forced Coexistence and Economic Development: Evidence From Native American Reservations}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/wly/emetrp/v82y2014ip2131-2165.html},
Volume = {82},
Year = 2014,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/wly/emetrp/v82y2014ip2131-2165.html}}
@article{bdpv2015,
Abstract = {With weak law{\^a}€ enforcement institutions, a positive shock to the value of natural resources may increase demand for private protection and opportunities for rent appropriation through extortion, favouring the emergence of mafia{\^a}€ type organisations. We test this hypothesis by investigating the emergence of the mafia in twentieth century Sicily, where a severe lack of state property{\^a}€ rights enforcement coincided with a steep rise in international demand for sulphur, Sicily's most valuable export commodity. Using historical data on the early incidence of mafia activity and on the distribution of sulphur reserves, we document that the mafia was more present in municipalities with greater sulphur availability.},
Author = {Paolo Buonanno and Ruben Durante and Giovanni Prarolo and Paolo Vanin},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 14:11:37 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 15:51:36 -0600},
Journal = {Economic Journal},
Keywords = {deep, takeoff},
Month = {August},
Number = {586},
Pages = {175-202},
Title = {{Poor Institutions, Rich Mines: Resource Curse in the Origins of the Sicilian Mafia}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/wly/econjl/v125y2015i586pf175-f202.html},
Volume = {125},
Year = 2015,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/wly/econjl/v125y2015i586pf175-f202.html}}
@article{RePEc:tpr:restat:v:95:y:2013:i:5:p:1549-1561,
Abstract = { We examine the average causal impact of catastrophic natural disasters on economic growth by combining information from comparative case studies. For each country affected by a large disaster, we compute the counterfactual by constructing synthetic controls. We find that only extremely large disasters have a negative effect on output in both the short and the long runs. However, we also show that this results from two events where radical political revolutions followed the disasters. Once we control for these political changes, even extremely large disasters do not display any significant effect on economic growth. {\copyright} 2013 The President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.},
Author = {Eduardo Cavallo and Sebastian Galiani and Ilan Noy and Juan Pantano},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 14:10:12 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 14:10:19 -0600},
Journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Month = {December},
Number = {5},
Pages = {1549-1561},
Title = {{Catastrophic Natural Disasters and Economic Growth}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/tpr/restat/v95y2013i5p1549-1561.html},
Volume = {95},
Year = 2013,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/tpr/restat/v95y2013i5p1549-1561.html}}
@article{jm2016,
Abstract = {We exploit the construction and eventual demise of the colonial railroads in Ghana, and most of the rest of Africa, to study the impact of transportation investments in poor countries. Using new data on railroads and cities spanning over one century, we find that railroads had large effects on the distribution of economic activity during the colonial period and these effects have persisted to date, although railroads collapsed and road networks expanded considerably after independence. Initial transportation investments may thus have large effects in poor countries. As countries develop, increasing returns solidify their spatial distribution, and subsequent investments may have smaller effects.},
Author = {Remi Jedwab and Alexander Moradi},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 14:08:39 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 16:03:38 -0600},
Journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Month = {May},
Number = {2},
Pages = {268-284},
Title = {{The Permanent Effects of Transportation Revolutions in Poor Countries: Evidence from Africa}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/tpr/restat/v98y2016i2p268-284.html},
Volume = {98},
Year = 2016,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/tpr/restat/v98y2016i2p268-284.html}}
@article{hornbeck2012,
Abstract = { The 1930s American Dust Bowl was an environmental catastrophe that greatly eroded sections of the Plains. The Dust Bowl is estimated to have immediately, substantially, and persistently reduced agricultural land values and revenues in more-eroded counties relative to less-eroded counties. During the Depression and through at least the 1950s, there was limited relative adjustment of farmland away from activities that became relatively less productive in more-eroded areas. Agricultural adjustments recovered less than 25 percent of the initial difference in agricultural costs for more-eroded counties. The economy adjusted predominantly through large relative population declines in more-eroded counties, both during the 1930s and through the 1950s. (JEL N32, N52, Q15, Q18, Q54)},
Author = {Richard Hornbeck},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 14:07:42 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 14:55:02 -0600},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = {June},
Number = {4},
Pages = {1477-1507},
Title = {{The Enduring Impact of the American Dust Bowl: Short- and Long-Run Adjustments to Environmental Catastrophe}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v102y2012i4p1477-1507.html},
Volume = {102},
Year = 2012,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v102y2012i4p1477-1507.html}}
@article{chaney2013,
Abstract = {No abstract is available for this item.},
Author = {Eric Chaney},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 14:06:25 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 15:52:35 -0600},
Doi = {ECTA10135},
Journal = {Econometrica},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = {September},
Number = {5},
Pages = {2033-2053},
Title = {{Revolt on the Nile: Economic Shocks, Religion, and Political Power}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ecm/emetrp/v81y2013i5p2033-2053.html},
Volume = {81},
Year = 2013,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ecm/emetrp/v81y2013i5p2033-2053.html},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/ECTA10135}}
@article{bc2011,
Abstract = {According to the economic approach to political transitions, transitory negative economic shocks can open a window of opportunity for democratic improvement. Testing the theory requires a source of transitory shocks to the aggregate economy. We use rainfall shocks in Sub-Saharan African countries and find that negative rainfall shocks are followed by significant improvement in democratic institutions. Instrumental variables estimates indicate that following a transitory negative income shock of 1 percent, democracy scores improve by 0.9 percentage points and the probability of a democratic transition increases by 1.3 percentage points.
(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)},
Author = {Markus Br{\"u}ckner and Antonio Ciccone},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 14:05:05 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 14:49:54 -0600},
Journal = {Econometrica},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = {May},
Number = {3},
Pages = {923-947},
Title = {{Rain and the Democratic Window of Opportunity}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ecm/emetrp/v79y2011i3p923-947.html},
Volume = {79},
Year = 2011,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ecm/emetrp/v79y2011i3p923-947.html}}
@article{bd2011,
Abstract = {We use new data on the timing of the transition to agriculture, developed by Putterman and Trainor (2006), to test the theory of Diamond (1997) and Olsson and Hibbs (2005) that an earlier transition is reflected in higher incomes today. Our results confirm the theory, even after controlling for institutional quality and other geographical factors. The date of transition is correlated with prehistoric biogeography (the availability of wild grasses and large domesticable animal species). The factors conducive to high per capita incomes today are good institutions, an early transition to agriculture, access to the sea and a low incidence of fatal malaria. Geographical influences have been at work in all of these proximate determinants of per capita income.},
Author = {Bleaney, Michael and Dimico, Arcangelo},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 14:03:43 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 14:49:29 -0600},
Doi = {10.1016/j.euroecorev.2011},
Journal = {European Economic Review},
Keywords = {deep},
Number = {7},
Pages = {943-954},
Title = {{Biogeographical conditions, the transition to agriculture and long-run growth}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/eecrev/v55y2011i7p943-954.html},
Volume = {55},
Year = 2011,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/eecrev/v55y2011i7p943-954.html},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2011}}
@article{bd2016,
Abstract = {How much does the antiquity of states, and the sometimes arbitrary nature of colonial boundaries, explain the modern degree of theory of ethnic diversity and income disthnic diversity? It is shown that states with greater historical legitimacy (more continuity between the pre-colonial and post-colonial state) have less ethnic diversity. Historical legitimacy is more strongly correlated with ethnic diversity than are the antiquity of states, genetic diversity or the duration of human settlement. Although historical legitimacy is particularly pertinent to Africa, the correlation also holds outside Africa.},
Author = {Bleaney, Michael and Dimico, Arcangelo},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 14:02:15 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 15:15:34 -0600},
Doi = {10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2016.0},
Journal = {European Journal of Political Economy},
Keywords = {deep},
Number = {C},
Pages = {159-170},
Title = {{State history, historical legitimacy and modern ethnic diversity}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/poleco/v43y2016icp159-170.html},
Volume = {43},
Year = 2016,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/poleco/v43y2016icp159-170.html},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2016.0}}
@techreport{bfg2018,
Abstract = {The presence of a westward-moving frontier of settlement shaped early U.S. history. In 1893, the his- torian Frederick Jackson Turner famously argued that the American frontier fostered individualism. We investigate the Frontier Thesis and identify its long-run implications for culture and politics. We track the frontier throughout the 1790-1890 period and construct a novel, county-level measure of to- tal frontier experience (TFE). Historically, frontier locations had distinctive demographics and greater individualism. Long after the closing of the frontier, counties with greater TFE exhibit more perva- sive individualism and opposition to redistribution. This pattern cuts across known divides in the U.S., including urban{\^a}€``rural and north{\^a}€``south. We provide suggestive evidence on the roots of fron- tier culture: selective migration, an adaptive advantage of self-reliance, and perceived opportunities for upward mobility through effort. Overall, our findings shed new light on the frontier{\^a}€{\texttrademark}s persistent legacy of rugged individualism.},
Author = {Samuel Bazzi and Martin Fiszbein and Mesay Gebresilasse},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 12:32:21 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2019-04-03 11:12:23 -0500},
Institution = {Boston University - Department of Economics},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = Jun,
Number = {dp-302},
Title = {{Frontier Culture: The Roots and Persistence of Rugged Individualism in the United States}},
Type = {Boston University - Department of Economics - Working Papers Series},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/bos/wpaper/dp-302.html},
Year = 2018,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/bos/wpaper/dp-302.html}}
@article{greif2006,
Abstract = {No abstract is available for this item.},
Author = {Avner Greif},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 12:28:00 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 15:18:12 -0600},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = {May},
Number = {2},
Pages = {308-312},
Title = {{Family Structure, Institutions, and Growth: The Origins and Implications of Western Corporations}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v96y2006i2p308-312.html},
Volume = {96},
Year = 2006,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v96y2006i2p308-312.html}}
@article{greiftab2010,
Abstract = {How to sustain cooperation is a key challenge for any society. Different social organizations have evolved in the course of history to cope with this challenge by relying on different combinations of external (formal and informal) enforcement institutions and intrinsic motivation. Some societies rely more on informal enforcement and moral obligations within their constituting groups. Others rely more on formal enforcement and general moral obligations towards society at large. How do culture and institutions interact in generating different evolutionary trajectories of societal organizations? Do contemporary attitudes, institutions and behavior reflect distinct pre-modern trajectories?
(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)},
Author = {Avner Greif and Guido Tabellini},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 12:26:33 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 15:18:31 -0600},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = {May},
Number = {2},
Pages = {135-140},
Title = {{Cultural and Institutional Bifurcation: China and Europe Compared}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v100y2010i2p135-40.html},
Volume = {100},
Year = 2010,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v100y2010i2p135-40.html}}
@article{greiftab2017,
Abstract = {Over the last millennium, the clan and the corporation have been the loci of cooperation in China and Europe respectively. This paper examines -- analytically and historically -- the cultural and institutional co-evolution that led to this bifurcation. We highlight that groups with which individuals identify are basic units of cooperation. Such loyalty groups influence institutional development because intra-group moral commitment reduces enforcement cost implying a comparative advantage in pursuing collective actions. Loyalty groups perpetuate due to positive feedbacks between morality, institutions, and the implied pattern of cooperation.},
Author = {Greif, Avner and Tabellini, Guido},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 12:25:54 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 15:17:58 -0600},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jce.2016.04.003},
Journal = {Journal of Comparative Economics},
Keywords = {deep},
Number = {1},
Pages = {1-35},
Title = {{The clan and the corporation: Sustaining cooperation in China and Europe}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/jcecon/v45y2017i1p1-35.html},
Volume = {45},
Year = 2017,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/jcecon/v45y2017i1p1-35.html},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2016.04.003}}
@article{Gennaioli2007,
Abstract = {We empirically assess the possibility, stressed by African scholars, that stronger precolonial political institutions allowed colonial and postcolonial African governments to better implement modernization programs in rural areas. Using anthropological data, we document a strong positive association between the provision of public goods such as education, health, and infrastructure in African countries and the centralization of their ethnic groups' precolonial institutions. We develop an empirical test to distinguish among alternative explanations for this finding. The evidence supports the view that precolonial centralization improved public goods provision by increasing the accountability of local chiefs. Our results stress the importance for developing countries to create mechanisms to monitor local administrators of public projects. These mechanisms should be consistent with these countries' preexisting and informal arrangements.},
Author = {Gennaioli, Nicola and Rainer, Ilia},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 12:23:50 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 12:23:55 -0600},
Day = {01},
Doi = {10.1007/s10887-007-9017-z},
Issn = {1573-7020},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = {Sep},
Number = {3},
Pages = {185--234},
Title = {The modern impact of precolonial centralization in Africa},
Url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10887-007-9017-z},
Volume = {12},
Year = {2007},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10887-007-9017-z}}
@article{ago2010,
Abstract = { This paper exploits cross-country variation in the degree of geographical isolation, prior to the advent of seafaring and airborne transportation technologies, to examine its impact on the course of economic development across the globe. The empirical investigation establishes that prehistoric geographical isolation has generated a persistent beneficial effect on the process of development and contributed to the contemporary variation in the standard of living across countries. (JEL: O10, F15, N7) (c) 2010 by the European Economic Association.},
Author = {Quamrul Ashraf and Oded Galor and {\"O}mer {\"O}zak},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 12:21:14 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 15:04:32 -0600},
Journal = {Journal of the European Economic Association},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = {04-05},
Number = {2-3},
Pages = {401-412},
Title = {{Isolation and Development}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/tpr/jeurec/v8y2010i2-3p401-412.html},
Volume = {8},
Year = 2010,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/tpr/jeurec/v8y2010i2-3p401-412.html}}
@article{ahr2016,
Abstract = {Abstract We propose an index of population diversity based on people's birthplaces and decompose it into a size (share of immigrants) and a variety (diversity of immigrants) component. We show that birthplace diversity is largely uncorrelated with ethnic, linguistic or genetic diversity and that the diversity of immigrants relates positively to measures of economic prosperity. This holds especially for skilled immigrants in richer countries at intermediate levels of cultural proximity. We address endogeneity by specifying a pseudo-gravity model predicting the size and diversity of immigration. The results are robust across specifications and suggestive of skill-complementarities between immigrants and native workers.},
Author = {Alberto Alesina and Johann Harnoss and Hillel Rapoport},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 12:19:48 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 15:03:36 -0600},
Doi = {10.1007/s10887-018-9159-1},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = {June},
Number = {2},
Pages = {101-138},
Title = {{Birthplace diversity and economic prosperity}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/kap/jecgro/v21y2016i2d10.1007_s10887-016-9127-6.html},
Volume = {21},
Year = 2016,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/kap/jecgro/v21y2016i2d10.1007_s10887-016-9127-6.html},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10887-018-9159-1}}
@article{ahlerupolsson2012,
Abstract = {The level of ethnic diversity is believed to have significant consequences for economic and political development within countries. In this article, we provide a theoretical and empirical analysis of the determinants of ethnic diversity in the world. We introduce a model of cultural and ge- netic drift where new ethnic groups endogenously emerge among periph- eral populations as a response to an insufficient supply of public goods. In line with our model, we find that the duration of human settlements has a strong positive association with ethnic diversity. Ethnic diversity decreases with the length of modern state experience and with distance from the equator. Both \"primordial\" and \"constructivist\" hypotheses of ethnic fractionalization thus receive some support by our analysis.
(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)},
Author = {Pelle Ahlerup and Ola Olsson},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 12:18:38 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 15:02:26 -0600},
Doi = {10.1007/s10887-008-9026-6},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = {June},
Number = {2},
Pages = {71-102},
Title = {{The roots of ethnic diversity}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/kap/jecgro/v17y2012i2p71-102.html},
Volume = {17},
Year = 2012,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/kap/jecgro/v17y2012i2p71-102.html},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10887-008-9026-6}}
@techreport{edpo2018,
Abstract = {This research explores the historical roots of the division of labor in pre-modern societies. It advances the hypothesis and establishes empirically that intra-ethnic diversity had a positive effect on the division of labor across ethnicities in the pre-modern era. Exploiting a variety of identification strategies and a novel ethnic level dataset combining geocoded ethnographic, linguistic and genetic data, it establishes that higher levels of intra-ethnic diversity were conducive to economic specialization in the pre-modern era. The findings are robust to a host of geographical, institutional, cultural and historical confounders, and suggest that variation in intra-ethnic diversity is the main predictor of the division of labor in pre-modern times.},
Author = {Depetris-Chauvin, Emilio and {\"O}zak, {\"O}mer},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 12:17:26 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 15:07:28 -0600},
Institution = {University Library of Munich, Germany},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = Feb,
Number = {84894},
Title = {{The Origins of the Division of Labor in Pre-modern Times}},
Type = {MPRA Paper},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/pra/mprapa/84894.html},
Year = 2018,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/pra/mprapa/84894.html}}
@book{mccann2005,
Address = {Cambridge, MA},
Author = {James C. McCann},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 12:13:38 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 12:33:33 -0600},
Keywords = {deep},
Publisher = {Harvard University Press},
Title = {Maize and Grace: Africa's Encounter with a New World Crop 1500-2000},
Year = {2005}}
@techreport{matranga2017,
Abstract = {During the Neolithic Revolution, seven populations independently invented agriculture. In this paper, I argue that this innovation was a response to a large increase in climatic seasonality. In the most affected regions, hunter-gatherers abandoned their traditional nomadism in order to store food and smooth their consumption. Their new sedentary lifestyle greatly simplified the invention and adoption of agriculture. I present a model that captures the key incentives for adopting agriculture, and I test the resultant predictions against a global panel dataset of climate conditions and Neolithic adoption dates. I find that invention and adoption were both systematically more likely in places with higher seasonality. The findings of this paper imply that seasonality patterns 10,000 years ago were amongst the major determinants of the present day global distribution of crop productivities, ethnic groups, cultural traditions, and political institutions.},
Author = {Matranga, Andrea},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 12:09:48 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 14:57:15 -0600},
Institution = {University Library of Munich, Germany},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = Feb,
Number = {76626},
Title = {{The Ant and the Grasshopper: Seasonality and the Invention of Agriculture}},
Type = {MPRA Paper},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/pra/mprapa/76626.html},
Year = 2017,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/pra/mprapa/76626.html}}
@book{harlan1992,
Address = {Madison, WI},
Author = {Jack Rodney Harlan},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 12:07:56 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 12:33:29 -0600},
Keywords = {deep},
Publisher = {American Society of Agronomy},
Title = {Crops and Man},
Year = {1992}}
@article{gsz2016,
Abstract = { We study whether a positive historical shock can generate long-term persistence in development. We show that Italian cities that achieved self-government in the Middle Ages have a higher level of civic capital today than similar cities in the same area that did not. The size of this effect increases with the length of the period of independence and its intensity. This effect persists even after accounting for the fact that cities did not become independent randomly. We conjecture that the Middle-Age experience of self-government fostered self-efficacy beliefs---beliefs in one's own ability to complete tasks and reach goals---and this positive attitude, transmitted across generations, enhances civic capital today. Consistently, we find that fifth-graders in former free city-states exhibit stronger self-efficacy beliefs and that these beliefs are correlated with a higher level of civic capital. (JEL: O43, P16, O10)},
Author = {Luigi Guiso and Paola Sapienza and Luigi Zingales},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 12:07:42 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 15:19:09 -0600},
Journal = {Journal of the European Economic Association},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = {December},
Number = {6},
Pages = {1401-1436},
Title = {{Long-Term Persistence}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/jeurec/v14y2016i6p1401-1436.html},
Volume = {14},
Year = 2016,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/jeurec/v14y2016i6p1401-1436.html}}
@article{gnunn2018,
Abstract = { We construct a database, with global coverage, that provides measures of the cultural and environmental characteristics of the pre-industrial ancestors of the world's current populations. In this paper, we describe the construction of the database, including the underlying data, the procedure to produce the estimates, and the structure of the final data. We then provide illustrations of some of the variation in the data and provide an illustration of how the data can be used.},
Author = {Paola Giuliano and Nathan Nunn},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 12:06:14 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 14:54:18 -0600},
Doi = {10.1080/20780389.2018.143},
Journal = {Economic History of Developing Regions},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = {January},
Number = {1},
Pages = {1-17},
Title = {{Ancestral Characteristics of Modern Populations}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/taf/rehdxx/v33y2018i1p1-17.html},
Volume = {33},
Year = 2018,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/taf/rehdxx/v33y2018i1p1-17.html},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1080/20780389.2018.143}}
@article{Evans498,
Abstract = {How much did rainfall have to decrease to trigger the collapse of Lowland Classic Maya civilization during the Terminal Classic Period? This collapse is a well-cited example of how past climate change{\textemdash}in this case, drought{\textemdash}can disrupt a population. Evans et al. measured the isotopic composition of water in Lake Chichancanab, Mexico, to quantify how much precipitation decreased during that period. Annual rainfall must have fallen by around 50\% on average and by up to 70\% during peak drought conditions.Science, this issue p. 498The demise of Lowland Classic Maya civilization during the Terminal Classic Period (~800 to 1000 CE) is a well-cited example of how past climate may have affected ancient societies. Attempts to estimate the magnitude of hydrologic change, however, have met with equivocal success because of the qualitative and indirect nature of available climate proxy data. We reconstructed the past isotopic composition (δ18O, δD, 17O-excess, and d-excess) of water in Lake Chichancanab, Mexico, using a technique that involves isotopic analysis of the structurally bound water in sedimentary gypsum, which was deposited under drought conditions. The triple oxygen and hydrogen isotope data provide a direct measure of past changes in lake hydrology. We modeled the data and conclude that annual precipitation decreased between 41 and 54\% (with intervals of up to 70\% rainfall reduction during peak drought conditions) and that relative humidity declined by 2 to 7\% compared to present-day conditions.},
Author = {Evans, Nicholas P. and Bauska, Thomas K. and G{\'a}zquez-S{\'a}nchez, Fernando and Brenner, Mark and Curtis, Jason H. and Hodell, David A.},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 12:04:51 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 12:04:56 -0600},
Doi = {10.1126/science.aas9871},
Eprint = {http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6401/498.full.pdf},
Issn = {0036-8075},
Journal = {Science},
Keywords = {deep},
Number = {6401},
Pages = {498--501},
Publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science},
Title = {Quantification of drought during the collapse of the classic Maya civilization},
Url = {http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6401/498},
Volume = {361},
Year = {2018},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6401/498},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aas9871}}
@book{crosby1972,
Address = {Westport, CT},
Author = {Alfred Crosby},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 12:02:15 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 12:03:04 -0600},
Keywords = {deep},
Publisher = {Greenwood Press},
Title = {The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492},
Year = {1972}}
@techreport{buggle2017,
Abstract = {This paper explores the historical origins of collectivist cultural norms and their longterm economic consequences. In its first part, I test the hypothesis that collectivism emerged historically in pre-industrial agricultural economies in which group effort was crucial for subsistence. I find a positive and significant association between the traditional use of irrigation - a production mode that required extensive collaboration and coordination within groups of farmers - and collectivist norms today. Instrumenting traditional irrigation by the environmental suitability for irrigated agriculture lead to similar results that point at a causal interpretation of the findings. I find that the effects persist in migrants, and investigate factors that hinder the transmission of collectivism. The second part of the paper shows that by affecting culture, past irrigated agriculture continues to influence contemporaneous innovation at the national and individual level. While irrigated agriculture is associated with greater technological progress in pre-modern societies, this relationship is reversed in the long-run. In addition, by favoring attitudes towards obedience, past irrigation also predicts patterns of job specialization and selection into routine-intensive jobs of countries and individuals.},
Author = {Johannes C. Buggle},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 12:00:45 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 14:50:49 -0600},
Institution = {Universit{\'e} de Lausanne, Facult{\'e} des HEC, DEEP},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = Apr,
Number = {17.06},
Title = {{Irrigation, Collectivism and Long-Run Technological Divergence}},
Type = {Cahiers de Recherches Economiques du D{\'e}partement d'Econom{\'e}trie et d'Economie politique (DEEP)},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/lau/crdeep/17.06.html},
Year = 2017,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/lau/crdeep/17.06.html}}
@techreport{bd2017,
Abstract = {This research examines the historical relationship between economic risk and the evolution of social cooperation. We hypothesize that norms of generalized trust developed in pre-industrial times as a result of experiences of cooperation triggered by the need of subsistence farmers to cope with climatic risk. These norms persisted over time, even after climate had become largely unimportant for economic activity. We test this hypothesis for Europe combining high-resolution climate data for the period 1500-2000 with survey data at the sub-national level. We find that regions with higher inter-annual variability in precipitation and temperature display higher levels of trust. This effect is driven by variability in the growing season months, and by historical rather than recent variability. Regarding possible mechanisms, we find that regions with more variable climate were more closely connected to the Medieval trade network, indicating a higher propensity to engage in inter-community exchange. These regions were also more likely to adopt inclusive political institutions earlier on, and are characterized by a higher quality of local governments still today. Our findings suggest that, by favoring the emergence of mutually-reinforcing norms and institutions, exposure to environmental risk had a long-lasting impact on human cooperation.},
Author = {Buggle, Johannes and Durante, Ruben},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 11:59:54 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 14:50:31 -0600},
Institution = {C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = Oct,
Number = {12380},
Title = {{Climate Risk, Cooperation, and the Co-Evolution of Culture and Institutions}},
Type = {CEPR Discussion Papers},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/cpr/ceprdp/12380.html},
Year = 2017,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/cpr/ceprdp/12380.html}}
@techreport{mmnp2015,
Abstract = {We propose that the development of social hierarchy following the Neolithic Revolution was an outcome of the ability of the emergent elite to appropriate cereal crops from farmers and not a result of land productivity, as argued by conventional theory. We argue that cereals are easier to appropriate than roots and tubers, and that regional differences in the suitability of land for different crops explain therefore differences in the formation of hierarchy and states. A simple model illustrates our main theoretical argument. Our empirical investigation shows that land suitability for cereals relative to suitability for tubers explains the formation of hierarchical institutions and states, whereas land productivity does not.},
Author = {Mayshar, Joram and Moav, Omer and Neeman, Zvika and Pascali, Luigi},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 11:58:47 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 14:57:52 -0600},
Institution = {C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = Aug,
Number = {10742},
Title = {{Cereals, Appropriability and Hierarchy}},
Type = {CEPR Discussion Papers},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/cpr/ceprdp/10742.html},
Year = 2015,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/cpr/ceprdp/10742.html}}
@article{mmn2017,
Abstract = {We propose a theory by which geographic attributes explain cross-regional institutional differences in : (1) the scale of the state, (2) the distribution of power within state hierarchy, and (3) property rights over land. The mechanism that underlies our theory concerns the state's extractive capacity. In particular, we argue that the ability to appropriate revenue from the farming sector is affected by the transparency of farming which, in turn, is affected by geography and technology. We apply the theory to explain the differences between the institutions of Ancient Egypt, Southern Mesopotamia and Northern Mesopotamia
(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)},
Author = {Mayshar, Joram and Moav, Omer and Neeman, Zvika},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 11:58:16 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 14:57:36 -0600},
Journal = {American Political Science Review},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = {August},
Number = {03},
Pages = {622-636},
Title = {{Geography, Transparency, and Institutions}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/cup/apsrev/v111y2017i03p622-636_00.html},
Volume = {111},
Year = 2017,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/cup/apsrev/v111y2017i03p622-636_00.html}}
@techreport{bentzen2015,
Abstract = {Religiosity affects everything from fertility and health to labor force participation and productivity. But why are some societies more religious than others? To answer this question, I rely on the religious coping theory, which states that many individuals draw on their religious beliefs to understand and deal with adverse life events. Combining subnational district level data on values across the globe from the World Values Survey with spatial data on natural disasters, I find that individuals become more religious when their district was hit recently by an earthquake. And further, I find that this short-term effect co-exists with a long-term impact: Using data on children of immigrants in Europe, I document that high religiosity levels evolve in high earthquake risk areas, and are passed on across generations to individuals no longer living in these areas. The impact is global: earthquakes increase religiosity both within Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism, and within all continents. I document that the results are consistent with the literature on religious coping and inconsistent with alternative theories such as insurance or selection.},
Author = {Jeanet Sinding Bentzen},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 11:56:32 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 15:05:17 -0600},
Institution = {University of Copenhagen. Department of Economics},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = Apr,
Number = {15-06},
Title = {{Acts of God? Religiosity and Natural Disasters Across Subnational World Districts}},
Type = {Discussion Papers},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/kud/kuiedp/1506.html},
Year = 2015,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/kud/kuiedp/1506.html}}
@article{bkw2017,
Abstract = {Irrigated agriculture makes societies more likely to be ruled by authoritarian regimes. Ancient societies have long been thought to follow this pattern. We empirically show that irrigation affects political regimes even in the present. To avoid endogeneity, we use geographical and climatic variation to identify irrigation dependent societies. We find that countries whose agriculture depended on irrigation are about six points less democratic on the 21-point polity2 scale than countries where agriculture has been rainfed. We find qualitatively similar results across regions within countries. We argue that the effect has historical origins: irrigation allowed landed elites in arid areas to monopolize water and arable land. This made elites more powerful and better able to oppose democratization. Consistent with this conjecture, we show that irrigation dependence predicts land inequality both at the country level, and in premodern societies surveyed by ethnographers.},
Author = {Jeanet Sinding Bentzen and Nicolai Kaarsen and Asger Moll Wingender},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 11:55:49 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 14:46:14 -0600},
Journal = {Journal of the European Economic Association},
Keywords = {deep},
Number = {1},
Pages = {1-53},
Title = {{Irrigation and Autocracy}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/oup/jeurec/v15y2017i1p1-53..html},
Volume = {15},
Year = 2017,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/oup/jeurec/v15y2017i1p1-53..html}}
@article{abd2012,
Abstract = { Empirically, a higher frequency of lightning strikes is associated with slower growth in labor productivity across the 48 contiguous U.S. states after 1990; before 1990, there is no correlation between growth and lightning. Other climate variables (e.g., temperature, rainfall, and tornadoes) do not conform to this pattern. A viable explanation is that lightning influences IT diffusion. By causing voltage spikes and dips, a higher frequency of ground strikes leads to damaged digital equipment and thus higher IT user costs. Accordingly, the flash density (strikes per square kilometer per year) should adversely affect the speed of IT diffusion. We find that lightning indeed seems to have slowed IT diffusion, conditional on standard controls. Hence, an increasing macroeconomic sensitivity to lightning may be due to the increasing importance of digital technologies for the growth process. {\copyright} 2012 The President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.},
Author = {Thomas Barnebeck Andersen and Jeanet Bentzen and Carl-Johan Dalgaard and Pablo Selaya},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 11:55:14 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 16:00:23 -0600},
Journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Month = {November},
Number = {4},
Pages = {903-924},
Title = {{Lightning, IT Diffusion, and Economic Growth Across U.S. States}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/tpr/restat/v94y2012i4p903-924.html},
Volume = {94},
Year = 2012,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/tpr/restat/v94y2012i4p903-924.html}}
@article{alesinagiuliano2010,
Abstract = {The structure of family relationships influences economic behavior and attitudes. We define our measure of family ties using individual responses from the World Value Survey regarding the role of the family and the love and respect that children need to have for their parents for over 70 countries. We show that strong family ties imply more reliance on the family as an economic unit which provides goods and services and less on the market and on the government for social insurance. With strong family ties home production is higher, labor force participation of women and youngsters, and geographical mobility, lower. Families are larger (higher fertility and higher family size) with strong family ties, which is consistent with the idea of the family as an important economic unit. We present evidence on cross country regressions. To assess causality we look at the behavior of second generation immigrants in the US and we employ a variable based on the grammatical rule of pronoun drop as an instrument for family ties. Our results overall indicate a significant influence of the strength of family ties on economic outcomes.
(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)},
Author = {Alberto Alesina and Paola Giuliano},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 11:53:42 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 15:13:54 -0600},
Doi = {10.1007/s10887-011-9077-y},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = {June},
Number = {2},
Pages = {93-125},
Title = {{The power of the family}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/kap/jecgro/v15y2010i2p93-125.html},
Volume = {15},
Year = 2010,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/kap/jecgro/v15y2010i2p93-125.html},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10887-011-9077-y}}
@article{ag2015,
Author = {Alesina, Alberto and Giuliano, Paola},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 11:50:40 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 15:34:53 -0600},
Doi = {10.1257/jel.53.4.898},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = {December},
Number = {4},
Pages = {898-944},
Title = {Culture and Institutions},
Url = {http://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jel.53.4.898},
Volume = {53},
Year = {2015},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jel.53.4.898},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.53.4.898}}
@article{agerc2018,
Author = {Ager, Philipp and Ciccone, Antonio},
Date-Added = {2018-12-07 11:49:42 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 14:44:37 -0600},
Doi = {10.1093/jeea/jvx029},
Eprint = {/oup/backfile/content_public/journal/jeea/16/4/10.1093_jeea_jvx029/2/jvx029.pdf},
Journal = {Journal of the European Economic Association},
Keywords = {deep},
Number = {4},
Pages = {1021-1068},
Title = {Agricultural Risk and the Spread of Religious Communities},
Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvx029},
Volume = {16},
Year = {2018},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvx029}}
@article{xtx,
Abstract = { China's smallest province Ningxia sits in North Central China. Surrounded by herding cultures to the north and wheat farmers to the south, Qingtongxia is a small outpost of rice farming fed by the Yellow River. We test the hypothesis that rice-farming cultures are more interdependent by comparing high school students from Qingtongxia (N = 190) to students in a nearby wheat district, Yuanzhou (N = 223). Comparing two nearby counties provides a natural test case that controls for third variables. Students in the rice county thought more holistically, treated a close friend better than a stranger, and showed lower implicit individualism. Students in the rice area showed more relative perception than students from the wheat areas on the practice trials of the framed line task, but differences were nonsignificant on the main trials. Differences between teenagers---born after the year 2000---suggest that rice--wheat differences continue among China's next generation. },
Author = {Xiawei Dong and Thomas Talhelm and Xiaopeng Ren},
Date-Added = {2018-12-03 15:07:25 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 12:33:18 -0600},
Doi = {10.1177/1948550618808868},
Eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550618808868},
Journal = {Social Psychological and Personality Science},
Keywords = {deep},
Pages = {1948550618808868},
Title = {Teens in Rice County Are More Interdependent and Think More Holistically Than Nearby Wheat County},
Url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550618808868},
Year = {2018},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550618808868}}
@unpublished{gos2018,
Author = {Galor, Oded and Ozak, Omer and Sarid, Assaf},
Date-Added = {2018-12-03 15:01:42 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 12:33:25 -0600},
Doi = {10.31235/osf.io/me2g7},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = {Nov},
Publisher = {SocArXiv},
Title = {Geographical Roots of the Coevolution of Cultural and Linguistic Traits},
Url = {osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/me2g7},
Year = {2018},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/me2g7},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/me2g7}}
@article{MINOCHER2018,
Abstract = {Comparative analyses have sought to explain variation in human marriage patterns, often using predictions derived from sexual selection theory. However, most previous studies have not controlled for non-independence of populations due to shared ancestry. Here we leverage a phylogenetic supertree of human populations that includes all 186 populations in the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample (SCCS), a globally representative and widely-used sample of human populations. This represents the most comprehensive human phylogeny to date, and allows us not only to control for non-independence, but also to quantify the role of population history in explaining behavioral variation, in addition to current socio-ecological conditions. We use multiple imputation to overcome missing data problems and build a comprehensive Bayesian phylogenetic model of marriage patterns with two correlated response variables and eleven minimally collinear predictors capturing various socio-ecological conditions. We show that ignoring phylogeny could lead to both false positives and false negatives, and that the phylogeny explained about twice as much variance as all the predictors combined. Pathogen stress and assault frequency emerged as the predictors most strongly associated with polygyny, which had been considered evidence for female choice of good genes and male intra-sexual competition or male coercion, respectively. Mixed support was found for a polygyny threshold based on variance in male wealth, which is discussed in light of recent theory. Barring caveats, these findings refine our understanding of the evolution of human marriage systems, and highlight the value of combining population history and current socio-ecology in explaining human behavioral variation. Future studies using the SCCS should do so using the present supertree.},
Author = {Riana Minocher and Pavel Duda and Adrian V. Jaeggi},
Date-Added = {2018-12-03 14:59:50 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-03 14:59:56 -0600},
Doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2018.11.003},
Issn = {1090-5138},
Journal = {Evolution and Human Behavior},
Keywords = {deep},
Title = {Explaining marriage patterns in a globally representative sample through socio-ecology and population history: A Bayesian phylogenetic analysis using a new supertree},
Url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090513818302514},
Year = {2018},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090513818302514},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2018.11.003}}
@unpublished{Schulz001,
Author = {Schulz, Jonathan F},
Date-Added = {2018-12-03 14:52:55 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-03 14:53:37 -0600},
Keywords = {deep},
Note = {Working paper},
Title = {The Catholic Church, Kin Networks, and Institutional Development},
Year = {2018}}
@techreport{Schulz000,
Author = {Schulz, Jonathan F},
Date-Added = {2018-12-03 14:51:06 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-03 14:52:02 -0600},
Institution = {CEDEX},
Keywords = {deep},
Title = {The Churches' Ban on Consanguineous Marriages, Kin-networks, and Democracy},
Year = {2016}}
@techreport{weird2018,
Author = {Schulz, Jonathan F and Barahmi-Rad, Duman and Beauchamp, Jonathan and Henrich, Joseph},
Date-Added = {2018-12-03 14:49:50 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-03 14:50:12 -0600},
Doi = {10.31234/osf.io/d6qhu},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = {Jun},
Publisher = {PsyArXiv},
Title = {The Origins of WEIRD Psychology},
Url = {psyarxiv.com/d6qhu},
Year = {2018},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {psyarxiv.com/d6qhu},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/d6qhu}}
@article{mp2014,
Abstract = {The importance of history, culture, and biogeography in shaping current institutions and the long-run process of economic development is the subject of an important and growing field of research, attracting prominent scholars from different backgrounds. This special issue brings together contributions that investigate both theoretically and empirically the potential mechanisms that mediate the link between institutional and economic development.},
Author = {Stelios Michalopoulos and Andrea Filippo Presbitero},
Date-Added = {2018-11-30 10:31:12 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-11-30 11:02:48 -0600},
Journal = {Review of Economics and Institutions},
Keywords = {deep},
Number = {2},
Title = {Introduction to the REI Special Issue: The Role of History, Biogeography, and Institutions for Comparative Development},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/pia/review/v5y2014i2n1.html},
Volume = {5},
Year = 2014,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/pia/review/v5y2014i2n1.html}}
@article{ag2018,
Abstract = {The importance of evolutionary forces for comparative economic performance across societies has been the focus of a vibrant literature, highlighting the roles played by the Neolithic Revolution as well as the prehistoric \"out of Africa\" migration of anatomically modern humans in generating worldwide variations in the composition of human traits. This essay provides an overview of the literature on the macrogenoeconomics of comparative development, underscoring the significance of evolutionary processes and human population diversity in generating differential paths of economic development across societies. Furthermore, it examines the contribution of Nicholas Wade's recent hypothesis, regarding the evolutionary origins of comparative development, to this important line of research.},
Author = {Quamrul H. Ashraf and Oded Galor},
Date-Added = {2018-11-30 10:28:23 -0600},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-03 11:46:19 -0600},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = {September},
Number = {3},
Pages = {1119-1155},
Title = {{The Macrogenoeconomics of Comparative Development}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/jeclit/v56y2018i3p1119-55.html},
Volume = {56},
Year = 2018,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/jeclit/v56y2018i3p1119-55.html}}
@article{ravallion2012,
Abstract = { Average living standards are converging among developing countries and faster growing economies see more progress against poverty. Yet we do not find poverty convergence; countries starting with higher poverty rates do not see higher proportionate rates of poverty reduction. The paper tries to explain why. Analysis of a new dataset suggests that, at given mean consumption, high initial poverty has an adverse effect on consumption growth and also makes growth less poverty-reducing. Thus, for many poor countries, the growth advantage of starting out with a low mean is lost due to a high incidence of poverty. (JEL D63, I31, I32, O15)},
Author = {Martin Ravallion},
Date-Added = {2018-10-21 16:28:20 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-03 11:46:28 -0600},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Keywords = {theory},
Month = {February},
Number = {1},
Pages = {504-523},
Title = {{Why Don't We See Poverty Convergence?}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v102y2012i1p504-23.html},
Volume = {102},
Year = 2012,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v102y2012i1p504-23.html}}
@article{bl2002,
Abstract = {According to a common argument, the presence of strong intellectual property rights spurs innovation, which then leads to fiercer competition, higher economic growth and increasing benefits for the average consumers. We argue that, in the case of intellectual property rights, this has lead to misconceptions and abuses. Current legislation on intellectual property confuses the protection of property rights on objects in which ideas are embodied with the attribution of monopoly power on the idea itself and, furthermore, with restrictions on the usage of such goods on the part of the buyers. This implies that both patent and copyright laws should be dramatically altered. To back up our claim we provide theoretical arguments, even for the most extreme case in which goods are produced at a positive fixed cost and zero marginal cost.
(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)},
Author = {Michele Boldrin and David Levine},
Date-Added = {2018-10-04 13:34:49 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-10-04 15:54:05 -0500},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Keywords = {theory},
Month = {May},
Number = {2},
Pages = {209-212},
Title = {{The Case Against Intellectual Property}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v92y2002i2p209-212.html},
Volume = {92},
Year = 2002,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v92y2002i2p209-212.html}}
@article{gh1991,
Abstract = {We develop a model of repeated product improvements in a continuum of sectors. Each product follows a stochastic progression up a quality ladder. Progress is not uniform across sectors, so an equilibrium distribution of qualities evolves over time. But the rate of aggregate growth is constant. The growth rate responds to profit incentives in the R\&D sector. We explore the welfare properties of our model. Then we relate our approach to an alternative one that views product innovation as a process of generating an ever-expanding range of horizontally differentiated products. Finally, we apply the model to issues of resource accumulation and international trade.},
Author = {Gene M. Grossman and Elhanan Helpman},
Date-Added = {2018-10-04 13:25:39 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-10-04 13:25:50 -0500},
Journal = {Review of Economic Studies},
Keywords = {theory},
Number = {1},
Pages = {43-61},
Title = {{Quality Ladders in the Theory of Growth}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/oup/restud/v58y1991i1p43-61..html},
Volume = {58},
Year = 1991,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/oup/restud/v58y1991i1p43-61..html}}
@techreport{dhjm2018,
Abstract = {The pace of job reallocation has declined in all U.S. sectors since 2000. In standard models, aggregate job reallocation depends on (a) the dispersion of idiosyncratic productivity shocks faced by businesses and (b) the marginal responsiveness of businesses to those shocks. Using several novel empirical facts from business microdata, we infer that the pervasive post-2000 decline in reallocation reflects weaker responsiveness in a manner consistent with rising adjustment frictions and not lower dispersion of shocks. The within-industry dispersion of TFP and output per worker has risen, while the marginal responsiveness of employment growth to business-level productivity has weakened. The responsiveness in the post-2000 period for young firms in the high-tech sector is only about half (in manufacturing) to two thirds (economy wide) of the peak in the 1990s. Counterfactuals show that weakening productivity responsiveness since 2000 accounts for a significant drag on aggregate productivity.},
Author = {Ryan A. Decker and John C. Haltiwanger and Ron S. Jarmin and Javier Miranda},
Date-Added = {2018-10-04 13:16:41 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-10-04 13:16:50 -0500},
Institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc},
Keywords = {markup},
Month = Jan,
Number = {24236},
Title = {{Changing Business Dynamism and Productivity: Shocks vs. Responsiveness}},
Type = {NBER Working Papers},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/24236.html},
Year = 2018,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/24236.html}}
@article{RePEc:oup:qjecon:v:120:y:2005:i:3:p:791-833.,
Abstract = {This paper analyzes the effects of dividend taxation on corporate behavior using the large tax cut on individual dividend income enacted in 2003. We document a 20 percent increase in dividend payments by nonfinancial, nonutility publicly traded corporations following the tax cut. An unusually large number of firms initiated or increased regular dividend payments in the year after the reform. As a result, the number of firms paying dividends began to increase in 2003 after a continuous decline for more than two decades. Firms with high levels of nontaxable institutional ownership did not change payout policies, supporting the causality of the tax cut in increasing aggregate dividend payments. The response to the tax cut was strongest in firms with strong principals whose tax incentives changed (those with large taxable institutional owners or independent directors with large share holdings), and in firms where agents had stronger incentives to respond (high share ownership and low options ownership among top executives). Hence, principal-agent issues appear to play an important role in corporate responses to taxation.},
Author = {Raj Chetty and Emmanuel Saez},
Date-Added = {2018-10-03 15:54:30 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-10-04 15:54:40 -0500},
Journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
Keywords = {policy},
Number = {3},
Pages = {791-833},
Title = {{Dividend Taxes and Corporate Behavior: Evidence from the 2003 Dividend Tax Cut}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/oup/qjecon/v120y2005i3p791-833..html},
Volume = {120},
Year = 2005,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/oup/qjecon/v120y2005i3p791-833..html}}
@techreport{bjvw2017,
Abstract = {In many growth models, economic growth arises from people creating ideas, and the long-run growth rate is the product of two terms: the effective number of researchers and their research productivity. We present a wide range of evidence from various industries, products, and firms showing that research effort is rising substantially while research productivity is declining sharply. A good example is Moore's Law. The number of researchers required today to achieve the famous doubling every two years of the density of computer chips is more than 18 times larger than the number required in the early 1970s. Across a broad range of case studies at various levels of (dis)aggregation, we find that ideas --- and in particular the exponential growth they imply --- are getting harder and harder to find. Exponential growth results from the large increases in research effort that offset its declining productivity.},
Author = {Nicholas Bloom and Charles I. Jones and John Van Reenen and Michael Webb},
Date-Added = {2018-09-29 16:28:42 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-10-04 15:53:52 -0500},
Institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc},
Keywords = {theory},
Month = Sep,
Number = {23782},
Title = {{Are Ideas Getting Harder to Find?}},
Type = {NBER Working Papers},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/23782.html},
Year = 2017,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/23782.html}}
@techreport{NBERw21154,
Abstract = {We quantify the amount of spatial misallocation of labor across US cities and its aggregate costs. Misallocation arises because high productivity cities like New York and the San Francisco Bay Area have adopted stringent restrictions to new housing supply, effectively limiting the number of workers who have access to such high productivity. Using a spatial equilibrium model and data from 220 metropolitan areas we find that these constraints lowered aggregate US growth by more than 50% from 1964 to 2009.},
Author = {Hsieh, Chang-Tai and Moretti, Enrico},
Date-Added = {2018-09-26 14:37:11 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-10-04 15:54:55 -0500},
Doi = {10.3386/w21154},
Institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
Keywords = {markup},
Month = {May},
Number = {21154},
Series = {Working Paper Series},
Title = {Housing Constraints and Spatial Misallocation},
Type = {Working Paper},
Url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w21154},
Year = {2015},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w21154},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.3386/w21154}}
@techreport{NBERw23687,
Abstract = {We document the evolution of markups based on firm-level data for the US economy since 1950. Initially, markups are stable, even slightly decreasing. In 1980, average markups start to rise from 18% above marginal cost to 67% now. There is no strong pattern across industries, though markups tend to be higher, across all sectors of the economy, in smaller firms and most of the increase is due to an increase within industry. We do see a notable change in the distribution of markups with the increase exclusively due to a sharp increase in high markup firms.
We then evaluate the macroeconomic implications of an increase in average market power, which can account for a number of secular trends in the last 3 decades: 1. decrease in labor share, 2. increase in capital share, 3. decrease in low skill wages, 4. decrease in labor force participation, 5. decrease in labor flows, 6. decrease in migration rates, 7. slowdown in aggregate output.},
Author = {De Loecker, Jan and Eeckhout, Jan},
Date-Added = {2018-09-25 14:35:42 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-09-25 14:35:52 -0500},
Doi = {10.3386/w23687},
Institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
Keywords = {markup},
Month = {August},
Number = {23687},
Series = {Working Paper Series},
Title = {The Rise of Market Power and the Macroeconomic Implications},
Type = {Working Paper},
Url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w23687},
Year = {2017},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w23687},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.3386/w23687}}
@article{10.2307/2228246,
Author = {Evsey D. Domar},
Date-Added = {2018-09-14 15:49:45 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-10-04 15:54:44 -0500},
Issn = {00130133, 14680297},
Journal = {The Economic Journal},
Keywords = {theory},
Number = {284},
Pages = {709--729},
Publisher = {[Royal Economic Society, Wiley]},
Title = {On the Measurement of Technological Change},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2228246},
Volume = {71},
Year = {1961},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2228246}}
@article{RePEc:aea:aecrev:v:90:y:2000:i:2:p:161-167,
Abstract = {No abstract is available for this item.},
Author = {Kevin J. Stiroh and Dale W. Jorgenson},
Date-Added = {2018-09-14 15:47:59 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-10-04 15:55:09 -0500},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Keywords = {theory},
Month = {May},
Number = {2},
Pages = {161-167},
Title = {{U.S. Economic Growth at the Industry Level}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v90y2000i2p161-167.html},
Volume = {90},
Year = 2000,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v90y2000i2p161-167.html}}
@article{cv2018,
Author = {Chatterjee, Shoumitro and Vogl, Tom},
Date-Added = {2018-09-12 15:45:59 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-10-04 15:54:17 -0500},
Doi = {10.1257/aer.20170748},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Keywords = {dev},
Month = {June},
Number = {6},
Pages = {1440-67},
Title = {Escaping Malthus: Economic Growth and Fertility Change in the Developing World},
Url = {http://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.20170748},
Volume = {108},
Year = {2018},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.20170748},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20170748}}
@article{solow57,
Author = {Robert M. Solow},
Date-Added = {2018-09-07 16:54:40 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-10-04 15:55:05 -0500},
Issn = {00346535, 15309142},
Journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
Keywords = {theory},
Number = {3},
Pages = {312--320},
Publisher = {The MIT Press},
Title = {Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1926047},
Volume = {39},
Year = {1957},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1926047}}
@article{bfk2006,
Abstract = {Yes. We construct a measure of aggregate technology change, controlling for aggregation effects, varying utilization of capital and labor, nonconstant returns, and imperfect competition. On impact, when technology improves, input use and nonresidential investment fall sharply. Output changes little. With a lag of several years, inputs and investment return to normal and output rises strongly. The standard one-sector real-business-cycle model is not consistent with this evidence. The evidence is consistent, however, with simple sticky-price models, which predict the results we find: when technology improves, inputs and investment generally fall in the short run, and output itself may also fall. (JEL E22, E32, O33)},
Author = {Miles S. Kimball and John G. Fernald and Susanto Basu},
Date-Added = {2018-09-07 16:41:16 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-10-04 15:55:01 -0500},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Keywords = {slowdown},
Month = {December},
Number = {5},
Pages = {1418-1448},
Title = {{Are Technology Improvements Contractionary?}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v96y2006i5p1418-1448.html},
Volume = {96},
Year = 2006,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v96y2006i5p1418-1448.html}}
@article{ma2013,
Abstract = { This article posits that the political institution of imperial China -- its unitary and centralized ruling structure -- is an essential determinant to China's long-run economic trajectory and its early modern divergence from Western Europe. Drawing on institutional economics, I demonstrate that monopoly rule, a long time-horizon, and the large size of the empire could give rise to a path of low-taxation and dynastic stability in imperial China. But fundamental incentive misalignment and information asymmetry problems embedded within its centralized and hierarchical political structure also constrained the development of the fiscal and financial capacity of the Chinese state. This paper develops several sets of unique data series on warfare, central government revenue, and governmental savings (in the form of silver reserves) for seventeenth--nineteenth century Qing China, matched with an historical narrative to illustrate the problem of incentives and information as the origin of China's economic divergence from Western Europe. },
Author = {Debin Ma},
Date-Added = {2018-08-27 11:23:59 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-08-27 11:24:42 -0500},
Doi = {10.1080/15387216.2014.907530},
Eprint = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/15387216.2014.907530},
Journal = {Eurasian Geography and Economics},
Keywords = {takeoff, deep},
Number = {5-6},
Pages = {484-499},
Publisher = {Routledge},
Title = {State capacity and great divergence, the case of Qing China (1644--1911)},
Url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15387216.2014.907530},
Volume = {54},
Year = {2013},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15387216.2014.907530},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15387216.2014.907530}}
@article{cfs2013,
Abstract = {We estimate the impacts of the Earned Income Tax Credit on labor supply using local variation in knowledge about the EITC schedule. We proxy for EITC knowledge in a Zip code with the fraction of individuals who manipulate reported self-employment income to maximize their EITC refund. This measure varies significantly across areas. We exploit changes in EITC eligibility at the birth of a child to estimate labor supply effects. Individuals in high-knowledge areas change wage earnings sharply to obtain larger EITC refunds relative to those in low-knowledge areas. These responses come primarily from intensive-margin earnings increases in the phase-in region.},
Author = {Raj Chetty and John N. Friedman and Emmanuel Saez},
Date-Added = {2018-08-23 13:32:37 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-10-04 15:54:35 -0500},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Keywords = {policy},
Month = {December},
Number = {7},
Pages = {2683-2721},
Title = {{Using Differences in Knowledge across Neighborhoods to Uncover the Impacts of the EITC on Earnings}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v103y2013i7p2683-2721.html},
Volume = {103},
Year = 2013,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v103y2013i7p2683-2721.html}}
@book{bray1994,
Address = {Berkeley, CA},
Author = {Francesca Bray},
Date-Added = {2017-12-28 22:21:31 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Keywords = {sector, takeoff, deep},
Publisher = {University of California Press},
Title = {The Rice Economies, Technology and Development in Asian Societies},
Year = {1994}}
@article{mrr2012,
Abstract = { We examine urbanization using new data that allow us to track the evolution of population in rural and urban areas in the United States from 1880 to 2000. We find a positive correlation between initial population density and subsequent population growth for intermediate densities, which increases the dispersion of the population density distribution over time. We use theory and empirical evidence to show this pattern of population growth is the result of differences in agriculture's initial share of employment across population densities, combined with structural transformation that shifts employment away from agriculture. Copyright 2012, Oxford University Press.},
Author = {Guy Michaels and Ferdinand Rauch and Stephen J. Redding},
Date-Added = {2017-12-19 15:02:35 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:06 +0000},
Journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
Keywords = {sector, urban},
Number = {2},
Pages = {535-586},
Title = {{Urbanization and Structural Transformation}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/oup/qjecon/v127y2012i2p535-586.html},
Volume = {127},
Year = 2012,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/oup/qjecon/v127y2012i2p535-586.html}}
@article{desmetrh2014,
Abstract = {We present a theory of spatial development. Manufacturing and services firms located in a continuous geographic area choose each period how much to innovate. Firms trade subject to transport costs and technology diffuses spatially. We apply the model to study the evolution of the US economy in the last half-century and find that it can generate the reduction in the manufacturing employment share, the increased spatial concentration of services, the growth in service productivity starting in the mid-1990s, the rise in the dispersion of land rents in the same period, as well as several other spatial and temporal patterns.},
Author = {Klaus Desmet and Esteban Rossi-Hansberg},
Date-Added = {2017-12-19 15:00:17 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:06 +0000},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Keywords = {sector, urban},
Month = {April},
Number = {4},
Pages = {1211-1243},
Title = {{Spatial Development}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v104y2014i4p1211-43.html},
Volume = {104},
Year = 2014,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v104y2014i4p1211-43.html}}
@techreport{baqaeefarhi2017,
Abstract = {We provide a general non-parametric formula for aggregating microeconomic shocks in general equilibrium economies with distortions such as taxes, markups, frictions to resource reallocation, and nominal rigidities. We show that the macroeconomic impact of a shock can be boiled down into two components: its ``pure'' technology effect; and its effect on allocative efficiency arising from the associated reallocation of resources, which can be measured via changes in factor income shares. We also derive a formula showing how these two components are determined by structural microeconomic parameters such as elasticities of substitution, returns to scale, factor mobility, and network linkages. Overall, our results generalize those of Solow (1957) and Hulten (1978) to economies with distortions. To demonstrate their empirical relevance, we pursue different applications, focusing on markup distortions. For example, we operationalize our non-parametric results and show that improvements in allocative efficiency account for about 50% of measured TFP growth over the period 1997-2015. We also implement our structural results and conclude that eliminating markups would raise TFP by about 40%, increasing the economywide cost of monopoly distortions by two orders of magnitude compared to the famous 0.1% estimates of Harberger (1954).},
Author = {David Rezza Baqaee and Emmanuel Farhi},
Date-Added = {2017-12-19 14:57:45 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:29 +0000},
Doi = {10.3386/w24007},
Institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
Keywords = {markup},
Month = {November},
Number = {24007},
Series = {Working Paper Series},
Title = {Productivity and Misallocation in General Equilibrium.},
Type = {Working Paper},
Url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w24007},
Year = {2017},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w24007},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w24007}}
@article{RePEc:tpr:restat:v:89:y:2007:i:1:p:100-109,
Abstract = { This paper examines the relationship between workforce demographics and aggregate productivity. Changes in the age structure of the workforce are found to be significantly correlated with changes in aggregate productivity. Different demographic structures may be related to almost one-quarter of the persistent productivity gap between the OECD and low-income nations as well as part of the productivity divergence between 1960 and 1990. Copyright by the President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.},
Author = {James Feyrer},
Date-Added = {2017-09-15 17:36:18 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:16:55 +0000},
Journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
Keywords = {slowdown},
Month = {February},
Number = {1},
Pages = {100-109},
Title = {{Demographics and Productivity}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/tpr/restat/v89y2007i1p100-109.html},
Volume = {89},
Year = 2007,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/tpr/restat/v89y2007i1p100-109.html}}
@unpublished{ipums,
Author = {{Minnesota Population Center}},
Date-Added = {2017-08-03 17:13:57 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:17:06 +0000},
Keywords = {other},
Note = {Minneapolis: University of Minnesota},
Title = {Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS), International: Version 6.5},
Url = {http://doi.org/10.18128/D020.V6.5},
Year = {2017},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://doi.org/10.18128/D020.V6.5}}
@article{grump2011,
Address = {Palisades, NY},
Author = {{Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University} and {International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)} and {The World Bank} and {Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT)}},
Date-Added = {2017-08-03 17:04:37 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:16:41 +0000},
Keywords = {other},
Month = {20170803},
Publisher = {NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC)},
Title = {Global Rural-Urban Mapping Project, Version 1 (GRUMPv1): Population Count Grid},
Ty = {DATA},
Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.7927/H4VT1Q1H},
Year = {2011},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.7927/H4VT1Q1H}}
@article{Balketal2006,
Author = {Balk, D. L. and Deichmann, U. and Yetman, G. and Pozzi, F. and Hay, S. I. and Nelson, A.},
Date-Added = {2017-08-03 17:04:01 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:16:20 +0000},
Journal = {Advances in Parasitology},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = {20170803},
Pages = {119--156},
Title = {Determining Global Population Distribution: Methods, Applications and Data},
Ty = {JOUR},
Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0065-308X(05)62004-0},
Volume = {62},
Year = {2006},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0065-308X(05)62004-0}}
@article{barro2016,
Author = {Barro, Robert J.},
Date-Added = {2017-07-28 19:38:56 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:59:43 +0000},
Doi = {10.1111/cwe.12172},
Issn = {1749-124X},
Journal = {China \& World Economy},
Keywords = {reform},
Number = {5},
Pages = {5--19},
Title = {Economic Growth and Convergence: Applied to China},
Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cwe.12172},
Volume = {24},
Year = {2016},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cwe.12172}}
@article{ajs2016,
Abstract = {This research sheds new light on the much-debated link between agricultural productivity and development. We do so by estimating the causal impact of a large shock to agricultural productivity---the introduction of the heavy plow in the Middle Ages---on long run development. We build on the work of Lynn White, Jr. (1962), who argued that it was impossible to take proper advantage of the fertile clay soils of Northern Europe prior to the invention and widespread adoption of the heavy plow. We implement the test in a difference-in-difference set-up by exploiting regional variation in the presence of fertile clay soils. Using a high quality dataset for Denmark, we find that historical counties with relatively more fertile clay soil experienced higher urbanization after the heavy plow had its breakthrough, which was around AD 1000. We obtain a similar result, when we extend the test to European regions. Our findings substantiate that agricultural productivity can be an important driver of long-run development.},
Author = {Andersen, Thomas Barnebeck and Jensen, Peter Sandholt and Skovsgaard, Christian Volmar},
Date-Added = {2017-07-11 20:35:19 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:16:12 +0000},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2015.08},
Journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
Keywords = {deep},
Number = {C},
Pages = {133-149},
Title = {{The heavy plow and the agricultural revolution in Medieval Europe}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/deveco/v118y2016icp133-149.html},
Volume = {118},
Year = 2016,
Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/deveco/v118y2016icp133-149.html},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2015.08}}
@article{allenweisdorf2011,
Author = {R. C. Allen and J. L. Weisdorf},
Date-Added = {2017-07-11 20:33:32 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:15:46 +0000},
Journal = {Economic History Review},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Month = {08},
Number = {3},
Pages = {715-729},
Title = {{Was there an `industrious revolution' before the industrial revolution? An empirical exercise for England, c. 1300--1830}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/ehsrev/v64y2011i3p715-729.html},
Volume = {64},
Year = 2011,
Bdsk-File-1 = {YnBsaXN0MDDSAQIDBFxyZWxhdGl2ZVBhdGhZYWxpYXNEYXRhXxAhLi4vUGFwZXJzL0FsbGVuX1dlaXNkb3JmXzIwMTAucGRmTxEBcAAAAAABcAACAAAMTWFjaW50b3NoIEhEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEJEAAH/////F0FsbGVuX1dlaXNkb3JmXzIwMTAucGRmAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAP////8AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQACAAAKIGN1AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAZQYXBlcnMAAgA0LzpVc2VyczpkaWV0ejpEcm9wYm94OlBhcGVyczpBbGxlbl9XZWlzZG9yZl8yMDEwLnBkZgAOADAAFwBBAGwAbABlAG4AXwBXAGUAaQBzAGQAbwByAGYAXwAyADAAMQAwAC4AcABkAGYADwAaAAwATQBhAGMAaQBuAHQAbwBzAGgAIABIAEQAEgAyVXNlcnMvZGlldHovRHJvcGJveC9QYXBlcnMvQWxsZW5fV2Vpc2RvcmZfMjAxMC5wZGYAEwABLwAAFQACAAz//wAAAAgADQAaACQASAAAAAAAAAIBAAAAAAAAAAUAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAG8},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/ehsrev/v64y2011i3p715-729.html}}
@article{allenminiature2009,
Author = {Allen, Robert C.},
Date-Added = {2017-07-11 20:32:36 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:15:56 +0000},
Journal = {The Journal of Economic History},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Month = {December},
Number = {04},
Pages = {901-927},
Title = {{The Industrial Revolution in Miniature: The Spinning Jenny in Britain, France, and India}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/cup/jechis/v69y2009i04p901-927_00.html},
Volume = {69},
Year = 2009,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/cup/jechis/v69y2009i04p901-927_00.html}}
@article{allen2008,
Abstract = {No abstract is available for this item.},
Author = {Allen, Robert C.},
Date-Added = {2017-07-11 20:32:01 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:15:51 +0000},
Journal = {The Journal of Economic History},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Month = {March},
Number = {01},
Pages = {182-210},
Title = {{The Nitrogen Hypothesis and the English Agricultural Revolution: A Biological Analysis}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/cup/jechis/v68y2008i01p182-210_00.html},
Volume = {68},
Year = 2008,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/cup/jechis/v68y2008i01p182-210_00.html}}
@article{allenag2009,
Abstract = {No abstract is available for this item.},
Author = {Robert C. Allen},
Date-Added = {2017-07-11 20:31:15 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:16:07 +0000},
Journal = {Economic History Review},
Keywords = {deep,takeoff},
Month = {08},
Number = {3},
Pages = {525-550},
Title = {{Agricultural productivity and rural incomes in England and the Yangtze Delta, c.1620-c.1820}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/ehsrev/v62y2009i3p525-550.html},
Volume = {62},
Year = 2009,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/ehsrev/v62y2009i3p525-550.html}}
@article{allen2011,
Abstract = {No abstract is available for this item.},
Author = {R. C. Allen},
Date-Added = {2017-07-11 20:30:16 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:15:41 +0000},
Journal = {Economic History Review},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Month = {05},
Number = {2},
Pages = {357-384},
Title = {{Why the industrial revolution was British: commerce, induced invention, and the scientific revolution}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/ehsrev/v64y2011i2p357-384.html},
Volume = {64},
Year = 2011,
Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/ehsrev/v64y2011i2p357-384.html}}
@article{allen2009,
Abstract = {The paper reviews the macroeconomic data describing the British economy from 1760 to 1913 and shows that it passed through a two stage evolution of inequality. In the first half of the 19th century, the real wage stagnated while output per worker expanded. The profit rate doubled and the share of profits in national income expanded at the expense of labour and land. After the middle of the 19th century, real wages began to grow in line with productivity, and the profit rate and factor shares stabilized. An integrated model of growth and distribution is developed to explain these trends. The model includes an aggregate production function that explains the distribution of income, while a savings function in which savings depended on property income governs accumulation. Simulations with the model show that technical progress was the prime mover behind the industrial revolution. Capital accumulation was a necessary complement. The surge in inequality was intrinsic to the growth process: technical change increased the demand for capital and raised the profit rate and capital's share. The rise in profits, in turn, sustained the industrial revolution by financing the necessary capital accumulation. After the middle of the 19th century, accumulation had caught up with the requirements of technology and wages rose in line with productivity.},
Author = {Allen, Robert C.},
Date-Added = {2017-07-11 20:29:31 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:16:02 +0000},
Journal = {Explorations in Economic History},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Month = {October},
Number = {4},
Pages = {418-435},
Title = {{Engels' pause: Technical change, capital accumulation, and inequality in the british industrial revolution}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/exehis/v46y2009i4p418-435.html},
Volume = {46},
Year = 2009,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/exehis/v46y2009i4p418-435.html}}
@article{RePEc:bin:bpeajo:v:32:y:2001:i:2001-2:p:187-278,
Author = {Alberto Alesina and Edward Glaeser and Bruce Sacerdote},
Date-Added = {2017-07-11 18:26:53 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:15:19 +0000},
Journal = {Brookings Papers on Economic Activity},
Keywords = {policy},
Number = {2},
Pages = {187-278},
Title = {{Why Doesn't the United States Have a European-Style Welfare State?}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/bin/bpeajo/v32y2001i2001-2p187-278.html},
Volume = {32},
Year = 2001,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/bin/bpeajo/v32y2001i2001-2p187-278.html}}
@article{fraction2003,
Abstract = {We provide new measures of ethnic, linguistic, and religious fractionalization for about 190 countries. These measures are more comprehensive than those previously used in the economics literature and we compare our new variables with those previously used. We also revisit the question of the effects of ethnic, linguistic, and religious heterogeneity on the quality of institutions and growth. We partly confirm and partly modify previous results. The patterns of cross-correlations between potential explanatory variables and their different degree of endogeneity makes it hard to make unqualified statements about competing explanations for economic growth and the quality of government. Our new data, which features the underlying group structure of ethnicities, religions and languages, also allows the computation of alternative measures of heterogeneity, and we turn to measures of polarization as an alternative to the commonly used index of fractionalization. Copyright 2003 by Kluwer Academic Publishers},
Author = {Alesina, Alberto and Devleeschauwer, Arnaud and Easterly, William and Kurlat, Sergio and Wacziarg, Romain},
Date-Added = {2017-07-11 18:24:16 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:15:27 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = {June},
Number = {2},
Pages = {155-194},
Title = {{Fractionalization}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/kap/jecgro/v8y2003i2p155-94.html},
Volume = {8},
Year = 2003,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/kap/jecgro/v8y2003i2p155-94.html}}
@article{alesinarodrik1994,
Abstract = {We study the relationship between politics and economic growth in a simple model of endogenous growth with distributive conflict among agents endowed with varying capital/labor shares. We establish several results regarding the factor ownership of the median individual and the level of taxation, redistribution, and growth. Policies that maximize growth are optimal only for a government that cares solely about pure \"capitalists.\" The greater the inequality of wealth and income, the higher the rate of taxation, and the lower growth. We present empirical results that show that inequality in land and income ownership is negatively correlated with subsequent economic growth.},
Author = {Alberto Alesina and Dani Rodrik},
Date-Added = {2017-07-11 18:23:01 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:15:33 +0000},
Journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
Keywords = {policy},
Number = {2},
Pages = {465-490},
Title = {{Distributive Politics and Economic Growth}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/oup/qjecon/v109y1994i2p465-490..html},
Volume = {109},
Year = 1994,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/oup/qjecon/v109y1994i2p465-490..html}}
@article{alder2016,
Abstract = {I explore mismatch between firms and their managers as a source of variation in aggregate output and total factor productivity (TFP). The model is calibrated to match observations on the size distribution of US manufacturing firms, managerial compensation, and aggregate moments in the national accounts. Quantitatively, small deviations from assortative matching can have sizeable effects on output and TFP. \"Cronyism,\" where managerial positions are allocated by status rather than talent, imposes a substantial burden on economic welfare. Moreover, the model can reconcile the seemingly contradictory evidence from numerous case studies with results from recent contributions to the assignment literature. (JEL D24, E23, L11, L60, M52, O40)},
Author = {Simeon D. Alder},
Date-Added = {2017-07-11 18:22:09 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:15:14 +0000},
Journal = {American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics},
Keywords = {markup},
Month = {January},
Number = {1},
Pages = {199-241},
Title = {{In the Wrong Hands: Complementarities, Resource Allocation, and TFP}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aejmac/v8y2016i1p199-241.html},
Volume = {8},
Year = 2016,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aejmac/v8y2016i1p199-241.html}}
@article{akinohayami74,
Abstract = {I. Output, input, and productivity, 455. --- II. Method and data, 459. --- III. Cross-prefectural production function. 464. --- IV. Accounting for growth, 475. --- V. Conclusion, 478.},
Author = {Masakatsu Akino and Yujiro Hayami},
Date-Added = {2017-07-11 18:21:00 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:15:01 +0000},
Journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
Keywords = {sector},
Number = {3},
Pages = {454-479},
Title = {{Sources of Agricultural Growth in Japan, 1880--1965}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/oup/qjecon/v88y1974i3p454-479..html},
Volume = {88},
Year = 1974,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/oup/qjecon/v88y1974i3p454-479..html}}
@article{akerlof96,
Abstract = {No abstract is available for this item.},
Author = {George A. Akerlof and William R. Dickens and George L. Perry},
Date-Added = {2017-07-11 18:19:54 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:14:52 +0000},
Journal = {Brookings Papers on Economic Activity},
Keywords = {macro},
Number = {1},
Pages = {1-76},
Title = {{The Macroeconomics of Low Inflation}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/bin/bpeajo/v27y1996i1996-1p1-76.html},
Volume = {27},
Year = 1996,
Bdsk-File-1 = {YnBsaXN0MDDSAQIDBFxyZWxhdGl2ZVBhdGhZYWxpYXNEYXRhXxAfLi4vUGFwZXJzL0FrZXJsb2ZfZXRhbF8xOTk2LnBkZk8RAWgAAAAAAWgAAgAADE1hY2ludG9zaCBIRAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABCRAAB/////xVBa2VybG9mX2V0YWxfMTk5Ni5wZGYAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAD/////AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEAAgAACiBjdQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGUGFwZXJzAAIAMi86VXNlcnM6ZGlldHo6RHJvcGJveDpQYXBlcnM6QWtlcmxvZl9ldGFsXzE5OTYucGRmAA4ALAAVAEEAawBlAHIAbABvAGYAXwBlAHQAYQBsAF8AMQA5ADkANgAuAHAAZABmAA8AGgAMAE0AYQBjAGkAbgB0AG8AcwBoACAASABEABIAMFVzZXJzL2RpZXR6L0Ryb3Bib3gvUGFwZXJzL0FrZXJsb2ZfZXRhbF8xOTk2LnBkZgATAAEvAAAVAAIADP//AAAACAANABoAJABGAAAAAAAAAgEAAAAAAAAABQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAbI=},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/bin/bpeajo/v27y1996i1996-1p1-76.html}}
@article{AGHION2014515,
Abstract = {Schumpeterian growth theory has operationalized Schumpeter's notion of creative destruction by developing models based on this concept. These models shed light on several aspects of the growth process that could not be properly addressed by alternative theories. In this survey, we focus on four important aspects, namely: (i) the role of competition and market structure; (ii) firm dynamics; (iii) the relationship between growth and development with the notion of appropriate growth institutions; and (iv) the emergence and impact of long-term technological waves. In each case, Schumpeterian growth theory delivers predictions that distinguish it from other growth models and which can be tested using micro data.},
Author = {Philippe Aghion and Ufuk Akcigit and Peter Howitt},
Date-Added = {2017-07-11 18:17:54 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:14:47 +0000},
Doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53540-5.00001-X},
Issn = {1574-0684},
Journal = {Handbook of Economic Growth},
Keywords = {theory},
Note = {Handbook of Economic Growth},
Pages = {515 - 563},
Title = {What Do We Learn From Schumpeterian Growth Theory?},
Url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978044453540500001X},
Volume = {2},
Year = {2014},
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978044453540500001X},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53540-5.00001-X}}
@article{gpcainequality,
Abstract = {We analyze the relationship between inequality and economic growth from two directions. The first part of the survey examines the effect of inequality on growth, showing that when capital markets are imperfect, there is not necessarily a trade-off between equity and efficiency. It therefore provides an explanation for two recent empirical findings, namely, the negative impact of inequality and the positive effect of redistribution upon growth. The second part analyzes several mechanisms whereby growth may increase wage inequality, both across and within education cohorts. Technical change, and in particular the implementation of \"General Purpose Technologies,\" stands as a crucial factor in explaining the recent upsurge in wage inequality.},
Author = {Cecilia Garcia-Penalosa and Eve Caroli and Philippe Aghion},
Date-Added = {2017-07-11 18:14:36 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:17:02 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
Keywords = {theory},
Month = {December},
Number = {4},
Pages = {1615-1660},
Title = {{Inequality and Economic Growth: The Perspective of the New Growth Theories}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/jeclit/v37y1999i4p1615-1660.html},
Volume = {37},
Year = 1999,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/jeclit/v37y1999i4p1615-1660.html}}
@article{RePEc:oup:qjecon:v:110:y:1995:i:1:p:195-227.,
Abstract = {Using theory, case studies, and cross-country evidence, we investigate the factors behind the concentration of a nation's urban population in a single city. High tariffs, high costs of internal trade, and low levels of international trade increase the degree of concentration. Even more clearly, politics (such as the degree of instability) determines urban primacy. Dictatorships have central cities that are, on average, 50 percent larger than their democratic counterparts. Using information about the timing of city growth, and a series of instruments, we conclude that the predominant causality is from political factors to urban concentration, not from concentration to political change.},
Author = {Alberto F. Ades and Edward L. Glaeser},
Date-Added = {2017-07-11 18:13:18 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:14:40 +0000},
Journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
Keywords = {urban},
Number = {1},
Pages = {195-227},
Title = {{Trade and Circuses: Explaining Urban Giants}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/oup/qjecon/v110y1995i1p195-227..html},
Volume = {110},
Year = 1995,
Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/oup/qjecon/v110y1995i1p195-227..html}}
@article{sw2013,
Abstract = {The empirical literature on economic growth and development has moved from the study of proximate determinants to the analysis of ever deeper, more fundamental factors, rooted in long-term history. A growing body of new empirical work focuses on the measurement and estimation of the effects of historical variables on contemporary income by explicitly taking into account the ancestral composition of current populations. The evidence suggests that economic development is affected by traits that have been transmitted across generations over the very long run. This article surveys this new literature and provides a framework to discuss different channels through which intergenerationally transmitted characteristics may impact economic development, biologically (via genetic or epigenetic transmission) and culturally (via behavioral or symbolic transmission). An important issue is whether historically transmitted traits have affected development through their direct impact on productivity, or have operated indirectly as barriers to the diffusion of productivityenhancing innovations across populations.},
Author = {Enrico Spolaore and Romain Wacziarg},
Date-Added = {2017-06-30 15:30:24 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
Keywords = {ec7350,deep,takeoff},
Month = {June},
Number = {2},
Pages = {325-369},
Title = {{How Deep Are the Roots of Economic Development?}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/jeclit/v51y2013i2p325-69.html},
Volume = {51},
Year = 2013,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/jeclit/v51y2013i2p325-69.html}}
@incollection{ajr2005handbook,
Author = {Acemoglu, Daron and Simon Johnson and James A. Robinson},
Booktitle = {Handbook of Economic Growth},
Date-Added = {2017-06-30 15:11:57 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000},
Editor = {Philippe Aghion and Steven Durlauf},
Keywords = {takeoff, deep},
Pages = {385-472},
Publisher = {North-Holland},
Title = {Institutions and Fundamental Cause of Long-run Growth},
Volume = {1},
Year = {2005}}
@book{vries2013,
Author = {Peer Vries},
Date-Added = {2017-06-30 15:06:23 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Publisher = {Vienna University Press},
Title = {Escaping Poverty: The Origins of Modern Economic Growth},
Year = {2013}}
@article{bcf2014,
Author = {David E. Bloom and David Canning and G{\"u}nther Fink},
Date-Added = {2017-06-28 20:11:10 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:16:27 +0000},
Doi = {10.1086/677189},
Eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1086/677189},
Journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
Keywords = {dev},
Number = {6},
Pages = {1355-1366},
Title = {Disease and Development Revisited},
Url = {https://doi.org/10.1086/677189},
Volume = {122},
Year = {2014},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1086/677189},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/677189}}
@techreport{NBERw23543,
Abstract = {U.S. output has expanded only slowly since the recession trough in 2009, even though the unemployment rate has essentially returned to a pre-crisis, normal level. We use a growth-accounting decomposition to explore explanations for the output shortfall, giving full treatment to cyclical effects that, given the depth of the recession, should have implied unusually fast growth. We find that the growth shortfall has almost entirely reflected two factors: the slow growth of total factor productivity, and the decline in labor force participation. Both factors reflect powerful adverse forces that are largely unrelated to the financial crisis and recession---and that were in play before the recession.},
Author = {John G. Fernald and Robert E. Hall and James H. Stock and Mark W. Watson},
Date-Added = {2017-06-26 17:02:20 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:16:50 +0000},
Doi = {10.3386/w23543},
Institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
Keywords = {slowdown},
Month = {June},
Number = {23543},
Series = {Working Paper Series},
Title = {The Disappointing Recovery of Output after 2009},
Type = {Working Paper},
Url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w23543},
Year = {2017},
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w23543},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23543}}
@article{RePEc:tpr:restat:v:88:y:2006:i:4:p:748-758,
Abstract = { The U.S. retail trade sector underwent a massive restructuring and reallocation of activity in the 1990s with accompanying technological advances. Using a data set of establishments in that sector, we quantify and explore the relationship between this restructuring and reallocation and labor productivity dynamics. We find that virtually all of the labor productivity growth in the retail trade sector is accounted for by more productive entering establishments displacing much less productive exiting establishments. The productivity gap between low-productivity exiting single-unit establishments and entering high-productivity establishments from large, national chains plays a disproportionate role in these dynamics. Copyright by the President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.},
Author = {Lucia Foster and John Haltiwanger and C. J. Krizan},
Date-Added = {2017-06-21 18:55:28 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:29 +0000},
Journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
Keywords = {markup},
Month = {November},
Number = {4},
Pages = {748-758},
Title = {{Market Selection, Reallocation, and Restructuring in the U.S. Retail Trade Sector in the 1990s}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/tpr/restat/v88y2006i4p748-758.html},
Volume = {88},
Year = 2006,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/tpr/restat/v88y2006i4p748-758.html}}
@article{RePEc:aea:jecper:v:28:y:2014:i:3:p:3-24,
Abstract = {An optimal pace of business dynamics---encompassing the processes of entry, exit, expansion, and contraction---would balance the benefits of productivity and economic growth against the costs to firms and workers associated with reallocation of productive resources. It is difficult to prescribe what the optimal pace should be, but evidence accumulating from multiple datasets and methodologies suggests that the rate of business startups and the pace of employment dynamism in the US economy has fallen over recent decades and that this downward trend accelerated after 2000. A critical factor in accounting for the decline in business dynamics is a lower rate of business startups and the related decreasing role of dynamic young businesses in the economy. For example, the share of US employment accounted for by young firms has declined by almost 30 percent over the last 30 years. These trends suggest that incentives for entrepreneurs to start new firms in the United States have diminished over time. We do not identify all the factors underlying these trends in this paper but offer some clues based on the empirical patterns for specific sectors and geographic regions.},
Author = {Ryan Decker and John Haltiwanger and Ron Jarmin and Javier Miranda},
Date-Added = {2017-06-21 18:35:53 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:29 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
Keywords = {markup},
Month = {Summer},
Number = {3},
Pages = {3-24},
Title = {{The Role of Entrepreneurship in US Job Creation and Economic Dynamism}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/jecper/v28y2014i3p3-24.html},
Volume = {28},
Year = 2014,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/jecper/v28y2014i3p3-24.html}}
@article{RePEc:anr:reveco:v:7:y:2015:p:341-358,
Abstract = {Recent improvements in the data infrastructure at US statistical agencies have dramatically enhanced the ability to measure and study job creation and job destruction. The longitudinal data now permit the tracking of all firms and establishments in the US private sector in a comprehensive and integrated manner. This allows researchers to distinguish between the contribution of new firms and that of new establishments. In addition, firm entry, growth, and survival dynamics can be tracked in terms of organic changes instead of changes associated with mergers and acquisitions or other forms of business ownership changes. These new developments have led to a burgeoning literature on US firm dynamics. The recent literature has especially focused on the role of young businesses for job and productivity growth. The findings from that literature are the focus of the current article. The recent developments are discussed in light of the large literature on firm dynamics (in terms of both theory and empirics) that has developed over the past few decades.},
Author = {John Haltiwanger},
Date-Added = {2017-06-21 18:34:49 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:29 +0000},
Journal = {Annual Review of Economics},
Keywords = {markup},
Month = {08},
Number = {1},
Pages = {341-358},
Title = {{Job Creation, Job Destruction, and Productivity Growth: The Role of Young Businesses}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/anr/reveco/v7y2015p341-358.html},
Volume = {7},
Year = 2015,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/anr/reveco/v7y2015p341-358.html}}
@article{RePEc:aea:aecrev:v:106:y:2016:i:5:p:203-07,
Abstract = {A growing body of evidence indicates that the U.S. economy has become less dynamic in recent years. This trend is evident in declining rates of gross job and worker flows as well as declining rates of entrepreneurship and young firm activity, and the trend is pervasive across industries, regions, and firm size classes. We describe the evidence on these changes in the U.S. economy by reviewing existing research. We then describe new empirical facts about the relationship between establishment-level productivity and employment growth, framing our results in terms of canonical models of firm dynamics and suggesting empirically testable potential explanations.},
Author = {Ryan A. Decker and John Haltiwanger and Ron S. Jarmin and Javier Miranda},
Date-Added = {2017-06-21 18:33:27 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:29 +0000},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Keywords = {markup},
Month = {May},
Number = {5},
Pages = {203-207},
Title = {{Declining Business Dynamism: What We Know and the Way Forward}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v106y2016i5p203-07.html},
Volume = {106},
Year = 2016,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v106y2016i5p203-07.html}}
@article{RePEc:aea:aecrev:v:107:y:2017:i:5:p:322-26,
Abstract = {A large literature documents declining measures of business dynamism including high-growth young firm activity and job reallocation. A distinct literature describes a slowdown in the pace of aggregate labor productivity growth. We relate these patterns by studying changes in productivity growth from the late 1990s to the mid 2000s using firm-level data. We find that diminished allocative efficiency gains can account for the productivity slowdown in a manner that interacts with the within-firm productivity growth distribution. The evidence suggests that the decline in dynamism is reason for concern and sheds light on debates about the causes of slowing productivity growth.},
Author = {Ryan A. Decker and John Haltiwanger and Ron S. Jarmin and Javier Miranda},
Date-Added = {2017-06-21 18:31:45 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:29 +0000},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Keywords = {markup},
Month = {May},
Number = {5},
Pages = {322-326},
Title = {{Declining Dynamism, Allocative Efficiency, and the Productivity Slowdown}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v107y2017i5p322-26.html},
Volume = {107},
Year = 2017,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v107y2017i5p322-26.html}}
@techreport{NBERw23499,
Abstract = {Cultural psychologists and anthropologists argue that societies have developed heterogeneous systems of social organization to cope with social dilemmas, and that an entire bundle of cultural characteristics has coevolved to enforce cooperation within these different systems. This paper develops a measure of the historical tightness of kinship structures to provide empirical evidence for this large body of theories. In the data, societies with loose ancestral kinship ties cooperate and trust broadly, which is apparently sustained through a belief in moralizing gods, universally applicable moral principles, feelings of guilt, and large-scale institutions. Societies with a historically tightly knit kinship structure, on the other hand, exhibit strong in-group favoritism: they cheat on and are distrusting of out-group members, but readily support in-group members in need. This cooperation scheme is enforced by moral values of in-group loyalty, conformity to tight social norms, emotions of shame, and strong local institutions. These relationships hold across historical ethnicities, contemporary countries, ethnicities within countries, and migrants. The results suggest that religious beliefs, language, emotions, morality, and social norms all coevolved to support specific social cooperation systems.},
Author = {Benjamin Enke},
Date-Added = {2017-06-12 13:31:51 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:16:45 +0000},
Doi = {10.3386/w23499},
Institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = {June},
Number = {23499},
Series = {Working Paper Series},
Title = {Kinship Systems, Cooperation and the Evolution of Culture},
Type = {Working Paper},
Url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w23499},
Year = {2017},
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w23499},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23499}}
@book{hrs1979,
Address = {Honolulu, HI},
Author = {Yujiro Hayami and Vernon W. Ruttan and Herman M. Southworth},
Date-Added = {2017-06-08 15:11:13 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:36 +0000},
Keywords = {sector},
Publisher = {East-West Center},
Title = {Agricultural Growth in Japan, Taiwan, Korea, and the Philippines},
Year = {1979}}
@unpublished{Clark2002,
Author = {Gregory Clark},
Date-Added = {2017-06-08 15:08:25 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Keywords = {sector, takeoff},
Note = {UC-Davis Working Paper},
Title = {The Agricultural Revolution and the Industrial Revolution},
Year = {2002}}
@techreport{sacerdote2017,
Abstract = {Despite the large increase in U.S. income inequality, consumption for families at the 25th and 50th percentiles of income has grown steadily over the time period 1960-2015. The number of cars per household with below median income has doubled since 1980 and the number of bedrooms per household has grown 10 percent despite decreases in household size. The finding of zero growth in American real wages since the 1970s is driven in part by the choice of the CPI-U as the price deflator (Broda and Weinstein 2008). Small biases in any price deflator compound over long periods of time. Using a different deflator such as the Personal Consumption Expenditures index (PCE) yields modest growth in real wages and in median household incomes throughout the time period. Accounting for the Hamilton (1998) and Costa (2001) estimates of CPI bias yields estimated wage growth of 1 percent per year during 1975-2015. Meaningful growth in consumption for below median income families has occurred even in a prolonged period of increasing income inequality, increasing consumption inequality and a decreasing share of national income accruing to labor.},
Author = {Bruce Sacerdote},
Date-Added = {2017-06-03 14:32:47 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2017-06-03 14:38:35 +0000},
Institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc},
Keywords = {policy},
Month = Mar,
Number = {23292},
Title = {{Fifty Years Of Growth In American Consumption, Income, And Wages}},
Type = {NBER Working Papers},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/23292.html},
Year = 2017,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/23292.html}}
@techreport{sachs2003,
Abstract = {In a series of papers, my colleagues and I have demonstrated that levels of per capita income, economic growth, and other economic and demographic dimensions are strongly correlated with geographical and ecological variables such as climate zone, disease ecology, and distance from the coast. Three recent papers purport to show that the role of geography in explaining cross-country patterns of income per capita operates predominantly or exclusively through the choice of institutions, with little direct effect of geography on income after controlling for the quality institutions. This note shows that malaria transmission, which is strongly affected by ecological conditions, directly affects the level of per capita income after controlling for the quality of institutions.},
Author = {Jeffrey D. Sachs},
Date-Added = {2017-06-03 14:31:33 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2019-04-03 10:50:44 -0500},
Institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = Feb,
Number = {9490},
Title = {{Institutions Don't Rule: Direct Effects of Geography on Per Capita Income}},
Type = {NBER Working Papers},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/9490.html},
Year = 2003,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/9490.html}}
@article{saezslemgiertz2012,
Abstract = {This paper critically surveys the large and growing literature estimating the elasticity of taxable income with respect to marginal tax rates using tax return data. First, we provide a theoretical framework showing under what assumptions this elasticity can be used as a sufficient statistic for efficiency and optimal tax analysis. We discuss what other parameters should be estimated when the elasticity is not a sufficient statistic. Second, we discuss conceptually the key issues that arise in the empirical estimation of the elasticity of taxable income using the example of the 1993 top individual income tax rate increase in the United States to illustrate those issues. Third, we provide a critical discussion of selected empirical analyses of the elasticity of taxable income in light of the theoretical and empirical framework we laid out. Finally, we discuss avenues for future research. ( JEL H24, H31, J22)},
Author = {Emmanuel Saez and Joel Slemrod and Seth H. Giertz},
Date-Added = {2017-06-03 14:30:41 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2017-06-03 14:43:35 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
Keywords = {policy},
Month = {March},
Number = {1},
Pages = {3-50},
Title = {{The Elasticity of Taxable Income with Respect to Marginal Tax Rates: A Critical Review}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/jeclit/v50y2012i1p3-50.html},
Volume = {50},
Year = 2012,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/jeclit/v50y2012i1p3-50.html}}
@article{sala1997,
Author = {Sala-i-Martin, Xavier},
Date-Added = {2017-06-03 14:29:57 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:15 +0000},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Keywords = {rich},
Month = {May},
Number = {2},
Pages = {178-183},
Title = {{I Just Ran Two Million Regressions}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v87y1997i2p178-83.html},
Volume = {87},
Year = 1997,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v87y1997i2p178-83.html}}
@article{sam1958,
Abstract = {No abstract is available for this item.},
Author = {Paul A. Samuelson},
Date-Added = {2017-06-03 14:27:53 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2017-06-03 14:35:47 +0000},
Doi = {10.1086/258100},
Journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
Keywords = {macro},
Pages = {467-467},
Title = {{An Exact Consumption-Loan Model of Interest with or without the Social Contrivance of Money}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/jpolec/v66y1958p467.html},
Volume = {66},
Year = 1958,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/jpolec/v66y1958p467.html},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/258100}}
@article{samsolow1960,
Author = {Paul A. Samuelson and Robert M. Solow},
Date-Added = {2017-06-03 14:26:54 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2017-06-03 14:35:51 +0000},
Issn = {00028282},
Journal = {The American Economic Review},
Keywords = {macro},
Number = {2},
Pages = {177-194},
Publisher = {American Economic Association},
Title = {Analytical Aspects of Anti-Inflation Policy},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1815021},
Volume = {50},
Year = {1960},
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1815021}}
@incollection{sargent1982,
Abstract = {No abstract is available for this item.},
Author = {Thomas J. Sargent},
Booktitle = {{Inflation: Causes and Effects}},
Date-Added = {2017-06-03 14:22:58 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2017-06-03 14:35:57 +0000},
Keywords = {macro},
Month = {July},
Pages = {41-98},
Publisher = {National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc},
Series = {NBER Chapters},
Title = {{The Ends of Four Big Inflations}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/h/nbr/nberch/11452.html},
Year = 1982,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/h/nbr/nberch/11452.html}}
@techreport{sassoritzen2016,
Abstract = {We focus on human capital measured by education outcomes (skills) and establish the relationship between human capital, R\&D investments, and productivity across 12 OECD economies and 17 manufacturing and service industries. Much of the recent literature has relied on school attainment rather than on skills. By making use of data on adult cognitive skills from the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competences (PIAAC), we compute a measure of sectoral human capital defined as the average cognitive skills in the workforce of each country-sector combination. Our results show a strong positive relationship between those cognitive skills and the labour productivity in a country-sector combination. The part of the cross-country cross-sector variation in labour productivity that can be explained by human capital is remarkably large when it is measured by the average sectoral skills whereas it appears statistically insignificant in all our specifications when it is measured by the mere sectoral average school attainment. Our results corroborate the positive link between R\&D investments and labour productivity, finding elasticities similar to those of previous studies. This evidence calls for a focus on educational outcomes (rather than on mere school attainment) and it suggests that using a measure of average sectoral cognitive skills can represent a major step forward in any kind of future sectoral growth accounting exercise.},
Author = {Sasso, Simone and Ritzen, Jo},
Date-Added = {2017-06-03 14:21:54 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:06 +0000},
Institution = {Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA)},
Keywords = {sector},
Month = Dec,
Number = {10457},
Title = {{Sectoral Cognitive Skills, R\&D, and Productivity: A Cross-Country Cross-Sector Analysis}},
Type = {IZA Discussion Papers},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/iza/izadps/dp10457.html},
Year = 2016,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/iza/izadps/dp10457.html}}
@article{satchitemple2009,
Abstract = {In middle-income countries, the informal sector often accounts for a substantial fraction of the urban labor force. We develop a general equilibrium model with matching frictions in the urban labor market, the possibility of self-employment in the informal sector, and scope for rural-urban migration. We investigate the effects of labor market institutions, different types of growth, and company taxes on labor market outcomes and aggregate productivity. We quantify these effects by calibrating the model to data for Mexico, and show that matching frictions can lead to a large informal sector when formal sector workers have substantial bargaining power. (Copyright: Elsevier)},
Author = {Mathan Satchi and Jonathan Temple},
Date-Added = {2017-06-03 14:20:31 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-08-20 11:38:41 -0500},
Doi = {10.1016/j.red.2008.09.001},
Journal = {Review of Economic Dynamics},
Keywords = {sector},
Month = {January},
Number = {1},
Pages = {183-204},
Title = {{Labor Markets and Productivity in Developing Countries}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/red/issued/06-167.html},
Volume = {12},
Year = 2009,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/red/issued/06-167.html},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.red.2008.09.001}}
@article{schmitz2005,
Author = {Schmitz, Jr., James A.},
Date-Added = {2017-06-03 14:18:15 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:59:50 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
Keywords = {theory},
Month = {June},
Number = {3},
Pages = {582-625},
Title = {{What Determines Productivity? Lessons from the Dramatic Recovery of the U.S. and Canadian Iron Ore Industries Following Their Early 1980s Crisis}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/jpolec/v113y2005i3p582-625.html},
Volume = {113},
Year = 2005,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/jpolec/v113y2005i3p582-625.html}}
@article{Talhelm603,
Abstract = {On a diverse and large set of cognitive tests, subjects in East Asian countries are more inclined to display collectivist choices, whereas subjects in the United States are more inclined to score as individualists. Talhelm et al. (p. 603; see the Perspective by Henrich) suggest that one historical source of influence was societal patterns of farming rice versus wheat, based on three cognitive measures of individualism and collectivism in 1000 subjects from rice- and wheat-growing regions in China. Cross-cultural psychologists have mostly contrasted East Asia with the West. However, this study shows that there are major psychological differences within China. We propose that a history of farming rice makes cultures more interdependent, whereas farming wheat makes cultures more independent, and these agricultural legacies continue to affect people in the modern world. We tested 1162 Han Chinese participants in six sites and found that rice-growing southern China is more interdependent and holistic-thinking than the wheat-growing north. To control for confounds like climate, we tested people from neighboring counties along the rice-wheat border and found differences that were just as large. We also find that modernization and pathogen prevalence theories do not fit the data.},
Author = {Talhelm, T. and Zhang, X. and Oishi, S. and Shimin, C. and Duan, D. and Lan, X. and Kitayama, S.},
Date-Added = {2017-06-03 14:07:34 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:58 +0000},
Doi = {10.1126/science.1246850},
Eprint = {http://science.sciencemag.org/content/344/6184/603.full.pdf},
Issn = {0036-8075},
Journal = {Science},
Keywords = {deep},
Number = {6184},
Pages = {603--608},
Publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science},
Title = {Large-Scale Psychological Differences Within China Explained by Rice Versus Wheat Agriculture},
Url = {http://science.sciencemag.org/content/344/6184/603},
Volume = {344},
Year = {2014},
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://science.sciencemag.org/content/344/6184/603},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1246850}}
@article{seater1993,
Abstract = {No abstract is available for this item.},
Author = {Seater, John J},
Date-Added = {2017-06-03 14:06:13 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2017-06-03 14:36:02 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
Keywords = {macro},
Month = {March},
Number = {1},
Pages = {142-190},
Title = {{Ricardian Equivalence}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/jeclit/v31y1993i1p142-90.html},
Volume = {31},
Year = 1993,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/jeclit/v31y1993i1p142-90.html}}
@article{shaban1987,
Abstract = { The \"Marshallian\" approach assumes a prohibitively hight cost of monitor ing the sharecropper's activities while the \"monitoring\" approach a rgues that landlords stipulate and effectively monitor sharecroppers' activities. The author presents new evidence using detailed data col lected from eight Indian villages. Most tenants own some land of thei r own; this provides a controlled environment in studying the impact of contractual arrangements. The differences in input and output inte nsities on owned minus sharecropped land of the same household are fo und to be sizable and significant, suggesting a rejection of the moni toring approach and supporting the notion of the \"Marshallian produc tive inefficiency\" of sharecropping. Copyright 1987 by University of Chicago Press.},
Author = {Shaban, Radwan Ali},
Date-Added = {2017-06-03 14:05:05 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:17:16 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
Keywords = {other},
Month = {October},
Number = {5},
Pages = {893-920},
Title = {{Testing between Competing Models of Sharecropping}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/jpolec/v95y1987i5p893-920.html},
Volume = {95},
Year = 1987,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/jpolec/v95y1987i5p893-920.html}}
@article{bsa2008,
Abstract = { This article introduces a method for estimating structural labor supply models in the presence of unobservable wages and deviations of households' marginal revenue product of self-employed labor from their shadow wage. This method is therefore robust to a wide range of assumptions about labor allocation decisions in the presence of uncertainty, market frictions, locational preferences, etc. We illustrate the method using data from rice producers in C{\^o}te d'Ivoire. These data, like previous studies, reveal significant systematic differences between shadow wages and the marginal revenue product of family farm labor. We demonstrate how one can exploit systematic deviations, in the present case related to household characteristics such as the land/labor endowment ratio, to control for both unobservable wages and prospective allocative inefficiency in labor allocation in structural household labor supply estimation. Copyright 2008 International Association of Agricultural Economists.},
Author = {Christopher B. Barrett and Shane M. Sherlund and Akinwumi A. Adesina},
Date-Added = {2017-06-03 14:04:23 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:29 +0000},
Journal = {Agricultural Economics},
Keywords = {markup},
Month = {01},
Number = {1},
Pages = {21-34},
Title = {{Shadow wages, allocative inefficiency, and labor supply in smallholder agriculture}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/agecon/v38y2008i1p21-34.html},
Volume = {38},
Year = 2008,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/agecon/v38y2008i1p21-34.html}}
@article{ssw2012,
Abstract = {This study constructs a simple, two-sector Malthusian model with agriculture and industry, and uses it to identify the determinants of income in a Malthusian equilibrium. We make standard assumptions about preferences and technologies, but in contrast to existing studies we assume that children and other consumption goods are gross substitutes. Consistent with the conventional Malthusian model, the present theory shows that productivity growth in agriculture has no effect on equilibrium income. More importantly, we also show that equilibrium income varies, not just with the death rate as has recently been demonstrated in the literature, but also with the level of productivity in the industrial sector. An empirical analysis using data for pre-industrial England lends support to both hypotheses.},
Author = {Sharp, Paul and Strulik, Holger and Weisdorf, Jacob},
Date-Added = {2017-06-03 14:03:05 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2010.12},
Journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Number = {1},
Pages = {112-117},
Title = {{The determinants of income in a Malthusian equilibrium}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/deveco/v97y2012i1p112-117.html},
Volume = {97},
Year = 2012,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/deveco/v97y2012i1p112-117.html},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2010.12}}
@article{sheldon_1971,
Author = {Sheldon, Charles D.},
Date-Added = {2017-06-03 14:01:59 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2019-04-03 09:37:04 -0500},
Doi = {10.1017/S0026749X00003024},
Journal = {Modern Asian Studies},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Number = {3},
Pages = {193--206},
Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
Title = {Pre-Modern Merchants and Modernization in Japan},
Volume = {5},
Year = {1971},
Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X00003024}}
@article{shiller1981,
Author = {Shiller, Robert J},
Date-Added = {2017-06-03 14:00:34 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2017-06-03 14:36:18 +0000},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Keywords = {macro},
Month = {June},
Number = {3},
Pages = {421-436},
Title = {{Do Stock Prices Move Too Much to be Justified by Subsequent Changes in Dividends?}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v71y1981i3p421-36.html},
Volume = {71},
Year = 1981,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v71y1981i3p421-36.html}}
@article{sims1980,
Abstract = {No abstract is available for this item.},
Author = {Sims, Christopher A},
Date-Added = {2017-06-03 13:59:45 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2017-06-03 14:36:22 +0000},
Journal = {Econometrica},
Keywords = {macro},
Month = {January},
Number = {1},
Pages = {1-48},
Title = {{Macroeconomics and Reality}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ecm/emetrp/v48y1980i1p1-48.html},
Volume = {48},
Year = 1980,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ecm/emetrp/v48y1980i1p1-48.html}}
@article{smetters1999,
Abstract = {No abstract is available for this item.},
Author = {Smetters, Kent},
Date-Added = {2017-06-03 13:59:07 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2017-06-03 14:36:26 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Public Economics},
Keywords = {macro},
Month = {September},
Number = {3},
Pages = {395-421},
Title = {{Ricardian equivalence: long-run Leviathan}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/pubeco/v73y1999i3p395-421.html},
Volume = {73},
Year = 1999,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/pubeco/v73y1999i3p395-421.html}}
@article{soltow1971,
Abstract = {No abstract is available for this item.},
Author = {Soltow, Lee},
Date-Added = {2017-06-03 13:57:40 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2017-06-03 14:44:25 +0000},
Journal = {The Journal of Economic History},
Keywords = {policy},
Month = {December},
Number = {04},
Pages = {822-839},
Title = {{Economic Inequality in the United States in the Period from 1790 to 1860}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/cup/jechis/v31y1971i04p822-839_07.html},
Volume = {31},
Year = 1971,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/cup/jechis/v31y1971i04p822-839_07.html}}
@incollection{spowac2014,
Abstract = {What obstacles prevent the most productive technologies from spreading to less developed economies from the world's technological frontier? In this paper, we seek to shed light on this question by quantifying the geographic and human barriers to the transmission of technologies. We argue that the intergenerational transmission of human traits, particularly culturally transmitted traits, has led to divergence between populations over the course of history. In turn, this divergence has introduced barriers to the diffusion of technologies across societies. We provide measures of historical and genealogical distances between populations, and document how such distances, relative to the world's technological frontier, act as barriers to the diffusion of development and of specific innovations. We provide an interpretation of these results in the context of an emerging literature seeking to understand variation in economic development as the result of factors rooted deep in history.},
Author = {Spolaore, Enrico and Wacziarg, Romain},
Booktitle = {{Handbook of Economic Growth}},
Chapter = {3},
Date-Added = {2017-06-03 13:56:40 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:58 +0000},
Doi = {10.1016/B978-0-444-53538-},
Keywords = {deep},
Pages = {121-176},
Publisher = {Elsevier},
Series = {Handbook of Economic Growth},
Title = {{Long-Term Barriers to Economic Development}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/h/eee/grochp/2-121.html},
Volume = {2},
Year = 2014,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/h/eee/grochp/2-121.html},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53538-}}
@article{spowac2012,
Author = {Enrico Spolaore and Romain Wacziarg},
Date-Added = {2017-06-03 13:55:43 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:58 +0000},
Journal = {NBER International Seminar on Macroeconomics},
Keywords = {deep},
Number = {1},
Pages = {11-46},
Title = {{Long-Term Barriers to the International Diffusion of Innovations}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/intsma/doi10.1086-663612.html},
Volume = {8},
Year = 2012,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/intsma/doi10.1086-663612.html}}
@techreport{steckelwhite2012,
Abstract = {The role of twentieth-century agricultural mechanization in changing the productivity, employment opportunities, and appearance of rural America has long been appreciated. Less attention has been paid to the impact made by farm tractors, combines, and associated equipment on the standard of living of the U.S. population as a whole. This paper demonstrates, through use of a detailed counterfactual analysis, that mechanization in the production of farm products increased GDP by more than 8.0 percent, using 1954 as a base year. This result suggests that studying individual innovations can significantly increase our understanding of the nature of economic growth.},
Author = {Richard H. Steckel and William J. White},
Date-Added = {2017-06-03 13:53:45 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:15 +0000},
Institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc},
Keywords = {rich},
Month = Mar,
Number = {17879},
Title = {{Engines of Growth: Farm Tractors and Twentieth-Century U.S. Economic Welfare}},
Type = {NBER Working Papers},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/17879.html},
Year = 2012,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/17879.html}}
@techreport{stiglitz2015,
Abstract = {The paper identifies, and then resolves, a number of seeming puzzles in a newly identified set of stylized facts entailing movements in factor returns and shares and the wealth-income ratio. Standard data on savings cannot be reconciled with the increase in the wealth-income ratio: there is a wealth residual. An important component of this is associated with rents: land rents, exploitation rents, and returns on intellectual property. Nor can these stylized facts be reconciled with a standard neoclassical model, focusing on labor and capital, even taking into account technological change (including skill-biased technological change), with appropriately defined aggregates. Explaining why the concepts of ``capital'' and ``wealth'' are distinct, we show that appropriately defined aggregates for wealth may be (and in the case of some countries appear to be) moving in opposite directions. We identify some of the factors that may have contributed to the increase in rents and the divergence between wealth and capital. Subsequent Parts of this paper will investigate some of these factors in detail and relate them to changes in inequality.},
Author = {Joseph E. Stiglitz},
Date-Added = {2017-06-03 13:52:54 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2017-06-03 14:44:44 +0000},
Institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc},
Keywords = {policy},
Month = May,
Number = {21189},
Title = {{New Theoretical Perspectives on the Distribution of Income and Wealth among Individuals: Part I. The Wealth Residual}},
Type = {NBER Working Papers},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/21189.html},
Year = 2015,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/21189.html}}
@article{strauss1986,
Abstract = {No abstract is available for this item.},
Author = {Strauss, John},
Date-Added = {2017-06-03 13:51:30 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 15:58:16 -0600},
Journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
Keywords = {dev},
Month = {April},
Number = {2},
Pages = {297-320},
Title = {{Does Better Nutrition Raise Farm Productivity?}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/jpolec/v94y1986i2p297-320.html},
Volume = {94},
Year = 1986,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/jpolec/v94y1986i2p297-320.html}}
@article{subdeaton1996,
Abstract = { The authors investigate nutrition and expenditure in rural Maharashtra in India. They estimate that the elasticity of calorie consumption with respect to total expenditure is 0.3-0.5, a range that is in accord with conventional wisdom. The elasticity declines only slowly with levels of living and is far from the value of zero suggested by a recent revisionist literature. In these Indian data, the calories necessary for a day's activity cost less than 5 percent of the daily wage, which makes it implausible that income is constrained by nutrition rather than the other way around. Copyright 1996 by University of Chicago Press.},
Author = {Subramanian, Shankar and Deaton, Angus},
Date-Added = {2017-06-03 13:50:42 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 15:58:21 -0600},
Journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
Keywords = {dev},
Month = {February},
Number = {1},
Pages = {133-162},
Title = {{The Demand for Food and Calories}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/jpolec/v104y1996i1p133-62.html},
Volume = {104},
Year = 1996,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/jpolec/v104y1996i1p133-62.html}}
@article{summers1986,
Abstract = {No abstract is available for this item.},
Author = {Lawrence H. Summers},
Date-Added = {2017-06-03 13:49:58 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2017-06-03 14:35:12 +0000},
Journal = {Quarterly Review},
Keywords = {macro},
Number = {Fall},
Pages = {23-27},
Title = {{Some skeptical observations on real business cycle theory}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/fip/fedmqr/y1986ifallp23-27nv.10no.4.html},
Year = 1986,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/fip/fedmqr/y1986ifallp23-27nv.10no.4.html}}
@article{summers1991,
Abstract = { It is argued that formal econometric work, where elaborate technique is used to apply theory to data or isolate the direction of causal relationships when they are not obvious a priori, virtually always fails. The only empirical research that has contributed to thinking about substantive issues and the development of economics is pragmatic empirical work, based on methodological principles directly opposed to those that have become fashionable in recent years. Copyright 1991 by The editors of the Scandinavian Journal of Economics.},
Author = {Summers, Lawrence H},
Date-Added = {2017-06-03 13:49:11 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2017-06-03 14:35:07 +0000},
Journal = {Scandinavian Journal of Economics},
Keywords = {macro},
Number = {2},
Pages = {129-148},
Title = {{ The Scientific Illusion in Empirical Macroeconomics}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/scandj/v93y1991i2p129-48.html},
Volume = {93},
Year = 1991,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/scandj/v93y1991i2p129-48.html}}
@article{sweeney1977,
Abstract = {No abstract is available for this item.},
Author = {Sweeney, Joan and Sweeney, Richard James},
Date-Added = {2017-06-03 13:48:16 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2017-06-03 14:36:35 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Money, Credit and Banking},
Keywords = {macro},
Month = {February},
Number = {1},
Pages = {86-89},
Title = {{Monetary Theory and the Great Capitol Hill Baby Sitting Co-op Crisis: Comment}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/mcb/jmoncb/v9y1977i1p86-89.html},
Volume = {9},
Year = 1977,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/mcb/jmoncb/v9y1977i1p86-89.html}}
@article{syverson2017,
Author = {Syverson, Chad},
Date-Added = {2017-05-29 23:34:33 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:56 +0000},
Doi = {10.1257/jep.31.2.165},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
Keywords = {slowdown},
Month = {May},
Number = {2},
Pages = {165-86},
Title = {Challenges to Mismeasurement Explanations for the US Productivity Slowdown},
Url = {http://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jep.31.2.165},
Volume = {31},
Year = {2017},
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Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.31.2.165}}
@article{szretergarrett2000,
Abstract = { This article offers a radical reinterpretation of the chronology of control over reproduction in England's history. It argues that, as a result of post-World War II policy preoccupations, there has been too narrow a focus in the literature on the significance of reductions in marital fertility. In England's case this is conventionally dated to have occurred from 1876, long after the industrial revolution. With a wider angle focus on \"reproduction,\" the historical evidence for England indicates that family planning began much earlier in the process of economic growth. Using a \"compositional demography\" approach, a novel social pattern of highly prudential, late marriage can be seen emerging among the bourgeoisie in the course of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. There is also evidence for a more widespread resort to such prudential marriage throughout the population after 1816. When placed in this context, the reduction in national fertility indexes visible from 1876 can be seen as only a further phase, not a revolution, in the population's management of its reproduction. Copyright 2000 by The Population Council, Inc..},
Author = {Simon Szreter and Eilidh Garrett},
Date-Added = {2017-05-29 23:32:51 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:17:39 +0000},
Journal = {Population and Development Review},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Number = {1},
Pages = {45-80},
Title = {{Reproduction, Compositional Demography, and Economic Growth: Family Planning in England Long Before the Fertility Decline}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/popdev/v26y2000i1p45-80.html},
Volume = {26},
Year = 2000,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/popdev/v26y2000i1p45-80.html}}
@article{thomas2002,
Abstract = {The lumpiness of investment activity at the plant level is a well-established fact. Previous research has suggested that such discrete and occasional adjustments have significant aggregate implications. In particular, it has been argued that changes in plants' willingness to invest in response to aggregate shocks can at times generate large movements in total investment demand. In this study, I reassess these predictions in a general equilibrium environment. Specifically, assuming nonconvex costs of capital adjustment, I derive generalized (S, s) adjustment rules yielding lumpy plant-level investment within an otherwise standard equilibrium business cycle model. In contrast to previous partial equilibrium analyses, model results reveal that the aggregate effects of lumpy investment are negligible. In general equilibrium, households' preference for relatively smooth consumption profiles offsets changes in aggregate investment demand implied by the introduction of lumpy plant-level investment. As a result, adjustments in wages and interest rates yield quantity dynamics that are virtually indistinguishable from the standard model, and lumpy investment appears largely irrelevant for equilibrium business cycle analysis.},
Author = {Julia K. Thomas},
Date-Added = {2017-05-29 23:29:11 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2017-06-03 14:38:59 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
Keywords = {macro},
Month = {June},
Number = {3},
Pages = {508-534},
Title = {{Is Lumpy Investment Relevant for the Business Cycle?}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/jpolec/v110y2002i3p508-534.html},
Volume = {110},
Year = 2002,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/jpolec/v110y2002i3p508-534.html}}
@article{kydlandprescott1982,
Author = {Kydland, Finn E and Prescott, Edward C},
Date-Added = {2017-05-29 23:27:57 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2017-06-03 14:35:33 +0000},
Journal = {Econometrica},
Keywords = {macro},
Month = {November},
Number = {6},
Pages = {1345-1370},
Title = {{Time to Build and Aggregate Fluctuations}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ecm/emetrp/v50y1982i6p1345-70.html},
Volume = {50},
Year = 1982,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ecm/emetrp/v50y1982i6p1345-70.html}}
@article{tobin1980,
Abstract = {No abstract is available for this item.},
Author = {James Tobin},
Date-Added = {2017-05-29 23:24:10 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2017-06-03 14:35:03 +0000},
Journal = {Brookings Papers on Economic Activity},
Keywords = {macro},
Number = {1, Tenth},
Pages = {19-90},
Title = {{Stabilization Policy Ten Years After}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/bin/bpeajo/v11y1980i1980-1p19-90.html},
Volume = {11},
Year = 1980,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/bin/bpeajo/v11y1980i1980-1p19-90.html}}
@techreport{tobin1963,
Abstract = {No abstract is available for this item.},
Author = {James Tobin},
Date-Added = {2017-05-29 23:23:30 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2017-06-03 14:34:57 +0000},
Institution = {Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics, Yale University},
Keywords = {macro},
Number = {159},
Title = {{Commercial Banks as Creators of 'Money'}},
Type = {Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/cwl/cwldpp/159.html},
Year = 1963,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/cwl/cwldpp/159.html}}
@article{lanetornell1999,
Abstract = {The authors analyze an economy that lacks a strong legal-political institutional infrastructure and is populated by multiple powerful groups. Powerful groups dynamically interact via a fiscal process that effectively allows open access to the aggregate capital stock. In equilibrium, this leads to slow economic growth and a 'voracity effect,' by which a shock, such as a terms of trade windfall, perversely generates a more-than-proportionate increase in fiscal redistribution and reduces growth. The authors also show that a dilution in the concentration of power leads to faster growth and a less procyclical response to shocks.},
Author = {Philip R. Lane and Aaron Tornell},
Date-Added = {2017-05-29 23:21:37 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 15:40:48 -0600},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Keywords = {dev},
Month = {March},
Number = {1},
Pages = {22-46},
Title = {{The Voracity Effect}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v89y1999i1p22-46.html},
Volume = {89},
Year = 1999,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v89y1999i1p22-46.html}}
@article{tsiang1964,
Abstract = {This paper gives a non-linear growth model, which explains the development of an economy through stages somewhat similar to the Rostovian stages. Non-linearity is introduced by including the inaugmentable factor of land or natural resources in the production function along with labor and capital, and by recognizing that net saving is not a linear homogeneous function of income alone, but might be affected by the distribution of income and the interest rate and tends to be negative when per capita income is very low. Furthermore, population growth is assumed to follow a Neo-Malthusian pattern. The effects of non-neutral as well as neutral technical progress are discussed in this paper.},
Author = {S. C. Tsiang},
Date-Added = {2017-05-29 23:20:32 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2017-06-03 14:45:07 +0000},
Issn = {00129682, 14680262},
Journal = {Econometrica},
Keywords = {theory},
Number = {4},
Pages = {619-648},
Publisher = {[Wiley, Econometric Society]},
Title = {A Model of Economic Growth in Rostovian Stages},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1910181},
Volume = {32},
Year = {1964},
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1910181}}
@article{tsiddon92,
Abstract = { This paper studies the consequences of asymmetric information in the investment sector upon economic growth. In this paper, the information asymmetry generates a moral hazard problem. This moral hazard problem restricts financial arrangements. It is shown that these restrictions make even the long-run competitive equilibrium income dependent upon history. This result also holds in case there is perfect capital mobility. However, when there is capital mobility, the government may be able to intervene in a Pareto improving way. Copyright 1992 by Economics Department of the University of Pennsylvania and the Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association.},
Author = {Tsiddon, Daniel},
Date-Added = {2017-05-29 23:16:28 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2017-06-03 14:45:11 +0000},
Journal = {International Economic Review},
Keywords = {theory},
Month = {May},
Number = {2},
Pages = {299-321},
Title = {{A Moral Hazard Trap to Growth}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ier/iecrev/v33y1992i2p299-321.html},
Volume = {33},
Year = 1992,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ier/iecrev/v33y1992i2p299-321.html}}
@article{ungor2017,
Abstract = {Over the period 1963 to 2010, Latin American countries exhibit much slower de-agriculturalization than East Asian countries. The manufacturing employment share has been almost stagnant in Latin America, but exhibits a hump-shaped pattern in Korea and Taiwan. Both groups have moved increasingly toward service-based economies. A nine-sector general equilibrium model, treating sectoral productivity growth rates as exogenous, accounts for some of the differing sectoral allocations of employment in Latin America and East Asia over the sample period. I perform a series of experiments, replacing the sectoral labor productivity growth rates in each sector for each Latin American country with the corresponding growth rates in Korea and Taiwan. Low aggregate productivity growth in Latin America is an economy-wide phenomenon concerning all sectors; however, the findings highlight the possible importance of raising productivity in manufacturing and wholesale to have significant increases in aggregate productivity growth rates. I focus attention on the importance of the level of disaggregation in examining the relationship between labor productivity growth and sectoral movement of labor. Some evidence is presented in linking sectoral policies to productivity growth in Latin America and East Asia. (Copyright: Elsevier)},
Author = {Murat Ungor},
Date-Added = {2017-05-21 21:27:34 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:06 +0000},
Doi = {10.1016/j.red.2016.12.004},
Journal = {Review of Economic Dynamics},
Keywords = {sector},
Month = {March},
Pages = {25-42},
Title = {{Productivity Growth and Labor Reallocation: Latin America versus East Asia}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/red/issued/11-273.html},
Volume = {24},
Year = 2017,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/red/issued/11-273.html},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.red.2016.12.004}}
@article{vamvakidis2002,
Abstract = {Previous literature has established a positive correlation between openness to international trade and GDP per capita growth for developed and developing economies in recent decades. However, looking at historical evidence from 1870 to the present, this paper finds no support for a positive growth-openness connection before 1970. In fact, the correlation is negative for the period 1920-40. Cross-country growth regressions estimated for the period 1920-90 suggest that the positive correlation between openness and growth is only a recent phenomenon. The paper provides useful conclusions regarding the robustness not only of the openness variables but also of other growth determinants. Copyright 2002 by Kluwer Academic Publishers},
Author = {Vamvakidis, Athanasios},
Date-Added = {2017-05-21 21:26:28 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:15 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
Keywords = {rich},
Month = {March},
Number = {1},
Pages = {57-80},
Title = {{How Robust Is the Growth-Openness Connection? Historical Evidence}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/kap/jecgro/v7y2002i1p57-80.html},
Volume = {7},
Year = 2002,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/kap/jecgro/v7y2002i1p57-80.html}}
@article{vogl2016,
Abstract = {Using micro-data from 48 developing countries, this article studies changes in cross-sectional patterns of fertility and child investment over the demographic transition. Before 1960, children from larger families obtained more education, in large part because they had richer and more educated parents. By century's end, these patterns had reversed. Consequently, fertility differentials by income and education historically raised the average education of the next generation, but they now reduce it. Relative to the level of average education, the positive effect of differential fertility in the past exceeded its negative effect in the present. While the reversal of differential fertility is unrelated to changes in GDP per capita, women's work, sectoral composition, or health, roughly half is attributable to rising aggregate education in the parents' generation. The data are consistent with a model in which fertility has a hump-shaped relationship with parental skill, due to a corner solution in which low-skill parents forgo investment in their children. As the returns to child investment rise, the peak of the relationship shifts to the left, reversing the associations under study.},
Author = {Tom S. Vogl},
Date-Added = {2017-05-21 21:23:38 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:13:55 +0000},
Journal = {Review of Economic Studies},
Keywords = {takeoff,rich},
Number = {1},
Pages = {365-401},
Title = {{Differential Fertility, Human Capital, and Development}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/oup/restud/v83y2016i1p365-401..html},
Volume = {83},
Year = 2016,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/oup/restud/v83y2016i1p365-401..html}}
@techreport{vogl2017,
Abstract = {Fertility change is distinct from other forms of social and economic change because it directly alters the size and composition of the next generation. This paper studies how changes in population composition over the fertility transition feed back into the evolution of average fertility across generations. Theory predicts that changes in the relationship between human capital and fertility first weaken and then strengthen fertility similarities between mothers and daughters, a process that first promotes and then restricts aggregate fertility decline. Consistent with these predictions, microdata from 40 developing countries over the second half of the 20th century show that intergenerational fertility associations strengthen late in the fertility transition, due to the alignment of the education-fertility relationship across generations. As fertility approaches the replacement level, the strengthening of these associations reweights the population to raise aggregate fertility rates, pushing back against aggregate fertility decline.},
Author = {Tom Vogl},
Date-Added = {2017-05-21 21:22:16 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:13:44 +0000},
Institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc},
Keywords = {dev,takeoff},
Month = Jan,
Number = {23081},
Title = {{Aggregating the Fertility Transition: Intergenerational Dynamics in Quality and Quantity}},
Type = {NBER Working Papers},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/23081.html},
Year = 2017,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/23081.html}}
@article{voth1998,
Author = {Voth, Hans-Joachim},
Date-Added = {2017-05-21 21:20:33 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Journal = {The Journal of Economic History},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Month = {March},
Number = {01},
Pages = {29-58},
Title = {{Time and Work in Eighteenth-Century London}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/cup/jechis/v58y1998i01p29-58_01.html},
Volume = {58},
Year = 1998,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/cup/jechis/v58y1998i01p29-58_01.html}}
@article{voth2001,
Abstract = {No abstract is available for this item.},
Author = {Voth, Hans-Joachim},
Date-Added = {2017-05-21 21:19:47 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Journal = {The Journal of Economic History},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Month = {December},
Number = {04},
Pages = {1065-1082},
Title = {{The Longest Years: New Estimates Of Labor Input In England, 1760 1830}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/cup/jechis/v61y2001i04p1065-1082_04.html},
Volume = {61},
Year = 2001,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/cup/jechis/v61y2001i04p1065-1082_04.html}}
@article{voth2003,
Abstract = {The Industrial Revolution is a topic of renewed interest for growth economists. After the first wave of \"new growth\" theory that addressed the causes of sustained increases in productivity, more attention has been given to an important additional stylized fact: that rapid growth itself is new in historical terms. A radical discontinuity separates thousands of years of by and large stagnant living standards from the industrial era. Increasingly in the last few years, models have attempted to capture these long-run dynamics to try to explain how the world changed from a state where growth was fleeting and limited to one where it has become permanent and decisive. At the same time, economic historians have re-evaluated changes in living standards during the British Industrial Revolution (the canonical case). The new picture that emerges has become increasingly consistent over the last decade, and it differs drastically from earlier descriptions. This paper briefly summarizes the two literatures, contrasts the results obtained, and makes suggestions for a new set of \"stylized facts\" that could usefully guide future theoretical and empirical work on the Industrial Revolution.},
Author = {Hans-Joachim Voth},
Date-Added = {2017-05-21 21:18:33 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Month = {May},
Number = {2},
Pages = {221-226},
Title = {{Living Standards During the Industrial Revolution: An Economist's Guide}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v93y2003i2p221-226.html},
Volume = {93},
Year = 2003,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v93y2003i2p221-226.html}}
@techreport{alstonetal2009,
Abstract = {We present a conceptual framework to better understand the interaction between settlement and the emergence of de facto property rights on frontiers prior to governments establishing and enforcing de jure property rights. In this framework, potential rents associated with more exclusivity drives \"demand\" for commons arrangements but demand is not a sufficient explanation; norms and politics matter. At some point enhanced scarcity will drive demand for more exclusivity beyond which can be sustained with commons arrangements. Claimants will therefore petition government for de jure property rights to their claims - formal titles. Land conflict will be minimal when governments supply property rights to first possessors. But, governments may not allocate de jure rights to these claimants because they face differing political constituencies. Moreover, governments may assign de jure rights but be unwilling to enforce the right. This generates potential or actual conflict over land depending on the violence potentials of de facto and de jure claimants. We examine land settlement and conflict on the frontiers of Australia, the U.S. and Brazil. We are interested in examining the emergence, sustainability, and collapse of commons arrangements in specific historical contexts. Our analysis indicates the emergence of de facto property rights arrangements will be relatively peaceful where claimants have reasons to organize collectively (Australia and the U.S.). The settlement process will be more prone to conflict when fewer collective activities are required. Consequently, claimants resort to periodic violent self-enforcement or third party enforcement (Brazil). In all three cases the movement from de facto to de jure property rights led to potential or actual conflict because of insufficient government enforcement.},
Author = {Lee J. Alston and Edwyna Harris and Bernardo Mueller},
Date-Added = {2017-05-21 21:16:53 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000},
Institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = Sep,
Number = {15264},
Title = {{De Facto and De Jure Property Rights: Land Settlement and Land Conflict on the Australian, Brazilian and U.S. Frontiers}},
Type = {NBER Working Papers},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/15264.html},
Year = 2009,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/15264.html}}
@techreport{wahl2015,
Abstract = {This paper contributes to the understanding of the long-run consequences of Roman rule on economic development. In ancient times, the area of contemporary Germany was divided into a Roman and non-Roman part. The study uses this division to test whether the formerly Roman part of Germany show a higher nightlight luminosity than the non-Roman part. This is done by using the Limes wall as geographical discontinuity in a regression discontinuity design framework. The results indicate that economic development - as measured by luminosity - is indeed significantly and robustly larger in the formerly Roman parts of Germany. The study identifies the persistence of the Roman road network until the present as an important factor causing this development advantage of the formerly Roman part of Germany both by fostering city growth and by allowing for a denser road network.},
Author = {Wahl, Fabian},
Date-Added = {2017-05-21 21:15:13 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Institution = {University of Hohenheim, Faculty of Business, Economics and Social Sciences},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Number = {08-2015},
Title = {{The long shadow of history: Roman legacy and economic development - evidence from the German limes}},
Type = {Hohenheim Discussion Papers in Business, Economics and Social Sciences},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/zbw/hohdps/082015.html},
Year = 2015,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/zbw/hohdps/082015.html}}
@techreport{huningwahl2016,
Abstract = {We provide a theoretical model linking limits to the observability of soil quality to state rulers' ability to tax agricultural output, which leads to a higher political fragmentation. We introduce a spatial measure to quantify state planners' observability in an agricultural society. The model is applied to spatial variation in the 1378 Holy Roman Empire, the area with the highest political fragmentation in European history. We find that differences in the observability of agricultural output explain the size and capacity of states as well as the emergence and longevity of city states. Grid cells with higher observability of agricultural output intersect with a significantly lower number of territories within them. Our results highlight the role of agriculture and geography, for size, political, and economic organization of states. This sheds light on early, though persistent, determinants of industrial development within Germany, and also within Central Europe.},
Author = {Thilo R. Huning and Fabian Wahl},
Date-Added = {2017-05-21 21:11:03 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2019-04-03 10:50:16 -0500},
Institution = {European Historical Economics Society (EHES)},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = Sep,
Number = {0101},
Title = {{You Reap What You Know: Observability of Soil Quality, and Political Fragmentation}},
Type = {Working Papers},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/hes/wpaper/0101.html},
Year = 2016,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/hes/wpaper/0101.html}}
@techreport{waldinger2015,
Abstract = {Recent studies have consistently found important economic effects of year-to-year weather fluctuations. This paper studies the economic effects of long-term and gradual climate change, over a period of 250 years, when people have time to adapt. In particular, I study the effects of the Little Ice Age, a historical episode of long-term climate change. Results show significant negative economic effects of long-term climate change. Cities with good access to trade were substantially less affected. Results from yearly historical wheat prices and yield ratios show that temperature change impacted economic growth through its effect on agricultural productivity. Further evidence shows a lack of adaptation. I show evidence of the relevance of these results to the context of contemporary developing countries and recommend ways in which these findings may improve Integrated Assessment Models.},
Author = {Maria Waldinger},
Date-Added = {2017-05-21 20:53:21 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:58 +0000},
Institution = {Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = Oct,
Number = {214},
Title = {{The economic effects of long-term climate change: evidence from the little ice age}},
Type = {GRI Working Papers},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/lsg/lsgwps/wp214.html},
Year = 2015,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/lsg/lsgwps/wp214.html}}
@article{wallis2000,
Abstract = {Government in America has gone through three distinct fiscal systems in the last two hundred years. Each system utilized a dominant revenue source, and had a distinctly active level of government. The changing structure of government by level seems to be related to changing revenue structures. When new taxes become important, the relative importance of each level of government changes. On the other hand, growth in the overall size of government is not directly related to the structure of revenues or the distribution of activity by level of government. Government growth is the result of long term commitments to provide education, transportation, social welfare services, old age security, and military forces.},
Author = {John Joseph Wallis},
Date-Added = {2017-05-21 20:52:20 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2017-06-03 14:39:23 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
Keywords = {policy},
Month = {Winter},
Number = {1},
Pages = {61-82},
Title = {{American Government Finance in the Long Run: 1790 to 1990}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/jecper/v14y2000i1p61-82.html},
Volume = {14},
Year = 2000,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/jecper/v14y2000i1p61-82.html}}
@techreport{wallisetal2016,
Abstract = {Accounts of structural change in the pre-modern British economy vary substantially. We present the first time series of male labour sectoral shares before 1800, using a large sample of probate and apprenticeship data to produce national and county-level estimates. England experienced a rapid decline in the agricultural share between the early seventeenth and the beginning of the eighteenth centuries, associated with rising agricultural and especially industrial productivity; Wales saw only limited changes. Our results provide further evidence of early structural change, highlighting the significance of the mid-seventeenth century as a turning point in English economic development.},
Author = {Patrick Wallis and Justin Colson and David Chilosi},
Date-Added = {2017-05-21 20:51:27 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Institution = {London School of Economics and Political Science, Department of Economic History},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Month = Jun,
Number = {66816},
Title = {{Puncturing the Malthus delusion: structural change in the British economy before the industrial revolution, 1500-1800}},
Type = {Economic History Working Papers},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/ehl/wpaper/66816.html},
Year = 2016,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/ehl/wpaper/66816.html}}
@article{weir1995,
Abstract = {No abstract is available for this item.},
Author = {Weir, David R.},
Date-Added = {2017-05-21 20:50:03 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:17:55 +0000},
Journal = {The Journal of Economic History},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Month = {March},
Number = {01},
Pages = {1-26},
Title = {{Family Income, Mortality, and Fertility on the Eve of the Demographic Transition: A Case Study of Rosny-Sous-Bois}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/cup/jechis/v55y1995i01p1-26_04.html},
Volume = {55},
Year = 1995,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/cup/jechis/v55y1995i01p1-26_04.html}}
@techreport{wilde2013,
Abstract = {The extent to which fixed factors of production such as land constrain per-capita income growth has been a widely discussed topic in economics since at least Malthus (1798). Whether fixed factors limit growth depends crucially on two variables: the substitutability of fixed factors in production, and the extent to which innovation will be biased towards land-saving technologies. However, there are few estimates of either variable, and most models assume this elasticity of substitution is unity out of con- venience. This paper attempts to fill that gap in the literature. Using the timing of plague epidemics as an instrument for labor supply, this paper estimates the elasticity of substitution between fixed and non-fixed factors in pre-industrial England. I find that the elasticity of substitution between land and other factors during this period was signicantly less than one, which implies that the Malthusian effects of population on income were stronger than current models predict. In addition, I am able to esti- mate the direction and magnitude of induced innovation. I find evidence that denser populations -- and hence higher land scarcity -- induced innovation towards land-saving technologies. Specically, I find that a doubling of population density in England from its year 1500 level raises the difference in the growth rates of land- and labor-enhancing productivity by 0.22\% per year.},
Author = {Joshua Wilde},
Date-Added = {2017-05-21 20:48:54 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:58 +0000},
Institution = {University of South Florida, Department of Economics},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = Feb,
Number = {0113},
Title = {{How Substitutable are Fixed Factors in Production? Evidence from Pre-industrial England}},
Type = {Working Papers},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/usf/wpaper/0113.html},
Year = 2013,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/usf/wpaper/0113.html}}
@techreport{williams2017,
Abstract = {While patent systems have been widely used both historically and internationally, there is nonetheless a tremendous amount of controversy over whether patent systems -- in practice -- improve the alignment between private returns and social contributions. In this paper, I describe three parameters -- how the disclosure function affects research investments, how patent strength affects research investments in new technologies, and how patents on existing technologies affect follow-on innovation -- needed to inform the question of how patents affect research investments, and review the available evidence which has attempted to empirically estimate these parameters.},
Author = {Heidi L. Williams},
Date-Added = {2017-05-21 20:47:24 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:15 +0000},
Institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc},
Keywords = {rich, theory},
Month = Jan,
Number = {23088},
Title = {{How Do Patents Affect Research Investments?}},
Type = {NBER Working Papers},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/23088.html},
Year = 2017,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/23088.html}}
@article{will2002,
Abstract = {No abstract is available for this item.},
Author = {Williamson, Jeffrey G.},
Date-Added = {2017-05-21 20:46:29 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:17:45 +0000},
Journal = {The Journal of Economic History},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Month = {March},
Number = {01},
Pages = {55-85},
Title = {{Land, Labor, And Globalization In The Third World, 1870 1940}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/cup/jechis/v62y2002i01p55-85_04.html},
Volume = {62},
Year = 2002,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/cup/jechis/v62y2002i01p55-85_04.html}}
@techreport{will2009,
Abstract = {Most analysts of the modern Latin American economy hold to a pessimistic belief in historical persistence -- they believe that Latin America has always had very high levels of inequality, suggesting it will be hard for modern social policy to create a more egalitarian society. This paper argues that this conclusion is not supported by what little evidence we have. The persistence view is based on an historical literature which has made little or no effort to be comparative. Modern analysts see a more unequal Latin America compared with Asia and the rich post-industrial nations and then assume that this must always have been true. Indeed, some have argued that high inequality appeared very early in the post-conquest Americas, and that this fact supported rent-seeking and anti-growth institutions which help explain the disappointing growth performance we observe there even today. This paper argues to the contrary. Compared with the rest of the world, inequality was not high in pre-conquest 1491, nor was it high in the post-conquest decades following 1492. Indeed, it was not even high in the mid-19th century just prior Latin America's belle {\'e}poque. It only became high thereafter. Historical persistence in Latin American inequality is a myth.},
Author = {Jeffrey G. Williamson},
Date-Added = {2017-05-21 20:45:37 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:17:50 +0000},
Institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Month = Aug,
Number = {15305},
Title = {{Five Centuries of Latin American Inequality}},
Type = {NBER Working Papers},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/15305.html},
Year = 2009,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/15305.html}}
@incollection{willlindert1980,
Abstract = {No abstract is available for this item.},
Author = {Jeffrey G. Williamson and Peter H. Lindert},
Booktitle = {{Modeling the Distribution and Intergenerational Transmission of Wealth}},
Date-Added = {2017-05-21 20:44:43 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2017-06-03 14:39:46 +0000},
Keywords = {policy},
Month = {March},
Pages = {9-94},
Publisher = {National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc},
Series = {NBER Chapters},
Title = {{Long-Term Trends in American Wealth Inequality}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/h/nbr/nberch/7443.html},
Year = 1980,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/h/nbr/nberch/7443.html}}
@article{wilson2009,
Abstract = {This article explores the relationship between capital composition and productivity using a unique, detailed dataset on firm investment in the United States in the late 1990s. I develop a methodology for estimating the separate effects of multiple capital types in a production function framework. I back out the implied marginal products of each capital type and compare these with rental price data. I find that although most capital types earned normal returns, information and communications technology capital goods had marginal products substantially above their rental prices. The article also provides evidence of complementarities and substitutabilities among capital types and between capital types and labor.},
Author = {Wilson, Daniel J.},
Date-Added = {2017-05-21 20:43:09 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:15 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Business \& Economic Statistics},
Keywords = {rich},
Pages = {52-70},
Title = {{IT and Beyond: The Contribution of Heterogeneous Capital to Productivity}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/bes/jnlbes/v27y2009p52-70.html},
Volume = {27},
Year = 2009,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/bes/jnlbes/v27y2009p52-70.html}}
@article{wolff1998,
Abstract = {Based on the Survey of Consumer Finances, the distribution of wealth in the United States became much more unequal in the 1980s and that trend continued, albeit at a slower pace, in the 1990s. The only households that saw their mean net worth rise in absolute terms between 1983 and 1995 were those in the top 20 percent and the gains were particularly strong for the top one percent. All other groups were particularly strong for the top one percent. All other groups suffered real wealth losses, including the median household, and declines were particularly precipitous at the bottom. Racial disparities widened, and young households also lost out over this period.},
Author = {Edward N. Wolff},
Date-Added = {2017-05-21 20:40:43 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2017-06-03 14:39:54 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
Keywords = {policy},
Month = {Summer},
Number = {3},
Pages = {131-150},
Title = {{Recent Trends in the Size Distribution of Household Wealth}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/jecper/v12y1998i3p131-50.html},
Volume = {12},
Year = 1998,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/jecper/v12y1998i3p131-50.html}}
@techreport{yoosteckel2010,
Abstract = {Several studies link modern economic performance to institutions transplanted by European colonizers and here we extend this line of research to Asia. Japan imposed its system of well-defined property rights in land on some of its Asian colonies, including Korea, Taiwan and Palau. In 1939 Japan began to survey and register private land in its island colonies, an effort that was completed in Palau but interrupted elsewhere by World War II. Within Micronesia robust economic development followed only in Palau where individual property rights were well defined. Second, we show that well-defined property rights in Korea and Taiwan secured land taxation and enabled farmers to obtain bank loans for capital improvements, principally irrigation systems. Our analytical model predicts that high costs of creating an ownership updating system and a citizen identity system discourage a short-sighted government from implementing these crucial components, the absence of which gradually makes land registration obsolete. Third, considering all of Japan's colonies, we use the presence or absence of a land survey as an instrument to identify the causal impact of new institutions. Our estimates show that property-defining institutions were important for economic development, results that are confirmed when using a similar approach with British Colonies in Asia.},
Author = {Dongwoo Yoo and Richard H. Steckel},
Date-Added = {2017-05-21 20:22:15 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000},
Institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = Nov,
Number = {16551},
Title = {{Property Rights and Financial Development: The Legacy of Japanese Colonial Institutions}},
Type = {NBER Working Papers},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/16551.html},
Year = 2010,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/16551.html}}
@article{woodberry_2012,
Author = {Woodberry, Robert D.},
Date-Added = {2017-05-21 20:21:14 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000},
Doi = {10.1017/S0003055412000093},
Journal = {American Political Science Review},
Keywords = {deep},
Number = {2},
Pages = {244--274},
Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
Title = {The Missionary Roots of Liberal Democracy},
Volume = {106},
Year = {2012},
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0003055412000093}}
@article{wooldridge2009,
Abstract = {In the common case where polynomial approximations are used for unknown functions, I show how proxy variable approaches to controlling for unobserved productivity, proposed by Olley and Pakes [Olley, S. and Pakes, A., 1996. The dynamics of productivity in the telecommunications equipment industry. Econometrica 64, 1263-1298.] and Levinsohn and Petrin (Levinsohn, J. and Petrin, A., 2003. Estimating production functions using inputs to control for unobservables. Review of Economic Studies 70, 317-341.], can be implemented by specifying different instruments for different equations and applying generalized method of moments. Studying the parameters within a two-equation system clarifies some key identification issues, and joint estimation of the parameters leads to simple inference and more efficient estimators.},
Author = {Wooldridge, Jeffrey M.},
Date-Added = {2017-05-21 20:19:29 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2017-05-21 20:19:43 +0000},
Journal = {Economics Letters},
Keywords = {est},
Month = {September},
Number = {3},
Pages = {112-114},
Title = {{On estimating firm-level production functions using proxy variables to control for unobservables}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/ecolet/v104y2009i3p112-114.html},
Volume = {104},
Year = 2009,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/ecolet/v104y2009i3p112-114.html}}
@unpublished{Wu000,
Author = {Lemin Wu},
Date-Added = {2017-05-21 20:17:06 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Note = {Berkeley Economic History Laboratory WP2015-01},
Title = {If not Malthusian, then why?},
Year = {2015},
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@article{yagan2015,
Abstract = {This paper tests whether the 2003 dividend tax cut---one of the largest reforms ever to a US capital tax rate---stimulated corporate investment and increased labor earnings, using a quasi-experimental design and US corporate tax returns from years 1996-2008. I estimate that the tax cut caused zero change in corporate investment and employee compensation. Economically, the statistical precision challenges leading estimates of the cost-of-capital elasticity of investment, or undermines models in which dividend tax reforms affect the cost of capital. Either way, it may be difficult to implement an alternative dividend tax cut that has substantially larger near-term effects. (JEL C72, C78, C91)},
Author = {Danny Yagan},
Date-Added = {2017-05-21 20:14:28 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2017-05-21 20:14:39 +0000},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Keywords = {macro},
Month = {December},
Number = {12},
Pages = {3531-3563},
Title = {{Capital Tax Reform and the Real Economy: The Effects of the 2003 Dividend Tax Cut}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v105y2015i12p3531-63.html},
Volume = {105},
Year = 2015,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v105y2015i12p3531-63.html}}
@article{yi2003,
Abstract = {The striking growth in the trade share of output is one of the most important developments in the world economy since World War II. Two features of this growth present challenges to the standard trade models. First, the growth is generally thought to have been generated by falling tariff barriers worldwide. But tariff barriers have decreased by only about 11 percentage points since the early 1960s; the standard models cannot explain the growth of trade without assuming counterfactually large elasticities of substitution between goods. Second, tariff declines were much larger prior to the mid 1980s than after, and yet, trade growth was smaller in the earlier period than in the later period. The standard models have difficulty generating this nonlinear feature. This paper develops a two-country dynamic Ricardian trade model that offers a resolution of these two puzzles. The key idea embedded in this model is vertical specialization, which occurs when countries specialize only in particular stages of a good's production sequence. The model generates a nonlinear trade response to tariff reductions and can explain over 50 percent of the growth of trade. Finally, the model has important implications for the gains from trade.},
Author = {Kei-Mu Yi},
Date-Added = {2017-05-21 20:13:14 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2017-06-03 14:46:04 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
Keywords = {theory},
Month = {February},
Number = {1},
Pages = {52-102},
Title = {{Can Vertical Specialization Explain the Growth of World Trade?}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/jpolec/v111y2003i1p52-102.html},
Volume = {111},
Year = 2003,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/jpolec/v111y2003i1p52-102.html}}
@article{young2012,
Abstract = { Measures of real consumption based on the ownership of durable goods, the quality of housing, the health and mortality of children, the education of youths, and the allocation of female time in the household indicate that sub-Saharan living standards have, for the past two decades, been growing about 3.4--3.7 percent per year, that is, three and a half to four times the rate indicated in international data sets. },
Author = {Alwyn Young},
Date-Added = {2017-05-21 20:11:40 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:15 +0000},
Doi = {10.1086/668501},
Eprint = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/668501},
Journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
Keywords = {rich},
Number = {4},
Pages = {696-739},
Title = {The African Growth Miracle},
Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/668501},
Volume = {120},
Year = {2012},
Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/668501}}
@article{young2013inequality,
Abstract = {Using population and product consumption data from the Demographic and Health Surveys, I construct comparable measures of inequality and migration for 65 countries, including some of the poorest countries in the world. I find that the urban-rural gap accounts for 40% of mean country inequality and much of its cross-country variation. One out of every four or five individuals raised in rural areas moves to urban areas as a young adult, where they earn much higher incomes than nonmigrant rural permanent residents. Equally, one out of every four or five individuals raised in urban areas moves to rural areas as a young adult, where they earn much lower incomes than their nonmigrant urban cousins. These flows and relative incomes are suggestive of a world where the population sorts itself geographically on the basis of its human capital and skill. I show that a simple model of this sort explains the urban-rural gap in living standards. JEL Codes: O15, O18.},
Author = {Young, Alwyn},
Date-Added = {2017-05-21 20:08:45 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:06 +0000},
Journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
Keywords = {sector},
Number = {4},
Pages = {1727-1785},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
Title = {Inequality, the urban-rural gap and migration},
Volume = {128},
Year = {2013},
Bdsk-File-1 = {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}}
@article{zweimuller2000,
Abstract = {This article analyzes the impact of inequality on growth when consumers have hierarchic preferences and technical progress is driven by innovations. With hierarchic preferences, the poor consume predominantly basic goods, whereas the rich consume also luxury goods. Inequality has an impact on growth because it affects the level and the dynamics of an innovator's demand. It is shown that redistribution from very rich to very poor consumers can be beneficial for growth. In general, the growth effect depends on the nature of redistribution. Due to a demand externality from R\&D activities, multiple equilibria are possible. Copyright 2000 by Kluwer Academic Publishers},
Author = {Zweimuller, Josef},
Date-Added = {2017-05-21 20:02:40 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2017-05-21 20:02:58 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
Keywords = {theory},
Month = {June},
Number = {2},
Pages = {185-206},
Title = {{Schumpeterian Entrepreneurs Meet Engel's Law: The Impact of Inequality on Innovation-Driven Growth}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/kap/jecgro/v5y2000i2p185-206.html},
Volume = {5},
Year = 2000,
Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/kap/jecgro/v5y2000i2p185-206.html}}
@incollection{AdeyinkaSalauVollrath000,
Author = {Adeyinka, Adedeji and Salau, Sheu and Dietrich Vollrath},
Booktitle = {Structural Change, Fundamentals, and Growth: A Framework and Case Studies},
Date-Added = {2017-05-08 12:37:34 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:06 +0000},
Editor = {Margaret McMillan and Dani Rodrik and Claudia Sepulveda},
Keywords = {me, sector},
Publisher = {IFPRI},
Title = {Structural Change and the Possibilities for Future Growth in {Nigeria}},
Year = {2017}}
@techreport{NBERw23375,
Abstract = {Explanations of economic growth and prosperity commonly identify a unique causal effect, e.g., institutions, culture, human capital, geography. In this paper we provide instead a theoretical modeling of the interaction between culture and institutions and their effects on economic activity. We characterize conditions on the socio-economic environment such that culture and institutions complement (resp. substitute) each other, giving rise to a multiplier effect which amplifies (resp. dampens) their combined ability to spur economic activity. We show how the joint dynamics of culture and institutions may display interesting non-ergodic behavior, hysteresis, oscillations, and comparative dynamics. Finally, in specific example societies, we study how culture and institutions interact to determine the sustainability of extractive societies as well as the formation of civic capital and of legal systems protecting property rights.},
Author = {Alberto Bisin and Thierry Verdier},
Date-Added = {2017-05-01 18:07:19 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000},
Doi = {10.3386/w23375},
Institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = {April},
Number = {23375},
Series = {Working Paper Series},
Title = {On the Joint Evolution of Culture and Institutions},
Type = {Working Paper},
Url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w23375},
Year = {2017},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w23375},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23375}}
@techreport{NBERw23371,
Abstract = {Using panel data on individual labor income histories from 1957 to 2013, we document two empirical facts about the distribution of lifetime income in the United States. First, from the cohort that entered the labor market in 1967 to the cohort that entered in 1983, median lifetime income of men declined by 10\%--19\%. We find little-to-no rise in the lower three-quarters of the percentiles of the male lifetime income distribution during this period. Accounting for rising employer-provided health and pension benefits partly mitigates these findings but does not alter the substantive conclusions. For women, median lifetime income increased by 22\%--33\% from the 1957 to the 1983 cohort, but these gains were relative to very low lifetime income for the earliest cohort. Much of the difference between newer and older cohorts is attributed to differences in income during the early years in the labor market. Partial life-cycle profiles of income observed for cohorts that are currently in the labor market indicate that the stagnation of lifetime incomes is unlikely to reverse. Second, we find that inequality in lifetime incomes has increased significantly within each gender group. However, the closing lifetime gender gap has kept overall lifetime inequality virtually flat. The increase within gender groups is largely attributed to an increase in inequality at young ages, and partial life-cycle income data for younger cohorts indicate that the increase in inequality is likely to continue. Overall, our findings point to the substantial changes in labor market outcomes for younger workers as a critical driver of trends in both the level and inequality of lifetime income over the past 50 years.},
Author = {Fatih Guvenen and Greg Kaplan and Jae Song and Justin Weidner},
Date-Added = {2017-05-01 18:05:42 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2017-06-03 14:38:23 +0000},
Doi = {10.3386/w23371},
Institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
Keywords = {policy},
Month = {April},
Number = {23371},
Series = {Working Paper Series},
Title = {Lifetime Incomes in the United States over Six Decades},
Type = {Working Paper},
Url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w23371},
Year = {2017},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w23371},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23371}}
@unpublished{JohnsonVollrath000,
Abstract = {We provide a methodology to estimate the elasticity of agricultural output with respect to land - the Malthusian constraint - using variation in rural densities across different locations. We use district-level data from around the globe on rural densities and inherent agricultural productivity to estimate the elasticity for various sub-samples. We find the elasticity is highest in areas that are suitable for temperate crops such as wheat or rye, and loosest in areas suitable for (sub)-tropical crops such as cassava or rice. We show theoretically that a higher elasticity results in greater sensitivity of non-agricultural employment and real income per capita to shocks in population size and productivity, and confirm this with evidence from the post-war mortality transition.},
Author = {T. Ryan Johnson and Vollrath, Dietrich},
Date-Added = {2017-04-26 21:35:52 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 14:55:46 -0600},
Keywords = {me, sector, deep, takeoff},
Note = {Working paper},
Paper = {2017-06-28-Constraint.pdf},
Title = {The role of land in temperate and tropical agriculture},
Year = {2017}}
@techreport{NBERw23343,
Abstract = {Using annual data from the thirteenth century to the present, we show that improved long run economic performance has occurred primarily through a decline in the rate and frequency of shrinking, rather than through an increase in the rate of growing. Indeed, as economic performance has improved over time, the short run rate of growing has typically declined rather than increased. Most analysis of the process of economic development has hitherto focused on increasing the rate of growing. Here, we focus on understanding the forces making for a reduction in the rate of shrinking, drawing a distinction between proximate and ultimate factors. The main proximate factors considered are (1) structural change (2) technological change (3) demographic change and (4) the changing incidence of warfare. We conclude with a consideration of institutional change as the key ultimate factor behind the reduction in shrinking.},
Author = {Stephen Broadberry and John Joseph Wallis},
Date-Added = {2017-04-26 14:13:54 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Doi = {10.3386/w23343},
Institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
Keywords = {rich, takeoff},
Month = {April},
Number = {23343},
Series = {Working Paper Series},
Title = {Growing, Shrinking, and Long Run Economic Performance: Historical Perspectives on Economic Development},
Type = {Working Paper},
Url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w23343},
Year = {2017},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w23343},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23343}}
@article{boppart2014,
Author = {Timo Boppart},
Date-Added = {2017-04-25 01:27:20 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:06 +0000},
Journal = {Econometrica},
Keywords = {sector},
Month = {November},
Pages = {2167-2196},
Title = {Structural Change and the Kaldor Facts in a Growth Model With Relative Price Effects and Non Gorman Preferences},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/wly/emetrp/v82y2014ip2167-2196.html},
Volume = {82},
Year = 2014,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/wly/emetrp/v82y2014ip2167-2196.html}}
@article{RePEc:ecm:emetrp:v:60:y:1992:i:2:p:323-51,
Abstract = { A model of endogenous growth is developed in which growth is driven by vertical innovations that involve creative destruction. Equilibrium is determined by a forward-looking difference equation, according to which the amount of research in any period depends negatively upon the amount expected next period. The paper analyzes positive and normative properties of stationary equilibria, and shows conditions for the existence of cyclical equilibria and no-growth traps. The growth rate may be more or less than optimal because a business-stealing effect counteracts the usual spillover and appropriability effects. In addition, innovations tend to be too small. Copyright 1992 by The Econometric Society.},
Author = {Aghion, Philippe and Howitt, Peter},
Date-Added = {2017-04-24 02:45:45 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2017-04-24 02:46:03 +0000},
Journal = {Econometrica},
Keywords = {theory},
Month = {March},
Number = {2},
Pages = {323-351},
Title = {{A Model of Growth through Creative Destruction}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ecm/emetrp/v60y1992i2p323-51.html},
Volume = {60},
Year = 1992,
Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ecm/emetrp/v60y1992i2p323-51.html}}
@book{Gordon000,
Author = {Robert J. Gordon},
Date-Added = {2017-04-24 00:30:23 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:23 +0000},
Keywords = {slowdown, rich},
Publisher = {Princeton University Press},
Title = {The Rise and Fall of American Growth},
Url = {http://amzn.to/2praGN9},
Year = {2016},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://amzn.to/2praGN9}}
@techreport{NBERw22822,
Abstract = {We provide a systematic analysis of the properties of individual returns to wealth using twenty years of population data from Norway's administrative tax records. We document a number of novel results. First, in a given cross-section, individuals earn markedly different returns on their assets, with a difference of 500 basis points between the 10th and the 90th percentile. Second, heterogeneity in returns does not arise merely from differences in the allocation of wealth between safe and risky assets: returns are heterogeneous even within asset classes. Third, returns are positively correlated with wealth. Fourth, returns have an individual permanent component that accounts for 60% of the explained variation. Fifth, for wealth below the 95th percentile, the individual permanent component accounts for the bulk of the correlation between returns and wealth; the correlation at the top reflects both compensation for risk and the correlation of wealth with the individual permanent component. Finally, the permanent component of the return to wealth is also (mildly) correlated across generations. We discuss the implications of these findings for several strands of the wealth inequality debate.},
Author = {Andreas Fagereng and Luigi Guiso and Davide Malacrino and Luigi Pistaferri},
Date-Added = {2017-04-23 00:10:18 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2017-06-03 14:38:11 +0000},
Doi = {10.3386/w22822},
Institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
Keywords = {policy},
Month = {November},
Number = {22822},
Series = {Working Paper Series},
Title = {Heterogeneity and Persistence in Returns to Wealth},
Type = {Working Paper},
Url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w22822},
Year = {2016},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w22822},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w22822}}
@techreport{TabarrokGoldschlag000,
Author = {Alex Tabarrok and Nathan Goldschlag},
Date-Added = {2017-04-21 19:06:41 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:15 +0000},
Institution = {George Mason University Working Paper},
Keywords = {reform, rich},
Number = {15-11},
Title = {Is Regulation to Blame for the Decline in American Entrepreneurship?},
Url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2559803##},
Year = {2015}}
@article{martin1996,
Abstract = { The concepts of sigma-convergence, absolute beta-convergence and conditional beta-convergence are discussed in this paper. The concepts are applied to a variety of data sets that include a large cross-section of 110 countries, the subsample of OECD countries, the states within the United States, the prefectures of Japan, and regions within several European countries. Except for the large cross-section of countries, all data sets display strong evidence of sigma-convergence and absolute beta-convergence. The cross-section of countries exhibits sigma-divergence and conditional beta-convergence. The speed of conditional convergence, which is very similar across data sets, is close to 2 percent per year. Copyright 1996 by Royal Economic Society.},
Author = {Sala-i-Martin, Xavier X},
Date-Added = {2017-04-21 19:04:23 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:15 +0000},
Journal = {Economic Journal},
Keywords = {rich, reform},
Month = {July},
Number = {437},
Pages = {1019-1036},
Title = {{The Classical Approach to Convergence Analysis}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ecj/econjl/v106y1996i437p1019-36.html},
Volume = {106},
Year = 1996,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ecj/econjl/v106y1996i437p1019-36.html}}
@article{barromartin1992,
Abstract = { A key economic issue is whether poor countries or regions tend to grow faster than rich ones: are there automatic forces that lead to convergence over time in the levels of per capita income and product? The authors use the neoclassical growth model as a framework to study convergence across the forty-eight contiguous U.S. states. They exploit data on personal income since 1840 and on gross state product since 1963. The U.S. states provide clear evidence of convergence, but the findings can be reconciled quantitatively with the neoclassical model only if diminishing returns to capital set in very slowly. Copyright 1992 by University of Chicago Press.},
Author = {Barro, Robert J and Sala-i-Martin, Xavier},
Date-Added = {2017-04-21 19:03:15 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:15 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
Keywords = {rich, reform},
Month = {April},
Number = {2},
Pages = {223-251},
Title = {{Convergence}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/jpolec/v100y1992i2p223-51.html},
Volume = {100},
Year = 1992,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/jpolec/v100y1992i2p223-51.html}}
@article{barromartin1991,
Abstract = {No abstract is available for this item.},
Author = {Robert J. Barro and Xavier Sala-i-Martin},
Date-Added = {2017-04-21 19:02:39 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:15 +0000},
Journal = {Brookings Papers on Economic Activity},
Keywords = {rich, reform},
Number = {1},
Pages = {107-182},
Title = {{Convergence across States and Regions}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/bin/bpeajo/v22y1991i1991-1p107-182.html},
Volume = {22},
Year = 1991,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/bin/bpeajo/v22y1991i1991-1p107-182.html}}
@article{RePEc:kap:jecgro:v:21:y:2016:i:1:p:1-33,
Abstract = {I document a significant deindustrialization trend in recent decades that goes considerably beyond the advanced, post-industrial economies. The hump-shaped relationship between industrialization (measured by employment or output shares) and incomes has shifted downwards and moved closer to the origin. This means countries are running out of industrialization opportunities sooner and at much lower levels of income compared to the experience of early industrializers. Asian countries and manufactures exporters have been largely insulated from those trends, while Latin American countries have been especially hard hit. Advanced economies have lost considerable employment (especially of the low-skill type), but they have done surprisingly well in terms of manufacturing output shares at constant prices. While these trends are not very recent, the evidence suggests both globalization and labor-saving technological progress in manufacturing have been behind these developments. The paper briefly considers some of the economic and political implications of these trends. Copyright Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016},
Author = {Dani Rodrik},
Date-Added = {2017-04-21 18:32:28 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:15 +0000},
Doi = {10.1007/s10887-015-9122-3},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
Keywords = {rich, sector},
Month = {March},
Number = {1},
Pages = {1-33},
Title = {{Premature deindustrialization}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/kap/jecgro/v21y2016i1p1-33.html},
Volume = {21},
Year = 2016,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/kap/jecgro/v21y2016i1p1-33.html},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10887-015-9122-3}}
@book{rodrik2012,
Abstract = {For a century, economists have driven forward the cause of globalization in financial institutions, labour markets, and trade. Yet there have been consistent warning signs that a global economy and free trade might not always be advantageous. Where are the pressure points? What could be done about them? Dani Rodrik examines the back-story from its seventeenth-century origins through the milestones of the gold standard, the Bretton Woods Agreement, and the Washington Consensus, to the present day. Although economic globalization has enabled unprecedented levels of prosperity in advanced countries and has been a boon to hundreds of millions of poor workers in China and elsewhere in Asia, it is a concept that rests on shaky pillars, he contends. Its long-term sustainability is not a given. The heart of Rodrik's argument is a fundamental 'trilemma': that we cannot simultaneously pursue democracy, national self-determination, and economic globalization. Give too much power to governments, and you have protectionism. Give markets too much freedom, and you have an unstable world economy with little social and political support from those it is supposed to help. Rodrik argues for smart globalization, not maximum globalization.},
Author = {Rodrik, Dani},
Date-Added = {2017-04-21 18:31:53 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:03:41 +0000},
Isbn = {ARRAY(0x467c4e58)},
Keywords = {trade},
Number = {9780199652525},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
Series = {OUP Catalogue},
Title = {{The Globalization Paradox: Why Global Markets, States, and Democracy Can't Coexist}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/b/oxp/obooks/9780199652525.html},
Year = 2012,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/b/oxp/obooks/9780199652525.html}}
@incollection{RePEc:pup:chapts:8491-1,
Abstract = {In One Economics, Many Recipes , leading economist Dani Rodrik argues that neither globalizers nor antiglobalizers have got it right. While economic globalization can be a boon for countries that are trying to dig out of poverty, success usually requires following policies that are tailored to local economic and political realities rather than obeying the dictates of the international globalization establishment. A definitive statement of Rodrik's original and influential perspective on economic growth and globalization, One Economics, Many Recipes shows how successful countries craft their own unique strategies--and what other countries can learn from them. To most proglobalizers, globalization is a source of economic salvation for developing nations, and to fully benefit from it nations must follow a universal set of rules designed by organizations such as the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Trade Organization and enforced by international investors and capital markets. But to most antiglobalizers, such global rules spell nothing but trouble, and the more poor nations shield themselves from them, the better off they are. Rodrik rejects the simplifications of both sides, showing that poor countries get rich not by copying what Washington technocrats preach or what others have done, but by overcoming their own highly specific constraints. And, far from conflicting with economic science, this is exactly what good economics teaches.},
Author = {Dani Rodrik},
Booktitle = {{One Economics, Many Recipes: Globalization, Institutions, and Economic Growth}},
Date-Added = {2017-04-21 18:31:07 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:03:41 +0000},
Keywords = {trade},
Publisher = {Princeton University Press},
Series = {Introductory Chapters},
Title = {{Introductiion to One Economics, Many Recipes: Globalization, Institutions, and Economic Growth}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/h/pup/chapts/8491-1.html},
Year = 2007,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/h/pup/chapts/8491-1.html}}
@article{fernaldjones2014,
Abstract = {Modern growth theory suggests that more than three-quarters of growth since 1950 reflects rising educational attainment and research intensity. As these transition dynamics fade, US economic growth is likely to slow at some point. However, the rise of China, India, and other emerging economies may allow another few decades of rapid growth in world researchers. Finally, and more speculatively, the shape of the idea production function introduces a fundamental uncertainty into the future of growth. For example, the possibility that artificial intelligence will allow machines to replace workers to some extent could lead to higher growth in the future.},
Author = {John G. Fernald and Charles I. Jones},
Date-Added = {2017-04-21 15:13:51 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:56 +0000},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Keywords = {slowdown},
Month = {May},
Number = {5},
Pages = {44-49},
Title = {{The Future of US Economic Growth}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v104y2014i5p44-49.html},
Volume = {104},
Year = 2014,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v104y2014i5p44-49.html}}
@techreport{NBERw20248,
Abstract = {U.S. labor and total-factor productivity growth slowed prior to the Great Recession. The timing rules out explanations that focus on disruptions during or since the recession, and industry and state data rule out "bubble economy" stories related to housing or finance. The slowdown is located in industries that produce information technology (IT) or that use IT intensively, consistent with a return to normal productivity growth after nearly a decade of exceptional IT-fueled gains. A calibrated growth model suggests trend productivity growth has returned close to its 1973-1995 pace. Slower underlying productivity growth implies less economic slack than recently estimated by the Congressional Budget Office. As of 2013, about ¾ of the shortfall of actual output from (overly optimistic) pre-recession trends reflects a reduction in the level of potential.},
Author = {John Fernald},
Date-Added = {2017-04-21 15:12:49 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:56 +0000},
Doi = {10.3386/w20248},
Institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
Keywords = {slowdown},
Month = {June},
Number = {20248},
Series = {Working Paper Series},
Title = {Productivity and Potential Output Before, During, and After the Great Recession},
Type = {Working Paper},
Url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w20248},
Year = {2014},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w20248},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w20248}}
@techreport{NBERw20423,
Abstract = {Forecasts for the two or three years after mid-2014 have converged on growth rates of real GDP in the range of 3.0 to 3.5 percent, a major stepwise increase from realized growth of 2.1 percent between mid-2009 and mid-2014. However, these forecasts are based on the demand for goods and services. Less attention has been paid to how the accelerated growth of real GDP will be supplied. Will the unemployment rate, which has declined at roughly one percent per year, decline even faster from 6.1 percent in June, 2014 to 3.0 percent or below in 2017? Will the supply-side support for the demand-side optimism be provided instead by a major rebound of productivity growth from the average of 1.2 percent over the past decade and 0.6 percent for the last four years, or perhaps by a reversal of the minus 0.8 percent growth rate since 2007 of the labor-force participation rate?
The paper develops a new and surprisingly simple method of calculating the growth rate of potential GDP over the next decade and concludes that projections of potential output growth for the same decade in the most recent reports of the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) are much too optimistic. If the projections in this paper are close to the mark, the level of potential GDP in 2024 will be almost 10 percent below the CBO's current forecast. Further, the new potential GDP series implies that the debt/GDP ratio in 2024 will be closer to 87 percent than the CBO's current forecast of 78 percent.
This paper also has profound implications for the Federal Reserve. The unemployment rate has declined rapidly, particularly within the last year. Faster real GDP growth will accelerate the decline in the unemployment rate and soon reduce it beyond any estimate of the constant-inflation NAIRU, even if productivity growth experiences a rebound and the labor force participation rate stabilizes. The macro economy is on a collision course between demand-side optimism and supply-side pessimism. },
Author = {Robert J. Gordon},
Date-Added = {2017-04-21 15:11:15 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:56 +0000},
Institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
Keywords = {slowdown},
Month = {August},
Number = {20423},
Series = {Working Paper Series},
Title = {A New Method of Estimating Potential Real GDP Growth: Implications for the Labor Market and the Debt/GDP Ratio},
Type = {Working Paper},
Url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w20423},
Year = {2014},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w20423},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w20423}}
@techreport{NBERw19895,
Abstract = {The United States achieved a 2.0 percent average annual growth rate of real GDP per capita between 1891 and 2007. This paper predicts that growth in the 25 to 40 years after 2007 will be much slower, particularly for the great majority of the population. Future growth will be 1.3 percent per annum for labor productivity in the total economy, 0.9 percent for output per capita, 0.4 percent for real income per capita of the bottom 99 percent of the income distribution, and 0.2 percent for the real disposable income of that group.
The primary cause of this growth slowdown is a set of four headwinds, all of them widely recognized and uncontroversial. Demographic shifts will reduce hours worked per capita, due not just to the retirement of the baby boom generation but also as a result of an exit from the labor force both of youth and prime-age adults. Educational attainment, a central driver of growth over the past century, stagnates at a plateau as the U.S. sinks lower in the world league tables of high school and college completion rates. Inequality continues to increase, resulting in real income growth for the bottom 99 percent of the income distribution that is fully half a point per year below the average growth of all incomes. A projected long-term increase in the ratio of debt to GDP at all levels of government will inevitably lead to more rapid growth in tax revenues and/or slower growth in transfer payments at some point within the next several decades.
There is no need to forecast any slowdown in the pace of future innovation for this gloomy forecast to come true, because that slowdown already occurred four decades ago. In the eight decades before 1972 labor productivity grew at an average rate 0.8 percent per year faster than in the four decades since 1972. While no forecast of a future slowdown of innovation is needed, skepticism is offered here, particularly about the techno-optimists who currently believe that we are at a point of inflection leading to faster technological change. The paper offers several historical examples showing that the future of technology can be forecast 50 or even 100 years in advance and assesses widely discussed innovations anticipated to occur over the next few decades, including medical research, small robots, 3-D printing, big data, driverless vehicles, and oil-gas fracking.},
Author = {Robert J. Gordon},
Date-Added = {2017-04-21 15:10:48 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:56 +0000},
Doi = {10.3386/w19895},
Institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
Keywords = {slowdown},
Month = {February},
Number = {19895},
Series = {Working Paper Series},
Title = {The Demise of U.S. Economic Growth: Restatement, Rebuttal, and Reflections},
Type = {Working Paper},
Url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w19895},
Year = {2014},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w19895},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w19895}}
@techreport{NBERw18315,
Abstract = {This paper raises basic questions about the process of economic growth. It questions the assumption, nearly universal since Solow's seminal contributions of the 1950s, that economic growth is a continuous process that will persist forever. There was virtually no growth before 1750, and thus there is no guarantee that growth will continue indefinitely. Rather, the paper suggests that the rapid progress made over the past 250 years could well turn out to be a unique episode in human history. The paper is only about the United States and views the future from 2007 while pretending that the financial crisis did not happen. Its point of departure is growth in per-capita real GDP in the frontier country since 1300, the U.K. until 1906 and the U.S. afterwards. Growth in this frontier gradually accelerated after 1750, reached a peak in the middle of the 20th century, and has been slowing down since. The paper is about "how much further could the frontier growth rate decline?"
The analysis links periods of slow and rapid growth to the timing of the three industrial revolutions (IR's), that is, IR \#1 (steam, railroads) from 1750 to 1830; IR \#2 (electricity, internal combustion engine, running water, indoor toilets, communications, entertainment, chemicals, petroleum) from 1870 to 1900; and IR \#3 (computers, the web, mobile phones) from 1960 to present. It provides evidence that IR \#2 was more important than the others and was largely responsible for 80 years of relatively rapid productivity growth between 1890 and 1972. Once the spin-off inventions from IR \#2 (airplanes, air conditioning, interstate highways) had run their course, productivity growth during 1972-96 was much slower than before. In contrast, IR \#3 created only a short-lived growth revival between 1996 and 2004. Many of the original and spin-off inventions of IR \#2 could happen only once - urbanization, transportation speed, the freedom of females from the drudgery of carrying tons of water per year, and the role of central heating and air conditioning in achieving a year-round constant temperature.
Even if innovation were to continue into the future at the rate of the two decades before 2007, the U.S. faces six headwinds that are in the process of dragging long-term growth to half or less of the 1.9 percent annual rate experienced between 1860 and 2007. These include demography, education, inequality, globalization, energy/environment, and the overhang of consumer and government debt. A provocative "exercise in subtraction" suggests that future growth in consumption per capita for the bottom 99 percent of the income distribution could fall below 0.5 percent per year for an extended period of decades.},
Author = {Robert J. Gordon},
Date-Added = {2017-04-21 15:10:30 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:23 +0000},
Doi = {10.3386/w18315},
Institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
Keywords = {slowdown},
Month = {August},
Number = {18315},
Series = {Working Paper Series},
Title = {Is U.S. Economic Growth Over? Faltering Innovation Confronts the Six Headwinds},
Type = {Working Paper},
Url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w18315},
Year = {2012},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w18315},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w18315}}
@techreport{NBERw23324,
Abstract = {Official statistics display a significant slowdown in U.S. aggregate productivity growth that begins in 2004. In this paper, we investigate a source of mismeasurement in official statistics, which arises from offshore profit shifting by multinational enterprises operating in the United States. This profit shifting causes part of the economic activity generated by these multinationals to be attributed to their foreign affiliates, leading to an understatement of measured U.S. gross domestic product. Profit-shifting activity has increased significantly since the mid-1990s, resulting in an understatement of measured U.S. aggregate productivity growth. We construct adjustments to correct for the effects of profit shifting on measured gross domestic product. The adjustments raise aggregate productivity growth rates by 0.1 percent annually for 1994--2004, 0.25 percent annually for 2004--2008, and leave productivity unchanged after 2008; Our adjustments mitigate, but do not overturn, the productivity slowdown in the official statistics. The adjustments are especially large in R&D-intensive industries, which are most likely to produce intangible assets that are easy to move across borders. The adjustments boost value added in these industries by as much as 8.0 percent annually in the mid-2000s.},
Author = {Fatih Guvenen and Raymond J. Mataloni, Jr. and Dylan G. Rassier and Kim J. Ruhl},
Date-Added = {2017-04-17 15:32:54 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:56 +0000},
Doi = {10.3386/w23324},
Institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
Keywords = {slowdown},
Month = {April},
Number = {23324},
Series = {Working Paper Series},
Title = {Offshore Profit Shifting and Domestic Productivity Measurement},
Type = {Working Paper},
Url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w23324},
Year = {2017},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w23324},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23324}}
@article{Evenson:2003aa,
Author = {Evenson, Robert E. and Gollin, Douglas},
Date-Added = {2017-04-15 15:59:32 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:36 +0000},
Journal = {Science},
Keywords = {sector},
Number = {5620},
Pages = {758--762},
Title = {Assessing the Impact of the Green Revolution, 1960 to 2000},
Volume = {300},
Year = {2003}}
@incollection{Wiebe2003Resource-Qualit,
Address = {Northhampton, MA},
Author = {Keith Wiebe and Meredith J. Soule and Clare Narrod and Vincent E. Breneman},
Booktitle = {Land Quality, Agricultural Productivity, and Food Security},
Date-Added = {2017-04-14 18:27:21 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:36 +0000},
Editor = {Keith Wiebe},
Keywords = {sector, est},
Publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing},
Title = {Resource Quality and Agricultural Productivity: A Multi-Country Comparison},
Year = {2003}}
@techreport{hklm2017,
Abstract = {Recent research has pointed to large gaps in labor productivity between the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors in low-income countries, as well as between workers in rural and urban areas. Most estimates are based on national accounts or repeated cross-sections of micro-survey data, and as a result typically struggle to account for individual selection between sectors. This paper contributes to this literature using long-run individual-level panel data from two low-income countries (Indonesia and Kenya). Accounting for individual fixed effects leads to much smaller estimated productivity gains from moving into the non-agricultural sector (or urban areas), reducing estimated gaps by over 80 percent. Per capita consumption gaps between non-agricultural and agricultural sectors, as well as between urban and rural areas, are also close to zero once individual fixed effects are included. Estimated productivity gaps do not emerge up to five years after a move between sectors, nor are they larger in big cities. We evaluate whether these findings imply a re-assessment of the current conventional wisdom regarding sectoral gaps, discuss how to reconcile them with existing cross-sectional estimates, and consider implications for the desirability of sectoral reallocation of labor.},
Annote = {Individual FE in panel control for unobserved HC. No significant wage gaps once that is done, implying gaps between sectors are not due to frictions, but to unobserved HC.},
Author = {Joan Hamory Hicks and Marieke Kleemans and Nicholas Y. Li and Edward Miguel},
Date-Added = {2017-03-29 00:21:55 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2019-07-22 13:51:49 -0400},
Doi = {10.3386/w23253},
Institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
Keywords = {markup, sector, urban},
Month = {March},
Number = {23253},
Series = {Working Paper Series},
Title = {Reevaluating Agricultural Productivity Gaps with Longitudinal Microdata},
Type = {Working Paper},
Url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w23253},
Url-1 = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w23253},
Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23253},
Year = {2017},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w23253},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23253}}
@article{swiecki2017,
Abstract = {In this paper I ask which of the multiple mechanisms suggested in the literature are quantitatively important for understanding the process of structural change. I build a model combining four forces in a common framework: (i) sector-biased technological progress, (ii) nonhomothetic tastes, (iii) international trade and (iv) changing wedges between factor costs across sectors. I calibrate the model using the data for 45 diverse countries over the period 1970-2005 and use counterfactual simulations of the model to systematically assess the relative importance of the four determinants of structural change. I find that sector-biased technological change is overall the most important mechanism and it is essential for understanding the decline of manufacturing labor share and the corresponding growth in services in developed countries. Nonhomothetic preferences are key to accounting for movement of labor out of agriculture, which matters primarily for poorer countries. International trade and changes in relative factor costs across sectors are important for individual countries but their impact on the relocation of labor is less systematic. I also show that a model with homothetic preferences would overstate the importance of agriculture in accounting for differences in aggregate productivity across countries and over time. (Copyright: Elsevier)},
Annote = {Preference structure with more flexibility
Do not need Stone Geary, use indirect utility},
Author = {Tomasz Swiecki},
Date-Added = {2017-03-29 00:18:36 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:06 +0000},
Doi = {10.1016/j.red.2017.01.007},
Journal = {Review of Economic Dynamics},
Keywords = {sector},
Month = {March},
Pages = {95-131},
Title = {{Determinants of Structural Change}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/red/issued/14-247.html},
Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/red/issued/14-247.html},
Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.red.2017.01.007},
Volume = {24},
Year = 2017,
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/red/issued/14-247.html},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.red.2017.01.007}}
@techreport{wilde2012,
Abstract = {Whether fixed factors such as land constrain per-capita income growth depends crucially on two variables: the substitutability of fixed factors in production, and the extent to which innovation is biased towards land-saving technologies. This paper attempts to quantify both. Using the timing of plague epidemics as an instrument for labor supply, I estimate the elasticity of substitution between fixed and non-fixed factors in pre-industrial England to be significantly less than one. In addition, I find evidence that denser populations -- and hence higher land scarcity -- induced innovation towards land-saving technologies.},
Author = {Wilde, Joshua},
Date-Added = {2017-02-24 17:13:46 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:36 +0000},
Institution = {University Library of Munich, Germany},
Keywords = {sector},
Month = Jun,
Number = {39278},
Title = {{How substitutable are fixed factors in production? evidence from pre-industrial England}},
Type = {MPRA Paper},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/pra/mprapa/39278.html},
Year = 2012,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/pra/mprapa/39278.html}}
@article{kottek2006,
Address = {Stuttgart, Germany},
Author = {Kottek, Markus and Grieser, J{\"u}rgen and Beck, Christoph and Rudolf, Bruno and Rubel, Franz},
Date-Added = {2017-02-22 18:36:46 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:58 +0000},
Doi = {10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130},
Journal = {Meteorologische Zeitschrift},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = 07,
Number = {3},
Pages = {259-263},
Publisher = {Schweizerbart Science Publishers},
Title = {World Map of the K{\"o}ppen-Geiger climate classification updated},
Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130},
Volume = {15},
Year = 2006,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130}}
@article{perettovalente2015,
Abstract = {We study the interactions between technological change, resource scarcity and population dynamics in a Schumpeterian model with endogenous fertility. We find a steady state in which population is constant and determined by resource scarcity while income grows exponentially. If labor and resources are substitutes in production, income and fertility dynamics are stable and the steady state is the global attractor of the system. If labor and resources are complements, income and fertility dynamics are unstable and drive the economy towards either demographic explosion or collapse. We calibrate the model numerically to match past US data on fertility and land scarcity, obtaining future scenarios for the current century and quantifying the response of fertility and productivity to exogenous shocks. Copyright Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015},
Author = {Pietro Peretto and Simone Valente},
Date-Added = {2017-02-21 16:47:44 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2017-04-21 18:59:47 +0000},
Doi = {10.1007/s10887-015-9118-z},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
Keywords = {theory, nature},
Month = {September},
Number = {3},
Pages = {305-331},
Title = {{Growth on a finite planet: resources, technology and population in the long run}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/kap/jecgro/v20y2015i3p305-331.html},
Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/kap/jecgro/v20y2015i3p305-331.html},
Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10887-015-9118-z},
Volume = {20},
Year = 2015,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/kap/jecgro/v20y2015i3p305-331.html},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10887-015-9118-z}}
@techreport{conleyetal2007,
Abstract = {Much of Africa has not yet gone through a \"demographic transition\" to reduced mortality and fertility rates. The fact that the continent's countries remain mired in a Malthusian crisis of high mortality, high fertility, and rapid population growth (with an accompanying state of chronic extreme poverty) has been attributed to many factors ranging from the status of women, pro-natalist policies, poverty itself, and social institutions. There remains, however, a large degree of uncertainty among demographers as to the relative importance of these factors on a comparative or historical basis. Moreover, econometric estimation is complicated by endogeneity among fertility and other variables of interest. We attempt to improve estimation (particularly of the effect of the child mortality variable) by deploying exogenous variation in the ecology of malaria transmission and in agricultural productivity through the staggered introduction of Green Revolution, high-yield seed varieties. Results show that child mortality (proxied by infant mortality) is by far the most important factor among those explaining aggregate total fertility rates, followed by farm productivity. Female literacy (or schooling) and aggregate income do not seem to matter as much, comparatively.},
Author = {Dalton Conley and Gordon C. McCord and Jeffrey D. Sachs},
Date-Added = {2017-02-21 16:43:37 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:05:33 +0000},
Institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc},
Keywords = {dev},
Month = Feb,
Number = {12892},
Title = {{Africa's Lagging Demographic Transition: Evidence from Exogenous Impacts of Malaria Ecology and Agricultural Technology}},
Type = {NBER Working Papers},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/12892.html},
Year = 2007,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/12892.html}}
@unpublished{lagerlof2016,
Author = {Nils-Petter Lagerl{\"o}f},
Date-Added = {2017-02-18 02:24:20 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Keywords = {deep, takeoff},
Month = {August},
Note = {Working paper},
Title = {Understaning per capita income growth in preindustrial Europe},
Year = {2016}}
@article{ads2016,
Abstract = {The latitude gradient in comparative development is a striking fact: as one moves away from the equator, economic activity rises. While this regularity is well known, it is not well understood. Perhaps the strongest correlate of (absolute) latitude is the intensity of ultraviolet radiation (UV-R), which epidemiological research has shown to be a cause of a wide range of diseases. We establish that UV-R is strongly and negatively correlated with economic activity, both across and within countries. We propose and test a mechanism that links UV-R to current income differences via the impact of disease ecology on the timing of the take-off to sustained growth.},
Author = {Thomas Barnebeck Andersen and Carl-Johan Dalgaard and Pablo Selaya},
Date-Added = {2017-02-13 01:56:28 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2019-04-03 10:49:30 -0500},
Journal = {Review of Economic Studies},
Keywords = {deep},
Local-Url = {/Users/dietz/Dropbox/Papers/Andersen_etal_2016.pdf},
Number = {4},
Pages = {1334-1363},
Title = {{Climate and the Emergence of Global Income Differences}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/oup/restud/v83y2016i4p1334-1363..html},
Volume = {83},
Year = 2016,
Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/oup/restud/v83y2016i4p1334-1363..html}}
@techreport{dks2015,
Abstract = {What is the long run impact on development from differences in subsistence strategies during pre-industrial times? Whereas this question has been explored from the point of view of agriculture, remarkably little attention has been paid to the complementary strategy of relying on marine resources. As a step towards closing this gap, we construct an index - the Bounty of the Sea index - which captures the potential abundance of exploitable marine fish that individual countries have had access to, and proceed to explore its correlation with economic development. Our analysis reveals that a greater Bounty of the Sea stimulated pre-industrial development, and that countries inhabited by people with ancestry in regions with abundant marine resources are richer today. Probing possible underlying reasons, we find that populations with ancestry in regions rich in marine resources differ from societies with a purely agrarian legacy in terms of institutions, cultural values and average personality traits.},
Author = {Carl-Johan Dalgaard and Anne Sofie B. Knudsen and Pablo Selaya},
Date-Added = {2017-02-13 01:55:42 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:58 +0000},
Institution = {CESifo Group Munich},
Keywords = {deep},
Number = {5547},
Title = {{The Bounty of the Sea and Long-Run Development}},
Type = {CESifo Working Paper Series},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/ces/ceswps/_5547.html},
Year = 2015,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/ces/ceswps/_5547.html}}
@article{Elvidge1999,
Abstract = {Nocturnal lighting is a primary method for enabling human activity. Outdoor lighting is used extensively worldwide in residential, commercial, industrial, public facilities, and roadways. A radiance calibrated nighttime lights image of the United States has been assembled from Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Operational Linescan System (OLS). The satellite observation of the location and intensity of nocturnal lighting provide a unique view of humanities presence and can be used as a spatial indicator for other variables that are more difficult to observe at a global scale. Examples include the modeling of population density and energy related greenhouse gas emissions. },
Author = {Christopher D Elvidge and Kimberly E Baugh and John B Dietz and Theodore Bland and Paul C Sutton and Herbert W Kroehl},
Date-Added = {2017-02-02 18:51:56 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:58 +0000},
Doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00098-4},
Issn = {0034-4257},
Journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
Keywords = {deep},
Number = {1},
Pages = {77 - 88},
Title = {Radiance Calibration of DMSP-OLS Low-Light Imaging Data of Human Settlements},
Url = {//www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034425798000984},
Url-1 = {//www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034425798000984},
Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00098-4},
Volume = {68},
Year = {1999},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {//www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034425798000984},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00098-4}}
@book{McNeill1976,
Author = {William H. McNeill},
Date-Added = {2017-02-01 20:37:10 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 16:04:11 -0600},
Keywords = {takeoff, deep},
Publisher = {Anchor Books},
Title = {Plagues and Peoples},
Year = {1976}}
@book{Elvin1973,
Author = {Mark Elvin},
Date-Added = {2017-02-01 15:48:49 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Publisher = {Stanford University Press},
Title = {The Pattern of the Chinese Past},
Year = {1973}}
@book{Geertz1963,
Address = {Berkeley, CA},
Author = {Clifford Geertz},
Date-Added = {2017-02-01 15:46:45 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 12:34:43 -0600},
Keywords = {takeoff, sector, deep},
Publisher = {University of California Press},
Title = {Agricultural Involution: The Processes of Ecological Change in Indonesia},
Year = {1963}}
@article{brenner2002,
Abstract = {In the great divergence, Kenneth Pomeranz (2000) proposes a radical revision of our understanding of the pattern of economic evolution in the eastern and western ends of Eurasia over the course of the early modern and modern periods, roughly late Ming and Qing. A recent restatement of the standard or traditional view can be found in the macro-economic historian Angus Maddison's account of world economic development in the very long run, The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective (2001), which sums up his argument in Chinese Economic Performance in the Long Run (1998). According to Maddison, ``Western Europe overtook China {\ldots} in per capita performance in the fourteenth century. Thereafter China [was] {\ldots} more or less stagnant in per capita terms until the second half of the twentieth century'' (2001, 44). In contrast, Pomeranz insists that if the comparative focus is placed, as only makes sense, not on Europe or China as a whole---both of which contained the most disparate regions at vastly d},
Address = {New York, USA},
Author = {Robert Brenner and Christopher Isett},
Date-Added = {2017-02-01 15:45:41 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Day = {001},
Doi = {10.2307/2700302},
Journal = {The Journal of Asian Studies},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Month = {005},
Number = {2},
Pages = {609-662},
Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
Title = {England's Divergence from China's Yangzi Delta: Property Relations, Microeconomics, and Patterns of Development},
Url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/div-class-title-englandandapos-s-divergence-from-chinaandapos-s-yangzi-delta-property-relations-microeconomics-and-patterns-of-development-div/3977C21226CEABC33AAF58F100E4F8A2},
Url-1 = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/div-class-title-englandandapos-s-divergence-from-chinaandapos-s-yangzi-delta-property-relations-microeconomics-and-patterns-of-development-div/3977C21226CEABC33AAF58F100E4F8A2},
Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2700302},
Volume = {61},
Year = {2002},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/div-class-title-englandandapos-s-divergence-from-chinaandapos-s-yangzi-delta-property-relations-microeconomics-and-patterns-of-development-div/3977C21226CEABC33AAF58F100E4F8A2},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2700302}}
@article{lee2002,
Abstract = {As recently as twenty-five years ago, there were virtually no demographers of China and there was little available data on Chinese demographic behavior. Thus in spite of intense interest in China's population dating back at least to Malthus (1766--1834), his initial understanding, or rather misunderstanding, of Chinese population dynamics remains dominant. While recent research on European population history has confirmed Malthus's observations that European, or at least English, population size was controlled largely by the preventive check, nuptiality, the absence of similar studies of Chinese population history ironically facilitated the persistence of a Malthusian hypothesis that Chinese population size was controlled largely by the positive check, mortality. It is a tribute to the elegance and power of the Malthusian orthodoxy that in spite of the lack of information on Chinese historic demographic behavior and economic performance, many of the most distinguished Western scholars o},
Address = {New York, USA},
Author = {James Lee and Cameron Campbell and Wang Feng},
Date-Added = {2017-02-01 15:44:51 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Day = {001},
Doi = {10.2307/2700301},
Journal = {The Journal of Asian Studies},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Month = {005},
Number = {2},
Pages = {591-607},
Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
Title = {Positive Check or Chinese Checks?},
Url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/div-class-title-positive-check-or-chinese-checks-div/1919C7F1BFFD8515269BCDEF26ECF70C},
Url-1 = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/div-class-title-positive-check-or-chinese-checks-div/1919C7F1BFFD8515269BCDEF26ECF70C},
Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2700301},
Volume = {61},
Year = {2002},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/div-class-title-positive-check-or-chinese-checks-div/1919C7F1BFFD8515269BCDEF26ECF70C},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2700301}}
@article{pomeranz2002,
Abstract = {Debate can advance scholarly discussion, and I am grateful to JAS for the chance to do so here. As much as possible, I would like to move forward by introducing additional arguments and evidence. However, some recapitulation of the book under discussion is inevitable, as is some review of debates related to Philip Huang's book on a related topic. Some return to previously plowed ground is further necessitated by the nature of his review. First, he has fundamentally misunderstood what my book claims, as well as the support for some of those claims. I will not correct all of these errors here, but I will need to go over some of the major examples. Second, a central contention of his review is that his 1990 book, The Peasant Family and Rural Development in the Yangzi Delta, 1350--1988 remains the best framework for understanding the delta's economy over that entire period. Huang is; of course, entitled to that view: but in reasserting that book's thesis he ignores rather than responds to t},
Address = {New York, USA},
Author = {Kenneth Pomeranz},
Date-Added = {2017-02-01 15:43:58 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Day = {001},
Doi = {10.2307/2700300},
Journal = {The Journal of Asian Studies},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Month = {005},
Number = {2},
Pages = {539-590},
Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
Title = {Beyond the East-West Binary: Resituating Development Paths in the Eighteenth-Century World},
Url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/div-class-title-beyond-the-east-west-binary-resituating-development-paths-in-the-eighteenth-century-world-div/43F8656D9C5DEE6760C64476047A0A7D},
Url-1 = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/div-class-title-beyond-the-east-west-binary-resituating-development-paths-in-the-eighteenth-century-world-div/43F8656D9C5DEE6760C64476047A0A7D},
Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2700300},
Volume = {61},
Year = {2002},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/div-class-title-beyond-the-east-west-binary-resituating-development-paths-in-the-eighteenth-century-world-div/43F8656D9C5DEE6760C64476047A0A7D},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2700300}}
@book{Huang1990,
Author = {Philip C. C. Huang},
Date-Added = {2017-02-01 15:41:20 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Publisher = {Stanford University Press},
Title = {The Peasant Family and Rural Development in the Yangzi Delta, 1350-1988},
Year = {1990}}
@article{huang2002,
Abstract = {Kenneth pomeranz argues that ``the great divergence'' between development and involution in Europe and China did not occur until after 1800. Until then, Europe and China were comparable in population history, agriculture, handicraft industry, income, and consumption. Europe before 1800, in other words, was much less developed than the last two decades of scholarship have led us to believe, while China before 1800 was much less involuted. To make his case, Pomeranz spotlights England, the most advanced part of Europe, and the Yangzi delta area, the most advanced part of China. They diverged only after 1800, mainly because of the lucky availability of coal resources for England, and also of other raw materials from the New World.},
Address = {New York, USA},
Author = {Philip C. C. Huang},
Date-Added = {2017-02-01 15:40:58 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Day = {001},
Doi = {10.2307/2700299},
Journal = {The Journal of Asian Studies},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Month = {005},
Number = {2},
Pages = {501-538},
Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
Title = {Development or Involution in Eighteenth-Century Britain and China? A Review of Kenneth Pomeranz's The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy},
Url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/div-class-title-development-or-involution-in-eighteenth-century-britain-and-china-a-review-of-kenneth-pomeranzandapos-s-span-class-italic-great-divergence-china-europe-and-the-making-of-the-modern-world-economy-span-div/8113826986A88670DC1B91C64796E320},
Url-1 = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/div-class-title-development-or-involution-in-eighteenth-century-britain-and-china-a-review-of-kenneth-pomeranzandapos-s-span-class-italic-great-divergence-china-europe-and-the-making-of-the-modern-world-economy-span-div/8113826986A88670DC1B91C64796E320},
Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2700299},
Volume = {61},
Year = {2002},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/div-class-title-development-or-involution-in-eighteenth-century-britain-and-china-a-review-of-kenneth-pomeranzandapos-s-span-class-italic-great-divergence-china-europe-and-the-making-of-the-modern-world-economy-span-div/8113826986A88670DC1B91C64796E320},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2700299}}
@techreport{FrankemaPap2017,
Author = {Frankema, Ewout and Papaioannou, Kostadis},
Date-Added = {2017-02-01 01:48:18 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:58 +0000},
Institution = {C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers},
Keywords = {deep},
Title = {Rainfall patterns and human settlement in tropical africa and asia compared. Did African farmers face greater insecurity?},
Year = {2017}}
@article{litina2016,
Abstract = {Abstract This research advances the hypothesis that natural land productivity in the past, and its effect on the desirable level of cooperation in the agricultural sector, had a persistent effect on the evolution of social capital, the process of industrialization and comparative economic development across the globe. Exploiting exogenous sources of variations in land productivity across (a) countries; (b) individuals within a country, (c) migrants of different ancestry within a country, and (d) individuals residing in regions within a country, the research establishes that lower level of land productivity in the past is associated with more intense cooperation and higher levels of contemporary social capital and development.},
Author = {Anastasia Litina},
Date-Added = {2017-02-01 01:44:02 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:58 +0000},
Doi = {10.1007/s10887-016-9134-7},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = {December},
Number = {4},
Pages = {351-408},
Title = {{Natural land productivity, cooperation and comparative development}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/kap/jecgro/v21y2016i4d10.1007_s10887-016-9134-7.html},
Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/kap/jecgro/v21y2016i4d10.1007_s10887-016-9134-7.html},
Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10887-016-9134-7},
Volume = {21},
Year = 2016,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/kap/jecgro/v21y2016i4d10.1007_s10887-016-9134-7.html},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10887-016-9134-7}}
@article{ashrafmich2015,
Abstract = {This research examines the climatic origins of the diffusion of Neolithic agriculture across countries and archaeological sites. The theory suggests that a foraging society's history of climatic shocks shaped the timing of its adoption of farming. Specifically, as long as climatic disturbances did not lead to a collapse of the underlying resource base, the rate at which hunter-gatherers were climatically propelled to experiment with their habitats determined the accumulation of tacit knowledge complementary to farming. Consistent with the proposed hypothesis, the empirical investigation demonstrates that, conditional on biogeographic endowments, climatic volatility has a hump-shaped effect on the timing of the adoption of agriculture.},
Author = {Quamrul Ashraf and Stelios Michalopoulos},
Date-Added = {2017-02-01 01:38:05 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:58 +0000},
Journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = {July},
Number = {3},
Pages = {589-609},
Title = {{Climatic Fluctuations and the Diffusion of Agriculture}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/tpr/restat/v97y2015i2p589-609.html},
Volume = {97},
Year = 2015,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/tpr/restat/v97y2015i2p589-609.html}}
@article{lagakos2016,
Abstract = {Many macroeconomists argue that productivity is low in developing countries because of frictions that impede the adoption of modern technologies. I argue that in the retail trade sector, developing countries rationally choose technologies with low measured labor productivity. My theory is that the adoption of modern retail technologies is optimal only when household ownership of complementary durable goods, such as cars, is widespread. Because income is low in the developing world, households own few such durables. The theory implies that policies that increase measured retail productivity do not necessarily increase welfare.},
Author = {David Lagakos},
Date-Added = {2017-01-16 22:23:09 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:15 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
Keywords = {rich, sector},
Number = {2},
Pages = {579-620},
Title = {{Explaining Cross-Country Productivity Differences in Retail Trade}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/jpolec/doi10.1086-684718.html},
Volume = {124},
Year = 2016,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/jpolec/doi10.1086-684718.html}}
@techreport{ablr2017,
Abstract = {We use household-level panel data from China and a quantitative framework to document the extent and consequences of factor misallocation in agriculture. We find that there are substantial frictions in both the land and capital markets linked to land institutions in rural China that disproportionately constrain the more productive farmers. These frictions reduce aggregate agricultural productivity in China by affecting two key margins: (1) the allocation of resources across farmers (misallocation) and (2) the allocation of workers across sectors, in particular the type of farmers who operate in agriculture (selection). We show that selection can substantially amplify the static misallocation effect of distortionary policies by affecting occupational choices that worsen the distribution of productive units in agriculture.},
Author = {Tasso Adamopoulos and Loren Brandt and Jessica Leight and Diego Restuccia},
Date-Added = {2017-01-16 22:17:31 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:36 +0000},
Institution = {University of Toronto, Department of Economics},
Keywords = {sector, markup},
Local-Url = {/Users/dietz/Dropbox/Papers/Adamopolous_etal_2017.pdf},
Month = Jan,
Number = {tecipa-574},
Title = {{Misallocation, Selection and Productivity: A Quantitative Analysis with Panel Data from China}},
Type = {Working Papers},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/tor/tecipa/tecipa-574.html},
Year = 2017,
Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/tor/tecipa/tecipa-574.html}}
@book{baumol2012,
Address = {New Haven, CT},
Author = {William J. Baumol},
Date-Added = {2017-01-16 22:12:33 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:15 +0000},
Keywords = {rich, sector, slowdown},
Publisher = {Yale University Press},
Title = {The Cost Disease: Why Computers Get Cheaper but Healthcare Doesn't},
Year = {2012}}
@article{baumolbowen65,
Author = {W. J. Baumol and W. G. Bowen},
Date-Added = {2017-01-16 22:10:58 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:15 +0000},
Issn = {00028282},
Journal = {The American Economic Review},
Keywords = {sector, rich, slowdown},
Number = {1/2},
Pages = {495-502},
Publisher = {American Economic Association},
Title = {On the Performing Arts: The Anatomy of Their Economic Problems},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1816292},
Volume = {55},
Year = {1965},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1816292}}
@article{baumol67,
Author = {William J. Baumol},
Date-Added = {2017-01-16 22:10:04 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:15 +0000},
Issn = {00028282},
Journal = {The American Economic Review},
Keywords = {rich, sector, slowdown},
Local-Url = {/Users/dietz/Dropbox/Papers/Baumol1967.pdf},
Number = {3},
Pages = {415-426},
Publisher = {American Economic Association},
Title = {Macroeconomics of Unbalanced Growth: The Anatomy of Urban Crisis},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1812111},
Volume = {57},
Year = {1967},
Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1812111}}
@article{bcp2016,
Abstract = {We study the effects of the adoption of new agricultural technologies on structural transformation. To guide empirical work, we present a simple model where the effect of agricultural productivity on industrial development depends on the factor-bias of technical change. We test the predictions of the model by studying the introduction of genetically engineered soybean seeds in Brazil, which had heterogeneous effects on agricultural productivity across areas with different soil and weather characteristics. We find that technical change in soy production was strongly labor-saving and led to industrial growth, as predicted by the model.},
Author = {Paula Bustos and Bruno Caprettini and Jacopo Ponticelli},
Date-Added = {2017-01-16 22:03:05 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2019-04-03 10:07:53 -0500},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Keywords = {sector, ec7340},
Local-Url = {/Users/dietz/Dropbox/Papers/Bustos_etal_2016.pdf},
Month = {June},
Number = {6},
Pages = {1320-65},
Title = {{Agricultural Productivity and Structural Transformation: Evidence from Brazil}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v106y2016i6p1320-65.html},
Volume = {106},
Year = 2016,
Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v106y2016i6p1320-65.html}}
@article{pritchett97,
Abstract = {Historical data are unnecessary to demonstrate that perhaps the basic fact of modern economic history is massive absolute divergence in per capita income across countries. A plausible lower bound on per capita income can be combined with estimates of its current level in the poorer countries to place an upper bound on long-run income growth. Between 1870 and 1990, the ratio of richest to poorest countries' income increased from roughly 9 to 1 to 45 to 1, the standard deviation of (natural log) per capita income doubled, and the average income gap between the richest and all other countries grew nearly tenfold from $1,286 to $12,000.},
Author = {Lant Pritchett},
Date-Added = {2017-01-16 21:51:43 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:15 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
Keywords = {rich, ec7340,rich},
Month = {Summer},
Number = {3},
Pages = {3-17},
Title = {{Divergence, Big Time}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/jecper/v11y1997i3p3-17.html},
Volume = {11},
Year = 1997,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/jecper/v11y1997i3p3-17.html}}
@article{GRUMP,
Address = {Palisades, NY},
Author = {{Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University, International Food Policy Research Institute, The World Bank, and Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical}},
Date-Added = {2017-01-12 20:41:08 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:58 +0000},
Keywords = {deep},
Publisher = {NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC)},
Title = {Global Rural-Urban Mapping Project, Version 1 (GRUMPv1): Population Density Grid},
Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.7927/H4R20Z93},
Year = {2011},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.7927/H4R20Z93}}
@article{cs2005,
Abstract = {We provide a unified theory of the transition in income, life expectancy, education, and population size from a nondeveloped environment to sustained growth. Individuals optimally trade off the time cost of education with its lifetime returns. Initially, low longevity implies a prohibitive cost for human capital formation for most individuals. A positive feedback loop between human capital and increasing longevity, triggered by endogenous skill-biased technological progress, eventually provides sufficient returns for widespread education. The transition is not based on scale effects and induces population growth despite unchanged fertility. A simulation illustrates that the dynamics fit historical data patterns.},
Author = {Matteo Cervellati and Uwe Sunde},
Date-Added = {2017-01-11 21:52:46 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Month = {December},
Number = {5},
Pages = {1653-1672},
Title = {{Human Capital Formation, Life Expectancy, and the Process of Development}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v95y2005i5p1653-1672.html},
Volume = {95},
Year = 2005,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v95y2005i5p1653-1672.html}}
@article{cs2015,
Abstract = {This paper develops a quantifiable unified growth theory to investigate cross-country comparative development. The calibrated model can replicate the historical development dynamics in forerunner countries like Sweden and the patterns in cross-country panel data. The findings suggest a crucial role of the timing of the onset of the economic and demographic transition for explaining differences in development. Country-specific differences in extrinsic mortality are a candidate explanation for differences in the timing of the take-off across countries and the resulting worldwide comparative development patterns, including the bimodal distribution of the endogenous variables across countries. (JEL I12, J11, J13, N33, N34, O41, O47)},
Author = {Matteo Cervellati and Uwe Sunde},
Date-Added = {2017-01-11 21:51:24 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Journal = {American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Month = {July},
Number = {3},
Pages = {189-225},
Title = {{The Economic and Demographic Transition, Mortality, and Comparative Development}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aejmac/v7y2015i3p189-225.html},
Volume = {7},
Year = 2015,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aejmac/v7y2015i3p189-225.html}}
@article{lagerlof2006,
Abstract = {Abstract: The long-run growth model of Galor and Weil (AER 2000) is examined quantitatively. We first give parametric forms to some functions which were only given on general form in the original article. We then choose numerical parameter values in line with calibrations of related long-run growth models, and with data. Finally, we simulate the model. We find, inter alia, that the time paths for population, and other variables, display oscillatory behavior: they move in endogenous cycles. As the economy transits from Malthusian stagnation to modern growth these oscillations die out. This is consistent with population growth rates fluctuating considerably in historical data, but having stabilized in modern economies. We also show that these cycles are not an artifact of the two-period life setting: allowing adults to live on after the second period of life with some probability does not make the oscillations go away. Rather, the cycles are driven by fertility being proportional to per-capita income minus the parental subsistence requirement. When population is large, and per-capita incomes close to subsistence, fertility is therefore sensitive to changes in population levels. (Copyright: Elsevier)},
Author = {Nils-Petter Lagerl{\"o}f},
Date-Added = {2017-01-11 21:32:50 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Journal = {Review of Economic Dynamics},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Month = {January},
Number = {1},
Pages = {116-142},
Title = {{The Galor-Weil Model Revisited: A Quantitative Exercise}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/red/issued/v9y2006i1p116-142.html},
Volume = {9},
Year = 2006,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/red/issued/v9y2006i1p116-142.html}}
@article{LeeAnderson2002,
Abstract = {. The history of preindustrial Europe provides an opportunity to examine the causes and consequences of population change at a macro level. However, serious statistical problems arise from the endogeneity of all observed variables in a Malthusian system (fertility, mortality, population size, and real wages), and from unobserved influences such as shifts in the demand for labor and variations in health. These problems have undermined both informal inference from the data and more complex econometric investigations. This paper takes a new statistical approach, finding the maximum likelihood estimate of a state space representation of the Malthusian system by repeated application of Kalman filter methods, using annual data from England, 1540 to 1870. The new estimates confirm some findings of the earlier literature and contradict others. Some variables are estimated for the first time. Implications are discussed for the interpretation of English economic-demographic history.},
Author = {Lee, Ronald and Anderson, Michael},
Date-Added = {2017-01-11 20:28:09 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Doi = {10.1007/s001480100091},
Issn = {1432-1475},
Journal = {Journal of Population Economics},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Number = {2},
Pages = {195--220},
Title = {Malthus in state space: Macro economic-demographic relations in English history, 1540 to 1870},
Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001480100091},
Volume = {15},
Year = {2002},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001480100091}}
@article{lagerlof2015,
Abstract = { This paper presents some new and unique cross-county data from 19th-century Sweden over birth, death, and marriage rates, grain prices, and harvests. Local grain prices correlate negatively with local harvests, suggesting imperfectly integrated food markets. The so-called positive and preventive checks are also present: good local harvests are associated with high birth and marriage rates, and low death rates. We also find that the fertility and marriage effects from changes in prices -- but not harvests -- are greater in counties that rely more on manufacturing, consistent with an open-economy model of fertility choice, where agents earn income from both agriculture and manufacturing.},
Author = {Nils-Petter Lagerl{\"o}f},
Date-Added = {2017-01-11 20:22:39 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Journal = {Scandinavian Journal of Economics},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Month = {October},
Number = {4},
Pages = {1091-1133},
Title = {{Malthus in Sweden}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/scandj/v117y2015i4p1091-1133.html},
Volume = {117},
Year = 2015,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/scandj/v117y2015i4p1091-1133.html}}
@article{kellyograda2014,
Abstract = { type=\"main\"> Existing studies find little connection between living standards and mortality in England, but go back only to the sixteenth century. Using new data on inheritances, we extend estimates of mortality back to the mid-thirteenth century and find, by contrast, that deaths from unfree tenants to the nobility were strongly affected by living standards. Looking at a large sample of parishes after 1540, we find that the positive check had weakened considerably by 1650 even though living standards were static at best, but persisted in London for another century despite its higher wages. In both cases the disappearance of the positive check coincided with the introduction of systematic poor relief, suggesting that government action may have played a role in breaking the link between harvest failure and mass mortality.},
Author = {Morgan Kelly and Cormac {{\'O} Gr{\'a}da}},
Date-Added = {2017-01-11 20:21:40 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Journal = {Economic History Review},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Month = {05},
Number = {2},
Pages = {358-381},
Title = {{Living standards and mortality since the middle ages}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/ehsrev/v67y2014i2p358-381.html},
Volume = {67},
Year = 2014,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/ehsrev/v67y2014i2p358-381.html}}
@article{kellyograda2012,
Abstract = {England's post-Reformation demographic regime has been characterized as ``low pressure.'' Yet the evidence hitherto for the presence of a preventive check, defined as the short-run response of marriage and births to variations in living standards, is rather weak. New evidence in this article strengthens the case for the preventive check in both medieval and early modern England. We invoke manorial data to argue the case for a preventive check on marriages in the Middle Ages. Our analysis of the post-1540 period, based on parish-level rather than aggregate data, finds evidence for a preventive check on marriages and births.},
Author = {Kelly, Morgan and {{\'O} Gr{\'a}da}, Cormac},
Date-Added = {2017-01-11 20:20:51 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Journal = {The Journal of Economic History},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Month = {December},
Number = {04},
Pages = {1015-1035},
Title = {{The Preventive Check in Medieval and Preindustrial England}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/cup/jechis/v72y2012i04p1015-1035_00.html},
Volume = {72},
Year = 2012,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/cup/jechis/v72y2012i04p1015-1035_00.html}}
@article{craftsmills2009,
Abstract = {This paper uses a variety of time-series methods and a new real wage series from [Clark, G., 2005. The condition of the working class in England, 1209 to 2004. Journal of Political Economy 113, 520 1307-1340.] to re-examine economic-demographic interactions in pre-industrial England. We confirm that there was a Malthusian economy in the sense that real wages were stationary until the end of the eighteenth century but we find that these was no positive check and that the preventive check broke down in the mid-seventeenth century so that Malthusian controls were absent from that point. There is no evidence of a positive feedback from increasing population size to technological progress as postulated by unified growth theory.},
Author = {Crafts, Nicholas and Mills, Terence C.},
Date-Added = {2017-01-11 20:18:11 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Macroeconomics},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Month = {March},
Number = {1},
Pages = {68-93},
Title = {{From Malthus to Solow: How did the Malthusian economy really evolve?}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/jmacro/v31y2009i1p68-93.html},
Volume = {31},
Year = 2009,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/jmacro/v31y2009i1p68-93.html}}
@article{weilwilde2009,
Abstract = {No abstract is available for this item.},
Author = {David N. Weil and Joshua Wilde},
Date-Added = {2017-01-06 21:50:13 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:36 +0000},
Journal = {American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings},
Keywords = {sector},
Month = {May},
Number = {2},
Pages = {255-60},
Title = {{How Relevant Is Malthus for Economic Development Today?}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v99y2009i2p255-60.html},
Volume = {99},
Year = 2009,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v99y2009i2p255-60.html}}
@techreport{hssw2016,
Abstract = {We study the distribution of economic activity, as proxied by lights at night, across 250,000 grid cells of average area 560 square kilometers. We first document that nearly half of the variation can be explained by a parsimonious set of physical geography attributes. A full set of country indicators only explains a further 10\%. When we divide geographic characteristics into two groups, those primarily important for agriculture and those primarily important for trade, we find that the agriculture variables have relatively more explanatory power in countries that developed early and the trade variables have relatively more in countries that developed late, despite the fact that the latter group of countries are far more dependent on agriculture today. We explain this apparent puzzle in a model in which two technological shocks occur, one increasing agricultural productivity and the other decreasing transportation costs, and in which agglomeration economies lead to persistence in urban locations. In countries that developed early, structural transformation due to rising agricultural productivity began at a time when transport costs were still relatively high, so urban agglomerations were localized in agricultural regions. When transport costs fell, these local agglomerations persisted. In late developing countries, transport costs fell well before structural transformation. To exploit urban scale economies, manufacturing agglomerated in relatively few, often coastal, locations. With structural transformation, these initial coastal locations grew, without formation of more cities in the agricultural interior.},
Author = {J. Vernon Henderson and Tim L. Squires and Adam Storeygard and David N. Weil},
Date-Added = {2017-01-06 21:39:18 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2019-04-03 10:47:55 -0500},
Institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc},
Keywords = {sector,urban,deep,ec7340},
Month = Apr,
Number = {22145},
Title = {{The Global Spatial Distribution of Economic Activity: Nature, History, and the Role of Trade}},
Type = {NBER Working Papers},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/22145.html},
Year = 2016,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/22145.html}}
@article{young2014,
Abstract = {If workers self-select into industries based upon their relative productivity in different tasks, and comparative advantage is aligned with absolute advantage, then the average efficacy of a sector's workforce will be negatively correlated with its employment share. This might explain the difference in the reported productivity growth of contracting goods and expanding services. Instrumenting with defense expenditures, I find the elasticity of worker efficacy with respect to employment shares is substantially negative, albeit imprecisely estimated. The estimates suggest that the view that goods and services have similar productivity growth rates is a plausible alternative characterization of growth in developed economies.},
Author = {Alwyn Young},
Date-Added = {2017-01-02 19:29:46 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:06 +0000},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Keywords = {sector, ec7340},
Month = {November},
Number = {11},
Pages = {3635-67},
Title = {{Structural Transformation, the Mismeasurement of Productivity Growth, and the Cost Disease of Services}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v104y2014i11p3635-67.html},
Volume = {104},
Year = 2014,
Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v104y2014i11p3635-67.html}}
@article{adamrest2014,
Abstract = {We study the determinants of di fferences in farm-size across countries and their impact on agricultural and aggregate productivity using a quantitative sectoral model featuring a distribution of farms. Measured aggregate factors (capital, land, economy-wide productivity) account for ? of the observed differences in farm size and productivity. Policies and institutions that misallocate resources across farms have the potential to account for the remaining diff erences. Exploiting within-country variation in crop-specifi c price distortions and their correlation with farm size, we construct a cross-country measure of farm-size distortions which together with aggregate factors accounts for ? of the cross-country diff erences in size and productivity.},
Author = {Tasso Adamopoulos and Diego Restuccia},
Date-Added = {2017-01-02 18:13:29 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:36 +0000},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Keywords = {sector, markup, ec7340},
Local-Url = {/Users/dietz/Dropbox/Papers/Adamopolous_Rest_2014.pdf},
Month = {June},
Number = {6},
Pages = {1667-97},
Title = {{The Size Distribution of Farms and International Productivity Differences}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v104y2014i6p1667-97.html},
Volume = {104},
Year = 2014,
Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v104y2014i6p1667-97.html}}
@article{ramankutty2002,
Author = {Ramankutty, Navin and Foley, Jonathan A. and Norman, John and McSweeney, Kevin},
Date-Added = {2016-12-30 22:36:08 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:36 +0000},
Doi = {10.1046/j.1466-822x.2002.00294.x},
Issn = {1466-8238},
Journal = {Global Ecology and Biogeography},
Keywords = {sector},
Number = {5},
Pages = {377--392},
Publisher = {Blackwell Science Ltd},
Title = {The global distribution of cultivable lands: current patterns and sensitivity to possible climate change},
Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-822x.2002.00294.x},
Volume = {11},
Year = {2002},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-822x.2002.00294.x}}
@unpublished{fs2015,
Author = {Fouka, Vasiliki and Schlaepfer, Alain},
Date-Added = {2016-12-30 22:33:39 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:58 +0000},
Keywords = {sector, deep},
Note = {Working paper},
Title = {Agricultural Labor Intensity and the Origins of Work Ehtics},
Year = {2015}}
@article{galorozak2016,
Abstract = {This research explores the origins of observed differences in time preference across countries and regions. Exploiting a natural experiment associated with the expansion of suitable crops for cultivation in the course of the Columbian Exchange, the research establishes that pre-industrial agro-climatic characteristics which were conducive to higher return to agricultural investment triggered selection, adaptation, and learning processes that generated a persistent positive effect on the prevalence of long-term orientation in the contemporary era. Furthermore, the research establishes that these agro-climatic characteristics have had a culturally embodied impact on economic behavior such as technological adoption, education, saving, and smoking.},
Author = {Oded Galor and {\"O}mer {\"O}zak},
Date-Added = {2016-12-30 22:25:02 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2019-04-03 10:50:05 -0500},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = {October},
Number = {10},
Pages = {3064-3103},
Title = {{The Agricultural Origins of Time Preference}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v106y2016i10p3064-3103.html},
Volume = {106},
Year = 2016,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v106y2016i10p3064-3103.html}}
@article{JMCB:JMCB12234,
Abstract = {We use state-level panel data on life insurance in force in the United States and find that a \$1 increase in government debt, at either the state or federal level is associated with a \$0.96 increase in the face value of the average life insurance holdings per capita for a household in the average state. This increase represents an intention to save that would almost completely offset the government debt in specific states of the world (i.e., if the insured dies). Because this state of the world is rare, the immediate increase in actual savings is only about \$0.03, the cost of the additional insurance. We find, in addition, that this response occurs mainly on the intensive margin, meaning that the size of the average life insurance policy increases when government debt increases. Along the extensive margin, we find the number of policies in force falls slightly with federal debt, and rises slightly with state debt increases. The results show altruistic planning in response to changes in government debt that are consistent with Ricardian Equivalence and the long-run neutrality of government debt.},
Author = {Craig, Steven G. and Hoang, Edward C. and Vollrath, Dietrich},
Date-Added = {2016-11-18 15:48:57 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2017-09-30 22:00:15 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Money, Credit and Banking},
Keywords = {me},
Number = {5},
Pages = {819--845},
Paper = {CRAIG_et_al-2015.pdf},
Title = {Household Response to Government Debt: Evidence from Life Insurance Holdings},
Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jmcb.12234},
Volume = {47},
Year = {2015},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jmcb.12234}}
@techreport{gaez,
Author = {{Food and Agriculture Organization}},
Date-Added = {2016-09-27 20:03:18 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:58 +0000},
Institution = {United Nations},
Keywords = {deep},
Note = {www.fao.org/nr/GAEZ},
Title = {Global Agro-ecological Zones},
Year = {2012}}
@article{hyde31,
Author = {Goldewijk, Klein Kees and Beusen, Arthur and van Drecht, Gerard and de Vos, Martine},
Date-Added = {2016-09-27 19:41:39 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:58 +0000},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00587.x},
Issn = {1466-8238},
Journal = {Global Ecology and Biogeography},
Keywords = {deep},
Number = {1},
Pages = {73--86},
Publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
Title = {The HYDE 3.1 spatially explicit database of human-induced global land-use change over the past 12,000 years},
Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00587.x},
Volume = {20},
Year = {2011},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00587.x}}
@techreport{penn63,
Author = {Heston, Alan and Summers, Robert and Aten, Bettina},
Date-Added = {2016-04-26 18:16:16 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:15 +0000},
Institution = {Center for International Comparisons of Production, Income, and Prices at the University of Pennsylvania},
Keywords = {rich},
Month = {August},
Title = {Penn World Table Version 6.3},
Year = {2009}}
@article{bkp2012,
Abstract = {An important issue in the analysis of cross-sectional dependence which has received renewed interest in the past few years is the need for a better understanding of the extent and nature of such cross dependencies. In this paper we focus on measures of cross-sectional dependence and how such measures are related to the behaviour of the aggregates defined as cross-sectional averages. We endeavour to determine the rate at which the cross-sectional weighted average of a set of variables appropriately demeaned, tends to zero. One parameterisation sets this to be O(N^2α-2), for 1/2 },
Author = {Bailey, Natalia and Kapetanios, George and Pesaran, M. Hashem},
Date-Added = {2016-04-26 18:14:11 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2017-04-16 15:40:58 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Applied Econometrics},
Keywords = {est},
Title = {{Exponent of Cross-sectional Dependence: Estimation and Inference}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/iza/izadps/dp6318.html},
Year = 2015,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/iza/izadps/dp6318.html}}
@article{tombe2015,
Abstract = {Agriculture in poor countries has low productivity, high employment, and negligible trade flows relative to other sectors. These facts motivate a multisector, open-economy view of international productivity differences. With a quantitative multicountry model featuring nonhomothetic preferences, multiple interrelated sectors, distorted labor markets, and costly trade, I find: trade amplifies the negative effect of labor market distortions; trade costs---large for poor countries, especially in agriculture---significantly contribute to international productivity differences; and explicitly modeling agriculture reveals additional channels through which poor countries may gain from trade. (JEL F41, J24, J43, O13, O19, Q11, Q17)},
Author = {Trevor Tombe},
Date-Added = {2016-04-22 15:41:38 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:36 +0000},
Journal = {American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics},
Keywords = {sector},
Month = {July},
Number = {3},
Pages = {226-58},
Title = {{The Missing Food Problem: Trade, Agriculture, and International Productivity Differences}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aejmac/v7y2015i3p226-58.html},
Volume = {7},
Year = 2015,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aejmac/v7y2015i3p226-58.html}}
@article{jones2005,
Abstract = {This paper views the standard production function in macroeconomics as a reduced form and derives its properties from microfoundations. The shape of this production function is governed by the distribution of ideas. If that distribution is Pareto, then two results obtain: the global production function is Cobb-Douglas, and technical change in the long run is labor-augmenting. Kortum (1997) showed that Pareto distributions are necessary if search-based idea models are to exhibit steady-state growth. Here we show that this same assumption delivers the additional results about the shape of the production function and the direction of technical change.},
Author = {Charles I. Jones},
Date-Added = {2016-04-08 20:08:08 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2016-04-08 20:09:50 +0000},
Journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
Keywords = {theory},
Number = {2},
Pages = {517-549},
Title = {The Shape of the Production Function and the Direction of Technical Change},
Volume = {120},
Year = {2005}}
@article{houthakker1955,
Abstract = {No abstract is available for this item.},
Author = {H. S. Houthakker},
Date-Added = {2016-04-08 20:04:20 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2017-04-16 15:40:59 +0000},
Journal = {Review of Economic Studies},
Keywords = {theory},
Number = {1},
Pages = {27-31},
Title = {{The Pareto Distribution and the Cobb-Douglas Production Function in Activity Analysis}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/oup/restud/v23y1955i1p27-31..html},
Volume = {23},
Year = 1955,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/oup/restud/v23y1955i1p27-31..html}}
@article{pt2011,
Abstract = {This paper considers methods for estimating the slope coefficients in large panel data models that are robust to the presence of various forms of error cross-section dependence. It introduces a general framework where error cross-section dependence may arise because of unobserved common effects and/or error spill-over effects due to spatial or other forms of local dependencies. Initially, this paper focuses on a panel regression model where the idiosyncratic errors are spatially dependent and possibly serially correlated, and derives the asymptotic distributions of the mean group and pooled estimators under heterogeneous and homogeneous slope coefficients, and for these estimators proposes non-parametric variance matrix estimators. The paper then considers the more general case of a panel data model with a multifactor error structure and spatial error correlations. Under this framework, the Common Correlated Effects (CCE) estimator, recently advanced by Pesaran (2006), continues to yield estimates of the slope coefficients that are consistent and asymptotically normal. Small sample properties of the estimators under various patterns of cross-section dependence, including spatial forms, are investigated by Monte Carlo experiments. Results show that the CCE approach works well in the presence of weak and/or strong cross-sectionally correlated errors.},
Author = {Pesaran, M. Hashem and Tosetti, Elisa},
Date-Added = {2016-04-08 18:44:38 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2017-04-16 15:41:00 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Econometrics},
Keywords = {est},
Month = {April},
Number = {2},
Pages = {182-202},
Title = {{Large panels with common factors and spatial correlation}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/econom/v161y2011i2p182-202.html},
Volume = {161},
Year = 2011,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/econom/v161y2011i2p182-202.html}}
@article{kpy2011,
Abstract = {The presence of cross-sectionally correlated error terms invalidates much inferential theory of panel data models. Recently, work by Pesaran (2006) has suggested a method which makes use of cross-sectional averages to provide valid inference in the case of stationary panel regressions with a multifactor error structure. This paper extends this work and examines the important case where the unobservable common factors follow unit root processes. The extension to I(1) processes is remarkable on two counts. First, it is of great interest to note that while intermediate results needed for deriving the asymptotic distribution of the panel estimators differ between the I(1) and I(0) cases, the final results are surprisingly similar. This is in direct contrast to the standard distributional results for I(1) processes that radically differ from those for I(0) processes. Second, it is worth noting the significant extra technical demands required to prove the new results. The theoretical findings are further supported for small samples via an extensive Monte Carlo study. In particular, the results of the Monte Carlo study suggest that the cross-sectional-average-based method is robust to a wide variety of data generation processes and has lower biases than the alternative estimation methods considered in the paper.},
Author = {Kapetanios, G. and Pesaran, M. Hashem and Yamagata, T.},
Date-Added = {2016-04-08 18:43:03 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2017-04-16 15:41:00 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Econometrics},
Keywords = {est},
Month = {February},
Number = {2},
Pages = {326-348},
Title = {{Panels with non-stationary multifactor error structures}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/econom/v160y2011i2p326-348.html},
Volume = {160},
Year = 2011,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/econom/v160y2011i2p326-348.html}}
@article{islam1995,
Abstract = {A panel data approach is advocated and implemented for studying growth convergence. The familiar equation for testing convergence is reformulated as a dynamic panel data model, and different panel data estimators are used to estimate it. The main usefulness of the panel approach lies in its ability to allow for differences in the aggregate production function across economies. This leads to results that are significantly different from those obtained from single cross-country regressions. In the process of identifying the individual \"country effect,\" we can also see the point where neoclassical growth empirics meets development economics.},
Author = {Nazrul Islam},
Date-Added = {2016-04-08 17:56:47 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:15 +0000},
Journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
Keywords = {rich},
Number = {4},
Pages = {1127-1170},
Title = {{Growth Empirics: A Panel Data Approach}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/oup/qjecon/v110y1995i4p1127-1170..html},
Volume = {110},
Year = 1995,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/oup/qjecon/v110y1995i4p1127-1170..html}}
@incollection{Timmer2002Agriculture-and,
Author = {Timmer, Peter},
Booktitle = {Handbook of Agricultural Economics},
Chapter = {29},
Date-Added = {2016-04-08 15:22:10 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:36 +0000},
Editor = {B. L. Gardner and G. C. Rausser},
Keywords = {sector},
Number = {1},
Pages = {1487-1546},
Publisher = {Elsevier},
Title = {Agriculture and economic development},
Volume = {2},
Year = {2002}}
@article{Stock2002Forecasting-usi,
Author = {Stock, James H. and Mark W. Watson},
Date-Added = {2016-04-08 15:21:17 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2016-04-08 15:22:03 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of the American Statistical Association},
Keywords = {est},
Number = {460},
Pages = {1167-79},
Title = {Forecasting using principal components from a large number of predictors},
Volume = {97},
Year = {2002}}
@article{wu2015,
Abstract = {In spite of the increased use of factor-augmented regressions in recent years, little is known regarding the relative merits of the two main approaches to estimation and inference, namely, the cross-sectional average and principal component estimators. By providing a formal comparison of the approaches, the current paper fills this gap in the literature.},
Author = {Westerlund, Joakim and Urbain, Jean-Pierre},
Date-Added = {2016-04-08 15:20:49 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2017-04-16 15:41:02 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Econometrics},
Keywords = {est},
Number = {2},
Pages = {372-377},
Title = {{Cross-sectional averages versus principal components}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/econom/v185y2015i2p372-377.html},
Volume = {185},
Year = 2015,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/econom/v185y2015i2p372-377.html}}
@article{ruttan2002,
Abstract = {During the last half-century, advances in crop production came from expansion in areas irrigated from more intensive application of fertilizers and crop protection chemicals, and from crop varieties that were more responsive to technical inputs and management. Advances in animal production came from genetic improvements and advances in animal nutrition. Differences among developed and developing countries in output per hectare and per worker have widened. If these gaps are to be narrowed agricultural research capacity in developing countries will have to be substantially strengthened.},
Author = {Vernon W. Ruttan},
Date-Added = {2016-04-08 15:18:48 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:36 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
Keywords = {sector},
Month = {Fall},
Number = {4},
Pages = {161-184},
Title = {{Productivity Growth in World Agriculture: Sources and Constraints}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/jecper/v16y2002i4p161-184.html},
Volume = {16},
Year = 2002,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/jecper/v16y2002i4p161-184.html}}
@techreport{Rao1993Intercountry-co,
Address = {Rome},
Author = {Prasada D. S. Rao},
Date-Added = {2016-04-08 15:16:34 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:36 +0000},
Institution = {FAO Economic and Social Development Paper},
Keywords = {sector},
Title = {Intercountry comparisons of agricultural output and productivity},
Year = {1993}}
@book{pom2000,
Author = {Kenneth Pomeranz},
Date-Added = {2016-04-08 15:15:55 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Publisher = {Princeton University Press},
Title = {The Great Divergence},
Year = {2000}}
@article{pedroni2007,
Abstract = { Recent advances in the growth literature have proposed that difficult-to-quantify concepts such as social capital may play an important role in explaining the degree of persistent income disparity that is observed among countries. Other recently explored possibilities include institutional mechanisms which generate barriers to aggregate production. An important limitation for empirical work in this area stems from the fact that it is difficult to distinguish sources of heterogeneity when direct observations are not available. In this study, we show how developments in the analysis of nonstationary panels can aid in this endeavor. In contrast to traditional dynamic panel data analysis, this approach focuses explicitly on low-frequency behavior. Under relatively mild assumptions, the approach can be used to infer properties of aggregate production which are robust to the presence of large classes of unobserved features. In this framework we are able to estimate and test the distribution of production function parameters that would be required in order to generate conditional forecast convergence of per capita incomes even when some of the key factors required to explain growth are unobserved. The results indicate that in order to fully explain the observed persistence in the disparity of per capita incomes, the manner in which unobserved mechanisms influence production must go beyond merely accounting for differences in the trending behavior of aggregate productivity. Specifically, if such mechanisms are to be successful empirically, they must also be able to account for cross-country heterogeneity in steady-state capital shares. This adds to a growing literature that provides support for models with multiple production regimes. Copyright {\copyright} 2007 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
Author = {Peter Pedroni},
Date-Added = {2016-04-08 15:15:28 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2017-04-16 15:41:03 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Applied Econometrics},
Keywords = {est},
Number = {2},
Pages = {429-451},
Title = {{Social capital, barriers to production and capital shares: implications for the importance of parameter heterogeneity from a nonstationary panel approach}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/jae/japmet/v22y2007i2p429-451.html},
Volume = {22},
Year = 2007,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/jae/japmet/v22y2007i2p429-451.html}}
@article{mbl2012,
Abstract = {Economic growth involves reallocating resources from traditional to new techniques of production, creating new relationships between particular resources and productivity. The paper analyzes the implications of this process on the estimation of agricultural production functions using a panel of countries. The data includes a measure of capital in agriculture absent from most studies. We employ a heterogeneous technology framework where implemented technology is chosen jointly with inputs to interpret information obtained in the empirical analysis of panel data. In this framework, estimates depend upon the economic environment, which is represented by state variables. It turns out that the old problem of identifying the production function cannot be resolved through the use of instrumental variables, but can be resolved using the allocation error. The paper discusses the scope for replacing country and time effects by observed state variables. The empirical results differ from those reported in the literature for cross-country studies, largely in augmenting the elasticities of capital and land and reducing those of fertilizer and labor. The evaluation of the marginal value productivity accounts for the flow of capital and fertilizer to agriculture and the flow of labor to other sectors, thereby contributing to overall economic growth.},
Author = {Mundlak, Yair and Butzer, Rita and Larson, Donald F.},
Date-Added = {2016-04-08 15:14:31 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2017-04-16 15:41:04 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
Keywords = {est},
Number = {1},
Pages = {139-149},
Title = {{Heterogeneous technology and panel data: The case of the agricultural production function}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/deveco/v99y2012i1p139-149.html},
Volume = {99},
Year = 2012,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/deveco/v99y2012i1p139-149.html}}
@article{mm2001,
Abstract = {No abstract is available for this item.},
Author = {Martin, Will and Mitra, Devashish},
Date-Added = {2016-04-08 15:11:38 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2019-04-03 10:07:15 -0500},
Journal = {Economic Development and Cultural Change},
Keywords = {sector},
Month = {January},
Number = {2},
Pages = {403-22},
Title = {{Productivity Growth and Convergence in Agriculture versus Manufacturing}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/ecdecc/v49y2001i2p403-22.html},
Volume = {49},
Year = 2001,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/ecdecc/v49y2001i2p403-22.html}}
@article{ma1944,
Author = {Jacob Marschak and William H. Andrews},
Date-Added = {2016-04-08 15:09:39 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2016-04-08 15:10:34 +0000},
Journal = {Econometrica},
Keywords = {est},
Number = {3/4},
Pages = {143-205},
Title = {Random Simultaneous Equations and the Theory of Production},
Volume = {12},
Year = {1944}}
@article{jg1992,
Author = {Jorgenson, Dale and Frank Gollop},
Date-Added = {2016-04-08 15:07:57 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:36 +0000},
Journal = {American Journal of Agricultural Economics},
Keywords = {sector},
Number = {3},
Pages = {745-50},
Title = {Productivity Growth in U.S. Agriculture: A Postwar Perspective},
Volume = {74},
Year = {1992}}
@article{jaffe1986,
Abstract = { This paper quantifies the effects of exogenous variations in the state of technology (technological opportunity) and of the R\&D of other firms (spillovers of R\&D) on the productivity of firms' R\&D. The R\&D productivity is increased by the R\&D of \"technological neighbors,\" though neighbors' R\&D lowers the profits and market value of low-R\&D-intensity firms. Firms are shown to adjust the technological composition of their R\&D in response to technological opportunity. Copyright 1986 by American Economic Association.},
Author = {Jaffe, Adam B},
Date-Added = {2016-04-08 15:05:46 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:15 +0000},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Keywords = {rich},
Month = {December},
Number = {5},
Pages = {984-1001},
Title = {{Technological Opportunity and Spillovers of R\&D: Evidence from Firms' Patents, Profits, and Market Value}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v76y1986i5p984-1001.html},
Volume = {76},
Year = 1986,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v76y1986i5p984-1001.html}}
@article{fit2015,
Abstract = {We describe the theory and practice of real GDP comparisons across countries and over time. Version 8 of the Penn World Table expands on previous versions in three respects. First, in addition to comparisons of living standards using components of real GDP on the expenditure side, we provide a measure of productive capacity, called real GDP on the output side. Second, growth rates are benchmarked to multiple years of cross-country price data so they are less sensitive to new benchmark data. Third, data on capital stocks and productivity are (re)introduced. Applications including the Balassa-Samuelson effect and development accounting are discussed. (JEL C43, C82, E01, E23, I31, O47)},
Author = {Robert C. Feenstra and Robert Inklaar and Marcel P. Timmer},
Date-Added = {2016-04-08 15:04:45 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2019-04-03 10:52:09 -0500},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Keywords = {rich},
Month = {October},
Number = {10},
Pages = {3150-82},
Title = {{The Next Generation of the Penn World Table}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v105y2015i10p3150-82.html},
Volume = {105},
Year = 2015,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v105y2015i10p3150-82.html}}
@article{hamilton1992,
Abstract = {No abstract is available for this item.},
Author = {Lawrence C. Hamilton},
Date-Added = {2016-04-08 15:02:35 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2017-04-16 15:41:06 +0000},
Journal = {Stata Technical Bulletin},
Keywords = {est},
Number = {2},
Title = {{How Robust is Robust Regression?}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/tsj/stbull/y1992v1i2srd1.html},
Volume = {1},
Year = 1992,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/tsj/stbull/y1992v1i2srd1.html}}
@article{gg2003,
Abstract = { We use the new growth theory framework and panel cointegration techniques to analyse the effect of international agricultural technological spillovers on total factor productivity growth for a sample of 47 countries during the period 1970--1992. The analysis shows that total factor productivity is strongly influenced by domestic as well as foreign public research and development (R\&D) spending in the agricultural sector. Geographical factors matter, in that countries located in temperate zones benefit from technological spillovers more than countries located in tropical zones. We find that the rate of return to agricultural R\&D spending is higher in tropical countries. This could justify new support and an even greater investment in agricultural R\&D for these countries. Copyright 2003, Oxford University Press.},
Author = {L. Gutierrez and M. M. Gutierrez},
Date-Added = {2016-04-08 15:01:50 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:36 +0000},
Journal = {European Review of Agricultural Economics},
Keywords = {sector},
Month = {September},
Number = {3},
Pages = {281-303},
Title = {{International R\&D spillovers and productivity growth in the agricultural sector. A panel cointegration approach}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/oup/erevae/v30y2003i3p281-303.html},
Volume = {30},
Year = 2003,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/oup/erevae/v30y2003i3p281-303.html}}
@book{grigg1974,
Author = {David Grigg},
Date-Added = {2016-04-08 15:00:29 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:36 +0000},
Keywords = {sector},
Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
Title = {The Agricultural Systems of the World},
Year = {1974}}
@unpublished{faostat,
Author = {FAO},
Date-Added = {2016-04-08 14:58:20 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:36 +0000},
Keywords = {sector},
Note = {Online database},
Title = {{FAOSTAT}},
Url = {www.faostat.org},
Year = {2007},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {www.faostat.org}}
@article{et2013,
Abstract = { One of the most striking features of economic growth is the process of structural change whereby the share of agriculture in GDP decreases as countries develop. The cross-country growth literature typically estimates an aggregate homogeneous production function or convergence regression model that abstracts from the process of structural change. In this paper, we investigate the extent to which assumptions about aggregation and homogeneity matter for inferences regarding the nature of technology differences across countries. Using a unique World Bank dataset, we estimate production functions for agriculture and manufacturing in a panel of 40 developing and developed countries for the period from 1963 to 1992. We empirically model dimensions of heterogeneity across countries, allowing for different choices of technology within both sectors. We argue that heterogeneity is important within sectors across countries implying that an analysis of aggregate data will not produce useful measures of the nature of the technology or productivity. We show that many of the puzzling elements in aggregate cross-country empirics can be explained by inappropriate aggregation across heterogeneous sectors. Copyright 2013, Oxford University Press.},
Author = {Markus Eberhardt and Francis Teal},
Date-Added = {2016-04-08 14:57:43 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:15 +0000},
Journal = {World Bank Economic Review},
Keywords = {rich},
Number = {2},
Pages = {229-271},
Title = {{Structural Change and Cross-Country Growth Empirics}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/oup/wbecrv/v27y2013i2p229-271.html},
Volume = {27},
Year = 2013,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/oup/wbecrv/v27y2013i2p229-271.html}}
@article{et2011,
Author = {Eberhardt, Markus and Francis Teal},
Date-Added = {2016-04-08 14:56:12 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2017-04-16 15:41:09 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Surveys},
Keywords = {est},
Month = {02},
Number = {1},
Pages = {109-155},
Title = {{Econometrics For Grumblers: A New Look At The Literature On Cross‐Country Growth Empirics}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/jecsur/v25y2011i1p109-155.html},
Volume = {25},
Year = 2011,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/jecsur/v25y2011i1p109-155.html}}
@article{cpr1997,
Abstract = { In this paper, we present measures of land and labor productivity for a group of ninety-eight developed and developing countries using an entirely new data set with annual observations spanning the past three decades. The substantial cross-country and intertemporal variation in productivity in our sample is linked to both natural and economic factors. We extend previous work by dealing with multiple sources of systematic measurement error in conventional agricultural inputs. The mix of conventional inputs, indicators of quality of agricultural inputs, and the amount of publicly provided infrastructure are all significant in explaining observed cross-sectional differences in productivity patterns. Copyright 1997, Oxford University Press.},
Author = {Barbara J. Craig and Philip G. Pardey and Johannes Roseboom},
Date-Added = {2016-04-08 14:55:06 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:36 +0000},
Journal = {American Journal of Agricultural Economics},
Keywords = {sector},
Number = {4},
Pages = {1064-1076},
Title = {{International Productivity Patterns: Accounting for Input Quality, Infrastructure, and Research}},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/oup/ajagec/v79y1997i4p1064-1076.html},
Volume = {79},
Year = 1997,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/oup/ajagec/v79y1997i4p1064-1076.html}}
@article{cfs2006,
Abstract = {Recently, the large T panel literature has emphasized unobserved, time-varying heterogeneity that may stem from omitted common variables or global shocks that affect each individual unit differently. These latent common factors induce cross-section dependence and may lead to inconsistent regression coefficient estimates if they are correlated with the explanatory variables. Moreover if the process underlying these factors is nonstationary, the individual regressions will be spurious but pooling or averaging across individual estimates still permits consistent estimates of a long-run coefficient. The need to tackle both error cross-section dependence and persistent autocorrelation is motivated by evidence of their pervasiveness found in three well-known international finance and macroeconomic examples. A range of estimators is surveyed and their finite sample properties are examined by means of Monte Carlo experiments. These reveal that a mean group version of the common-correlated-effects estimator stands out as the most robust since it is the preferred choice in rather general (non) stationary settings where regressors and errors share common factors and their factor loadings are possibly dependent. Other approaches which perform reasonably well include the two-way fixed effects, demeaned mean group and between estimators but they are less efficient than the common-correlated-effects estimator.
(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)}, Author = {Coakley, Jerry and Fuertes, Ana-Maria and Smith, Ron}, Date-Added = {2016-04-08 14:46:42 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2017-04-16 15:41:11 +0000}, Journal = {Computational Statistics \& Data Analysis}, Keywords = {est}, Month = {May}, Number = {9}, Pages = {2361-2380}, Title = {{Unobserved heterogeneity in panel time series models}}, Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/csdana/v50y2006i9p2361-2380.html}, Volume = {50}, Year = 2006, Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/csdana/v50y2006i9p2361-2380.html}} @article{cp2008, Abstract = { We investigate the consequences of various types of infrastructure provision in a panel of countries from 1950 to 1992. We develop new tests which enable us to isolate the sign and direction of long-run effects in a manner that is robust to the presence of unknown heterogeneous short-run causal relationships. We show that while infrastructure does tend to cause long-run economic growth, there is substantial variation across countries. We also provide evidence that each infrastructure type is provided at close to the growth-maximizing level on average globally, but is under-supplied in some countries and over-supplied in others. Copyright � 2008 The Authors. Journal compilation � 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and The University of Manchester.}, Author = {David Canning and Peter Pedroni}, Date-Added = {2016-04-08 14:45:47 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2017-04-16 15:41:11 +0000}, Journal = {Manchester School}, Keywords = {est}, Month = {09}, Number = {5}, Pages = {504-527}, Title = {{Infrastructure, Long-Run Economic Growth And Causality Tests For Cointegrated Panels}}, Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/manchs/v76y2008i5p504-527.html}, Volume = {76}, Year = 2008, Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/manchs/v76y2008i5p504-527.html}} @article{bernardjones1996, Abstract = { This paper examines the role of sectors in aggregate convergence for fourteen OECD countries during 1970-87. The major finding is that manufacturing shows little evidence of either labor productivity or multifactor productivity convergence, while other sectors, especially services, are driving the aggregate convergence result. To determine the robustness of the convergence results, the paper introduces a new measure of multifactor productivity which avoids many problems inherent to traditional measures of total factor productivity when comparing productivity levels. The lack of convergence in manufacturing is robust to the method of calculating multifactor productivity. Copyright 1996 by American Economic Association.}, Author = {Bernard, Andrew B and Jones, Charles I}, Date-Added = {2016-04-08 14:45:01 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:15 +0000}, Journal = {American Economic Review}, Keywords = {rich}, Local-Url = {/Users/dietz/Dropbox/Papers/Bernard_Jones_1997.pdf}, Month = {December}, Number = {5}, Pages = {1216-38}, Title = {{Comparing Apples to Oranges: Productivity Convergence and Measurement across Industries and Countries}}, Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v86y1996i5p1216-38.html}, Volume = {86}, Year = 1996, Bdsk-File-1 = {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}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v86y1996i5p1216-38.html}} @article{barrolee2013, Abstract = {Our panel data set on educational attainment has been updated for 146 countries from 1950 to 2010. The data are disaggregated by sex and by 5-year age intervals. We have improved the accuracy of estimation by using information from consistent census data, disaggregated by age group, along with new estimates of mortality rates and completion rates by age and education level. We compare the estimates with our previous ones (Barro and Lee, 2001) and alternative measures (Cohen and Soto, 2007). Our estimates of educational attainment provide a reasonable proxy for the stock of human capital for a broad group of countries and should be useful for a variety of empirical work.}, Author = {Barro, Robert J. and Lee, Jong Wha}, Date-Added = {2016-04-08 14:43:50 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:06:18 +0000}, Journal = {Journal of Development Economics}, Keywords = {other}, Number = {C}, Pages = {184-198}, Title = {{A new data set of educational attainment in the world, 1950--2010}}, Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/deveco/v104y2013icp184-198.html}, Volume = {104}, Year = 2013, Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/deveco/v104y2013icp184-198.html}} @article{pesaransmith1995, Abstract = {No abstract is available for this item.}, Author = {Pesaran, M. Hashem and Smith, Ron}, Date-Added = {2016-04-08 14:42:32 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2017-04-16 15:41:13 +0000}, Journal = {Journal of Econometrics}, Keywords = {est}, Month = {July}, Number = {1}, Pages = {79-113}, Title = {{Estimating long-run relationships from dynamic heterogeneous panels}}, Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/econom/v68y1995i1p79-113.html}, Volume = {68}, Year = 1995, Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/econom/v68y1995i1p79-113.html}} @article{pesaran2015, Abstract = { This article considers testing the hypothesis that errors in a panel data model are weakly cross-sectionally dependent, using the exponent of cross-sectional dependence α, introduced recently in Bailey, Kapetanios, and Pesaran (2012). It is shown that the implicit null of the cross-sectional dependence (CD) test depends on the relative expansion rates of N and T . When T = O( N -super-ε), for some 0 > ε ≤1, then the implicit null of the CD test is given by 0 ≤ α > (2 - ε)/4, which gives 0 ≤ α >1/4, when N and T tend to infinity at the same rate such that T /N → κ, with κ being a finite positive constant. It is argued that in the case of large N panels, the null of weak dependence is more appropriate than the null of independence which could be quite restrictive for large panels. Using Monte Carlo experiments, it is shown that the CD test has the correct size for values of α in the range [0, 1/4], for all combinations of N and T , and irrespective of whether the panel contains lagged values of the dependent variables, so long as there are no major asymmetries in the error distribution.}, Author = {M. Hashem Pesaran}, Date-Added = {2016-04-08 14:41:45 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2017-04-16 15:41:14 +0000}, Journal = {Econometric Reviews}, Keywords = {est}, Month = {December}, Number = {6-10}, Pages = {1089-1117}, Title = {{Testing Weak Cross-Sectional Dependence in Large Panels}}, Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/taf/emetrv/v34y2015i6-10p1089-1117.html}, Volume = {34}, Year = 2015, Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/taf/emetrv/v34y2015i6-10p1089-1117.html}} @article{pesaran2007, Abstract = { A number of panel unit root tests that allow for cross-section dependence have been proposed in the literature that use orthogonalization type procedures to asymptotically eliminate the cross-dependence of the series before standard panel unit root tests are applied to the transformed series. In this paper we propose a simple alternative where the standard augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) regressions are augmented with the cross-section averages of lagged levels and first-differences of the individual series. New asymptotic results are obtained both for the individual cross-sectionally augmented ADF (CADF) statistics and for their simple averages. It is shown that the individual CADF statistics are asymptotically similar and do not depend on the factor loadings. The limit distribution of the average CADF statistic is shown to exist and its critical values are tabulated. Small sample properties of the proposed test are investigated by Monte Carlo experiments. The proposed test is applied to a panel of 17 OECD real exchange rate series as well as to log real earnings of households in the PSID data. Copyright {\copyright} 2007 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.}, Author = {M. Hashem Pesaran}, Date-Added = {2016-04-08 14:41:06 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2017-04-16 15:41:14 +0000}, Journal = {Journal of Applied Econometrics}, Keywords = {est}, Number = {2}, Pages = {265-312}, Title = {{A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence}}, Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/jae/japmet/v22y2007i2p265-312.html}, Volume = {22}, Year = 2007, Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/jae/japmet/v22y2007i2p265-312.html}} @article{pesaran2006, Abstract = { This paper presents a new approach to estimation and inference in panel data models with a general multifactor error structure. The unobserved factors and the individual-specific errors are allowed to follow arbitrary stationary processes, and the number of unobserved factors need not be estimated. The basic idea is to filter the individual-specific regressors by means of cross-section averages such that asymptotically as the cross-section dimension (N) tends to infinity, the differential effects of unobserved common factors are eliminated. The estimation procedure has the advantage that it can be computed by least squares applied to auxiliary regressions where the observed regressors are augmented with cross-sectional averages of the dependent variable and the individual-specific regressors. A number of estimators (referred to as common correlated effects (CCE) estimators) are proposed and their asymptotic distributions are derived. The small sample properties of mean group and pooled CCE estimators are investigated by Monte Carlo experiments, showing that the CCE estimators have satisfactory small sample properties even under a substantial degree of heterogeneity and dynamics, and for relatively small values of N and T. Copyright The Econometric Society 2006.}, Author = {M. Hashem Pesaran}, Date-Added = {2016-04-08 14:40:31 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2017-04-16 15:41:15 +0000}, Journal = {Econometrica}, Keywords = {est}, Month = {07}, Number = {4}, Pages = {967-1012}, Title = {{Estimation and Inference in Large Heterogeneous Panels with a Multifactor Error Structure}}, Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ecm/emetrp/v74y2006i4p967-1012.html}, Volume = {74}, Year = 2006, Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ecm/emetrp/v74y2006i4p967-1012.html}} @article{ch2015, Abstract = {This paper extends the Common Correlated Effects (CCE) approach developed by Pesaran (2006) to heterogeneous panel data models with lagged dependent variables and/or weakly exogenous regressors. We show that the CCE mean group estimator continues to be valid but the following two conditions must be satisfied to deal with the dynamics: a sufficient number of lags of cross section averages must be included in individual equations of the panel, and the number of cross section averages must be at least as large as the number of unobserved common factors. We establish consistency rates, derive the asymptotic distribution, suggest using covariates to deal with the effects of multiple unobserved common factors, and consider jackknife and recursive de-meaning bias correction procedures to mitigate the small sample time series bias. Theoretical findings are accompanied by extensive Monte Carlo experiments, which show that the proposed estimators perform well so long as the time series dimension of the panel is sufficiently large.}, Author = {Chudik, Alexander and Pesaran, M. Hashem}, Date-Added = {2016-04-08 14:38:51 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2017-04-16 15:41:16 +0000}, Journal = {Journal of Econometrics}, Keywords = {est}, Number = {2}, Pages = {393-420}, Title = {{Common correlated effects estimation of heterogeneous dynamic panel data models with weakly exogenous regressors}}, Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/econom/v188y2015i2p393-420.html}, Volume = {188}, Year = 2015, Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/econom/v188y2015i2p393-420.html}} @article{cpt2011, Abstract = { This paper introduces the concepts of time‐specific weak and strong cross‐section dependence, and investigates how these notions are related to the concepts of weak, strong and semi‐strong common factors, frequently used for modelling residual cross‐section correlations in panel data models. It then focuses on the problems of estimating slope coefficients in large panels, where cross‐section units are subject to possibly a large number of unobserved common factors. It is established that the common correlated effects (CCE) estimator introduced by Pesaran remains asymptotically normal under certain conditions on factor loadings of an infinite factor error structure, including cases where methods relying on principal components fail. The paper concludes with a set of Monte Carlo experiments where the small sample properties of estimators based on principal components and CCE estimators are investigated and compared under various assumptions on the nature of the unobserved common effects.
(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)}, Author = {Alexander Chudik and M. Hashem Pesaran and Elisa Tosetti}, Date-Added = {2016-04-08 14:37:43 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2017-04-16 15:41:16 +0000}, Journal = {Econometrics Journal}, Keywords = {est}, Month = {February}, Number = {1}, Pages = {C45-C90}, Title = {{Weak and strong cross‐section dependence and estimation of large panels}}, Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ect/emjrnl/v14y2011i1pc45-c90.html}, Volume = {14}, Year = 2011, Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ect/emjrnl/v14y2011i1pc45-c90.html}} @article{baietal2009, Abstract = {This paper studies estimation of panel cointegration models with cross-sectional dependence generated by unobserved global stochastic trends. The standard least squares estimator is, in general, inconsistent owing to the spuriousness induced by the unobservable I(1) trends. We propose two iterative procedures that jointly estimate the slope parameters and the stochastic trends. The resulting estimators are referred to respectively as CupBC (continuously-updated and bias-corrected) and the CupFM (continuously-updated and fully-modified) estimators. We establish their consistency and derive their limiting distributions. Both are asymptotically unbiased and (mixed) normal and permit inference to be conducted using standard test statistics. The estimators are also valid when there are mixed stationary and non-stationary factors, as well as when the factors are all stationary.}, Author = {Bai, Jushan and Kao, Chihwa and Ng, Serena}, Date-Added = {2016-04-08 14:34:30 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2017-04-16 15:41:17 +0000}, Journal = {Journal of Econometrics}, Keywords = {est}, Month = {April}, Number = {1}, Pages = {82-99}, Title = {{Panel cointegration with global stochastic trends}}, Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/econom/v149y2009i1p82-99.html}, Volume = {149}, Year = 2009, Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/econom/v149y2009i1p82-99.html}} @article{bai2009, Abstract = { This paper considers large N and large T panel data models with unobservable multiple interactive effects, which are correlated with the regressors. In earnings studies, for example, workers' motivation, persistence, and diligence combined to influence the earnings in addition to the usual argument of innate ability. In macroeconomics, interactive effects represent unobservable common shocks and their heterogeneous impacts on cross sections. We consider identification, consistency, and the limiting distribution of the interactive-effects estimator. Under both large N and large T, the estimator is shown to be root(N T) consistent, which is valid in the presence of correlations and heteroskedasticities of unknown form in both dimensions. We also derive the constrained estimator and its limiting distribution, imposing additivity coupled with interactive effects. The problem of testing additive versus interactive effects is also studied. In addition, we consider identification and estimation of models in the presence of a grand mean, time-invariant regressors, and common regressors. Given identification, the rate of convergence and limiting results continue to hold. Copyright 2009 The Econometric Society.}, Author = {Jushan Bai}, Date-Added = {2016-04-08 14:33:52 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2017-04-16 15:41:19 +0000}, Journal = {Econometrica}, Keywords = {est}, Month = {07}, Number = {4}, Pages = {1229-1279}, Title = {{Panel Data Models With Interactive Fixed Effects}}, Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ecm/emetrp/v77y2009i4p1229-1279.html}, Volume = {77}, Year = 2009, Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ecm/emetrp/v77y2009i4p1229-1279.html}} @article{andrews2005, Abstract = { This paper considers regression models for cross-section data that exhibit cross-section dependence due to common shocks, such as macroeconomic shocks. The paper analyzes the properties of least squares (LS) estimators in this context. The results of the paper allow for any form of cross-section dependence and heterogeneity across population units. The probability limits of the LS estimators are determined, and necessary and sufficient conditions are given for consistency. The asymptotic distributions of the estimators are found to be mixed normal after recentering and scaling. The t, Wald, and F statistics are found to have asymptotic standard normal, χ-super-2, and scaled χ-super-2 distributions, respectively, under the null hypothesis when the conditions required for consistency of the parameter under test hold. However, the absolute values of t, Wald, and F statistics are found to diverge to infinity under the null hypothesis when these conditions fail. Confidence intervals exhibit similarly dichotomous behavior. Hence, common shocks are found to be innocuous in some circumstances, but quite problematic in others. Copyright The Econometric Society 2005.}, Author = {Donald W. K. Andrews}, Date-Added = {2016-04-08 14:32:34 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2017-04-16 15:41:19 +0000}, Journal = {Econometrica}, Keywords = {est}, Month = {09}, Number = {5}, Pages = {1551-1585}, Title = {{Cross-Section Regression with Common Shocks}}, Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ecm/emetrp/v73y2005i5p1551-1585.html}, Volume = {73}, Year = 2005, Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ecm/emetrp/v73y2005i5p1551-1585.html}} @incollection{allen2005, Abstract = {Why did Europe experience industrialisation and modern economic growth before China, India or Japan? This is one of the most fundamental questions in Economic History and one that has provoked intense debate. The main concern of this book is to determine when the gap in living standards between the East and the West emerged. The established view, dating back to Adam Smith, is that the gap emerged long before the Industrial Revolution, perhaps thousands of years ago. While this view has been called into question - and many of the explanations for it greatly undermined - the issue demands much more empirical research than has yet been undertaken. How did the standard of living in Europe and Asia compare in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? The present book proposes an answer by considering evidence of three sorts. The first is economic, focusing on income, food production, wages, and prices. The second is demographic, comparing heights, life expectancy and other demographic indicators. The third combines the economic and demographic by investigating the demographic vulnerability to short-term economic stress. The contributions show the highly complex and diverse pattern of the standard of living in the pre-industrial period. The general picture emerging is not one of a great divergence between East and West, but instead one of considerable similarities. These similarities not only pertain to economic aspects of standard of living but also to demography and the sensitivity to economic fluctuations. In addition to these similarities, there were also pronounced regional differences within the East and within the West - regional differences that in many cases were larger than the average differences between Europe and Asia. This clearly highlights the importance of analysing several dimensions of the standard of living, as well as the danger of neglecting regional, social, and household specific differences when assessing the level of well-being in the past. Contr}, Author = {Allen, Robert C.}, Booktitle = {{Living Standards in the Past: New Perspectives on Well-Being in Asia and Europe}}, Date-Added = {2016-04-08 14:29:04 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000}, Editor = {Allen, Robert C. and Bengtsson, Tommy and Dribe, Martin}, Keywords = {takeoff}, Month = {May}, Publisher = {Oxford University Press}, Title = {Real Wages in Europe and Asia: A First Look at the Long-term Patterns}, Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/b/oxp/obooks/9780199280681.html}, Year = 2005, Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/b/oxp/obooks/9780199280681.html}} @incollection{hall1990, Abstract = {In 1957, Robert Solow published a paper that provided the theoretical foundation for almost all subsequent work on productivity measurement. Although most applications of Solow's method have measured trends over fairly long time periods, the method also has important uses at higher frequencies. Under constant returns to scale and competition, the Solow residual measures the pure shift of the production function. Shifts in product demand and factor supplies should have no effect on the residual. Tests of this invariance property show that it fails in a great many industries. Though other explanations may deserve some weight, it appears that the leading cause of the failure of invariance is increasing returns and market power. The empirical findings give some support to the theory of monopolistic competition.}, Address = {Cambridge, MA}, Author = {Robert E. Hall}, Booktitle = {Growth, Productivity, Employment}, Date-Added = {2016-04-06 20:45:30 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2019-06-07 13:00:17 -0500}, Doi = {10.3386/w3034}, Editor = {Peter Diamond}, Keywords = {markup, rich,ec7340}, Month = {July}, Publisher = {MIT Press}, Title = {Invariance Properties of Solow's Productivity Residual}, Url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w3034}, Url-1 = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w3034}, Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w3034}, Year = {1990}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w3034}, Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w3034}} @article{hall1988, Abstract = { An examination of data on output and labor input reveals that some U.S. industries have marginal cost well below price. The conclusion rests on the finding that cyclical variations in labor input are small compared with variations in output. In booms, firms produce substantially more output and sell it for a price that exceeds the costs of the added inputs. This paper documents the disparity between price and marginal cost, where marginal cost is estimated from annual variations in cost. It considers a variety of explanations of the findings that are consistent with competition, but none is found to be completely plausible. Copyright 1988 by University of Chicago Press.}, Author = {Hall, Robert E}, Date-Added = {2016-04-06 20:43:33 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:15 +0000}, Journal = {Journal of Political Economy}, Keywords = {rich,markup}, Month = {October}, Number = {5}, Pages = {921-47}, Title = {{The Relation between Price and Marginal Cost in U.S. Industry}}, Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/jpolec/v96y1988i5p921-47.html}, Volume = {96}, Year = 1988, Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/jpolec/v96y1988i5p921-47.html}} @inproceedings{fuglie2010, Address = {Ames, Iowa}, Author = {Keith Fuglie}, Booktitle = {The shifting patterns of agricultural production and productivity worldwide}, Date-Added = {2016-03-31 16:36:38 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:36 +0000}, Editor = {Julian Alston, Bruce Babcock, Philip Pardey}, Keywords = {sector}, Pages = {63-95}, Publisher = {Midwest Agribusiness Trade and Research Information Center}, Title = {Total factor productivity in the global agricultural economy: Evidence from FAO Data}, Year = {2010}} @article{ehs2013, Abstract = { A large body of literature estimates private returns to R\&D adopting the Griliches knowledge production framework, which ignores the potential impact of spillovers on consistent estimation. Using a panel of twelve manufacturing industries across ten OECD economies, we investigate whether ignoring spillovers leads to bias in the estimated private returns to R\&D. We compare results from a common factor framework, which accounts for spillovers and other unobserved shocks, to those from a standard Griliches approach. Our findings confirm that conventional estimates conflate own-R\&D and spillover effects, implying that spillovers cannot be ignored even when the interest lies exclusively in evaluating private returns to R\&D. {\copyright} 2013 The President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.}, Author = {Markus Eberhardt and Christian Helmers and Hubert Strauss}, Date-Added = {2016-03-31 16:33:33 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:15 +0000}, Journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics}, Keywords = {rich}, Month = {May}, Number = {2}, Pages = {436-448}, Title = {{Do Spillovers Matter When Estimating Private Returns to R\&D?}}, Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/tpr/restat/v95y2013i2p436-448.html}, Volume = {95}, Year = 2013, Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/tpr/restat/v95y2013i2p436-448.html}} @article{uyz2013, Abstract = {We study the importance of international trade in structural change. Our framework has both productivity and trade cost shocks, and allows for non-unitary income and substitution elasticities. We calibrate our model to investigate South Korea's structural change between 1971 and 2005. We find that the shock processes, propagated through the model's two main transmission mechanisms, non-homothetic preferences and the open economy, explain virtually all of the evolution of agriculture and services labor shares, and the rising part of the hump-shape in manufacturing. Counterfactual exercises show that the role of the open economy is quantitatively important for explaining South Korea's structural change.}, Author = {Uy, Timothy and Yi, Kei-Mu and Zhang, Jing}, Date-Added = {2016-03-31 16:32:07 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2019-04-03 10:07:37 -0500}, Journal = {Journal of Monetary Economics}, Keywords = {sector}, Number = {6}, Pages = {667-682}, Title = {{Structural change in an open economy}}, Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/moneco/v60y2013i6p667-682.html}, Volume = {60}, Year = 2013, Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/moneco/v60y2013i6p667-682.html}} @techreport{sposi2015, Abstract = {I quantitatively examine the effects of location-and sector-specific productivity growth on structural change across countries from 1970-2011. The results shed new light on the ``hump shape\" in industry's share in GDP across levels of development. There are two key features. First, otherwise identical changes in the composition of final demand translate differently into changes in the composition of value added because of systematic differences in sectoral linkages. Second, the mapping between sector-specific productivity and the composition of final demand systematically differs because of the relative importance of two components within final demand: final domestic expenditures and net exports.}, Author = {Sposi, Michael J.}, Date-Added = {2016-03-31 16:27:16 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2019-04-03 10:07:33 -0500}, Institution = {Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas}, Keywords = {sector}, Month = Mar, Number = {231}, Title = {Evolving comparative advantage, sectoral linkages, and structural change}, Type = {Globalization and Monetary Policy Institute Working Paper}, Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/fip/feddgw/231.html}, Year = 2015, Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/fip/feddgw/231.html}} @techreport{bgv2013, Abstract = {A two country, three sector hybrid model of structural change with distortionary government policies is used to quantify the impact of international trade and trade reform for industrialization. The model features Arming- ton motivated trade in agriculture and industry, and a novel representation of trade reform as a time sequence of import tariffs, export subsidies and lump sum government transfers of net tariff revenue. We calibrate our economy to data on South Korea and the OECD, inputting time series of country and sector specific labor productivity, tariffs and export subsidies which determine evolution of the effective pattern of comparative advantage. The model's predicted reallocations of Korean labor from agriculture into industry and services from 1963 through 2000 are quantitatively similar to those in the data. Incorporating trade and measured Korean trade reform are both important for the accuracy of this predicted structural change, although interna- tional real income differences under non-homothetic preferences primarily determine trade and specialization patterns rather than comparative advantage. Counterfactually eliminating a) international trade b) interna- tional labor productivity differentials c) post 1967 Korean tariff reform and d) post 1967 industrial export subsidy reform increase the model's SSE by 91 percent, 56 percent, 27 percent, and 62 percent respectively.}, Author = {Betts, Caroline and Giri, Rahul and Verma, Rubina}, Date-Added = {2016-03-31 16:25:06 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2019-04-03 10:07:49 -0500}, Institution = {University Library of Munich, Germany}, Keywords = {sector}, Local-Url = {/Users/dietz/Dropbox/Papers/Betts_etal_2013.pdf}, Month = Jul, Number = {49540}, Title = {Trade, Reform, And Structural Transformation in South Korea}, Type = {MPRA Paper}, Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/pra/mprapa/49540.html}, Year = 2013, Bdsk-File-1 = {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}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/pra/mprapa/49540.html}} @incollection{hrv2014, Abstract = {Structural transformation refers to the reallocation of economic activity across the broad sectors agriculture, manufacturing, and services. This review article synthesizes and evaluates recent advances in the research on structural transformation. We begin by presenting the stylized facts of structural transformation across time and space. We then develop a multi-sector extension of the one-sector growth model that encompasses the main existing theories of structural transformation. We argue that this multi-sector model serves as a natural benchmark to study structural transformation and that it is able to account for many salient features of structural transformation. We also argue that this multi-sector model delivers new and sharper insights for understanding economic development, regional income convergence, aggregate productivity trends, hours worked, business cycles, wage inequality, and greenhouse gas emissions. We conclude by suggesting several directions for future research on structural transformation.}, Author = {Herrendorf, Berthold and Rogerson, Richard and Valentinyi, {\'A}kos}, Booktitle = {{Handbook of Economic Growth}}, Chapter = {6}, Date-Added = {2016-03-08 23:18:54 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2019-04-03 10:08:14 -0500}, Keywords = {sector,ec7340}, Pages = {855-941}, Publisher = {Elsevier}, Series = {Handbook of Economic Growth}, Title = {{Growth and Structural Transformation}}, Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/h/eee/grochp/2-855.html}, Volume = {2}, Year = 2014, Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/h/eee/grochp/2-855.html}} @article{ev2016clim, Abstract = {We examine heterogeneity in the elasticity of agricultural output with respect to labor across countries and the effect this has on structural change and development. Employing panel data from 128 countries over a forty year period we find distinct heterogeneity in the elasticity of agricultural output with respect to labor, which we refer to as heterogeneity in agricultural technology. To do this we employ panel time-series methods that explicitly allow for parameter heterogeneity, while also controlling for unobserved shocks to productivity using common factors. We find that the elasticity is lowest in countries with temperate and/or cold climate regions (around 0.15), but much higher in countries including tropical or highland regions (around 0.55). The elasticities are not correlated with development levels or with stocks of other agricultural inputs, but reflect differences in agricultural technology in different climate zones. We then use a standard model of a two-sector economy with non-homothetic preferences for agricultural goods to show that this agricultural elasticity with respect to labor determines the speed of structural change following changes in agricultural productivity or population. Calibration shows shifts in labor allocations and welfare will be 2--3 times larger in temperate regions than in tropical or highland regions for any given shock when economies are closed. In open economies the welfare effects are similar across climate zones, but the shift in labor allocations in response to world price or productivity shocks are 2-3 times larger in tropical or highland regions.}, Author = {Eberhardt, Markus and Vollrath, Dietrich}, Date-Added = {2016-03-08 18:01:02 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:36 +0000}, Journal = {World Development}, Keywords = {me,sector}, Pages = {483-496}, Paper = {WD_final}, Title = {The Effect of Agricultural Technology on the Speed of Development}, Volume = {109}, Year = {2018}} @unpublished{ev2016, Abstract = {The speed at which structural change from agriculture to non-agriculture takes place is a key determinant of successful aggregate growth in developing countries. We show that crop-level differences in agricultural technology -- the coefficients on factor inputs in the production function -- account for a substantial portion of cross-country differences in agricultural labor productivity, agricultural labor share, and per capita income. Using a sample of 100 countries we document technology differences across major crop types and illustrate their quantitative implications for structural change and development. Counterfactually eliminating technology heterogeneity in our sample results in 25\% lower variance in log income per capita, and 60\% higher median per capita income.}, Author = {Eberhardt, Markus and Vollrath, Dietrich}, Date-Added = {2016-03-07 01:33:37 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:36 +0000}, Institution = {C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers}, Keywords = {me,sector}, Link = {http://cepr.org/active/publications/discussion_papers/dp.php?dpno=11248}, Number = {C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers 11248}, Paper = {2016-04-26_agtech_crops.pdf}, Title = {The Role of Crop Type in Cross-Country Income Differences}, Year = {2016}} @article{jv2016, Abstract = {Today the world's fastest-growing cities lie in low-income countries, unlike the historical norm. Also unlike the ``killer cities'' of history, cities in low-income countries grow not just through in-migration but also through their own natural increase. First, we use novel historical data to document that many poor countries urbanized at the same time as the post-war urban mortality transition. Second, we develop a general equilibrium model of location choice with heterogeneity in demographics and congestion costs across locations to account for this. In the model, people prefer to live in low-mortality locations, and the aggregate rate of population growth and the locational choice of individuals interact. Third, we calibrate the model to data from a sample of poor countries, and find that informal urban areas (e.g. slums) grew in large part because they were able to absorb additional population relatively more easily than other locations. We show that between 1950 and 2005 the urban mortality transition by itself could have doubled the urbanization rate as well as the size of informal urban areas in this sample. Of these effects, one-third can be attributed to the direct amenity effect of lower urban mortality rates, while the remainder is due to higher population growth disproportionately pushing people into informal urban areas. Fourth, policy analysis suggests that family planning programs might be as effective as urban infrastructure and institution at transforming cities in poor countries into ``engines of growth''}, Author = {Jedwab, Remi and Vollrath, Dietrich}, Date-Added = {2016-03-07 01:32:07 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2019-01-03 11:14:24 -0600}, Journal = {American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics}, Keywords = {me,urban}, Number = {1}, Pages = {223-75}, Paper = {Jedwab_Vollrath_Web.pdf}, Title = {The Urban Mortality Transition and Poor Country Urbanization}, Volume = {11}, Year = {2019}} @article{gjv2016, Abstract = {We document a strong positive relationship between natural resource exports and urbanization in a sample of 116 developing nations over the period 1960--2010. In countries that are heavily dependent on resource exports, urbanization appears to be concentrated in ``consumption cities'' where the economies consist primarily of non-tradable services. These contrast with ``production cities'' that are more dependent on manufacturing in countries that have industrialized. Consumption cities in resource exporters also appear to perform worse along several measures of welfare. We offer a simple model of structural change that can explain the observed patterns of urbanization and the associated differences in city types. We note that although the development literature often assumes that urbanization is synonymous with industrialization, patterns differ markedly across developing countries. We discuss several possible implications for policy.}, Author = {Gollin, Douglas and Jedwab, Remi and Vollrath, Dietrich}, Date-Added = {2016-03-06 17:52:35 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:06 +0000}, Issn = {1573-7020}, Journal = {Journal of Economic Growth}, Keywords = {urban,me,sector,ec7340}, Number = {1}, Pages = {35--70}, Paper = {JOEG_GJV_2015.pdf}, Title = {Urbanization with and without industrialization}, Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10887-015-9121-4}, Volume = {21}, Year = {2016}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10887-015-9121-4}} @article{dv2007, Abstract = { The unequal distribution of agricultural land is often cited as a source of inefficiency in agriculture. Previous cross-country studies of agricultural productivity differences, though, have not considered land inequality. This article addresses this issue by using cross-country data on inequality in operational holdings of agricultural land from Deininger and Squire (1998) . In an estimation of an agricultural production function, the Gini coefficient for land holdings is found to have a significant negative relationship with productivity. This is consistent with the existence of heterogeneity in productivity by farm size within countries. A one standard deviation drop in the Gini coefficient implies an increase in productivity of 8.5\%. Copyright 2007, Oxford University Press.}, Author = {Dietrich Vollrath}, Data = {agprodstata.zip}, Date-Added = {2016-03-06 17:51:36 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:36 +0000}, Journal = {American Journal of Agricultural Economics}, Keywords = {sector,me}, Number = {1}, Pages = {202-216}, Paper = {ajae_2007.pdf}, Title = {{Land Distribution and International Agricultural Productivity}}, Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/oup/ajagec/v89y2007i1p202-216.html}, Volume = {89}, Year = 2007, Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/oup/ajagec/v89y2007i1p202-216.html}} @article{dv2012, Abstract = {This paper brings together the development literature on land tenure with current research on population and long-run growth. Land-owners make a decision between fixed-rent, fixed-wage, and share-cropping contracts to hire tenants to operate their land. The choice of tenure contract affects the share of output going to tenants, and within a simple unified growth model this affects the relative price of food and therefore fertility. Fixed-wage contracts elicit the lowest fertility rate and fixed-rent contracts the highest, with share-cropping as an intermediate case. The implications of this for long-run growth depend on the assumptions one makes about scale effects in the aggregate economy. With increasing returns to scale, as in several models of innovation, fixed-rent contracts imply higher growth through a market size effect. Without such increasing returns, though, fixed-rent contracts lower output per capita through a depressing effect on accumulation.}, Author = {Dietrich Vollrath}, Date-Added = {2016-03-06 17:50:12 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:36 +0000}, Journal = {Journal of Population Economics}, Keywords = {sector,me}, Month = {July}, Number = {3}, Pages = {833-852}, Paper = {JPopE_final.pdf}, Title = {{Land tenure, population, and long-run growth}}, Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/spr/jopoec/v25y2012i3p833-852.html}, Volume = {25}, Year = 2012, Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/spr/jopoec/v25y2012i3p833-852.html}} @article{hkv2013, Abstract = {The literature has shown that the implied welfare gains from financial integration are very small. We revisit these findings and document that welfare gains are substantial if capital goods are not perfect substitutes. We use a model of optimal savings where the elasticity of substitution between capital varieties is less than infinity, but more than the value that would generate endogenous growth. This production structure is consistent with empirical estimates of the actual elasticity of substitution between capital types, as well as with the relatively slow speed of convergence documented in the literature. Calibrating the model, welfare gains from financial integration are equivalent to a 9\% increase in consumption for the median country, and 14\% for the most capital-scarce. This rises substantially if capital's share in output increases even modestly above 0.3, and remains large if inflows of foreign capital are limited to a fraction of the existing capital stock.}, Author = {Hoxha, Indrit and Kalemli-Ozcan, Sebnem and Vollrath, Dietrich}, Date-Added = {2016-03-06 17:49:35 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2017-04-16 15:41:28 +0000}, Journal = {Journal of Development Economics}, Keywords = {me,theory}, Number = {C}, Pages = {90-98}, Paper = {DEVEC1757.pdf}, Title = {{How big are the gains from international financial integration?}}, Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/deveco/v103y2013icp90-98.html}, Volume = {103}, Year = 2013, Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/deveco/v103y2013icp90-98.html}} @article{dv2013, Abstract = { Wide differences in labor productivity are observed between agriculture and industry in most developing countries. Research suggests that these differences - often denoted a ``dual economy'' effect --- can explain a significant portion of low output per capita levels in these countries. A central input to the labor productivity calculation is the aggregate labor effort in the agricultural sector. Using findings from the Rural Income Generating Activity (RIGA) database, I reconsider the measure of labor productivity in agriculture and industry. I use several methods to extract information on labor effort and human capital from the household data in RIGA, and this is used to estimate the aggregate labor effort in the agricultural sector. With these new estimates, dual economy effects are found to be less severe for most of the RIGA countries. Using these estimates to adjust a wider sample of country-level data shows that the share of variation in output per capita explained by dual economy effects is around half of previous estimates. Copyright Eurasia Business and Economics Society 2013}, Author = {Dietrich Vollrath}, Date-Added = {2016-03-06 17:48:43 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2019-04-03 10:07:02 -0500}, Journal = {Eurasian Economic Review}, Keywords = {me,sector}, Month = {June}, Number = {1}, Pages = {39-58}, Paper = {EER_labor.pdf}, Title = {{Measuring Aggregate Agricultural Labor Effort in Dual Economies}}, Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/spr/eurase/v3y2013i1p39-58.html}, Volume = {3}, Year = 2013, Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/spr/eurase/v3y2013i1p39-58.html}} @article{jvhist2015, Abstract = {The world is becoming more and more urbanized at every income level, and there has been a dramatic increase in the number of mega-cities in the developing world. This has led scholars to believe that development and urbanization are not always correlated, either across space or over time. In this paper, we use historical data at both the country level and city level over the five centuries between 1500--2010 to revisit the topic of ``urbanization without growth'' (Fay and Opal, 2000). In particular, we first establish that, although urbanization and income remain highly correlated within any given year, urbanization is 25--30 percentage points higher in 2010 than in 1500 at every level of income per capita. Second, while historically this shift in urbanization rates was more noticeable at the upper tail of the income distribution, i.e. for richer countries, it is now particularly visible at the lower tail, i.e. for poorer countries. Third, these patterns suggest that different factors may have explained the shift in different periods of time. We use the discussion of these factors as an opportunity to provide a survey of the literature and summarize our knowledge of what drives the urbanization process over time.}, Author = {Jedwab, Remi and Vollrath, Dietrich}, Data = {JV2015_EEH_Replication_Files.zip}, Date-Added = {2016-03-06 17:48:01 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2017-04-16 15:41:29 +0000}, Journal = {Explorations in Economic History}, Keywords = {urban,me}, Number = {C}, Pages = {1-21}, Paper = {EEH_2015.pdf}, Title = {{Urbanization without growth in historical perspective}}, Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/exehis/v58y2015icp1-21.html}, Volume = {58}, Year = 2015, Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/exehis/v58y2015icp1-21.html}} @techreport{NBERw21907, Abstract = {We explore the role of an individual's historical lineage in determining economic status, holding constant his or her current location. This is complementary to the more common approach to studying how history shapes economic outcomes across locations. Motivated by a large literature in social sciences stressing the beneficial influence of agricultural transition on contemporary economic performance at the level of countries, we examine the relative status of descendants of agriculturalists vs. pastoralists. We match individual-level survey data with information on the historical lifeways of ancestors, focusing on Africa, where the transition away from such modes of production began only recently. Within enumeration areas and occupational groups, we find that individuals from ethnicities that derived a larger share of subsistence from agriculture in the pre-colonial era are today more educated and wealthy. A tentative exploration of channels suggests that differences in attitudes and beliefs as well as differential treatment by others, including less political power, may contribute to these divergent outcomes.}, Author = {Stelios Michalopoulos and Louis Putterman and David N. Weil}, Date-Added = {2016-01-25 14:56:55 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:58 +0000}, Doi = {10.3386/w21907}, Institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research}, Keywords = {ec7350,deep}, Month = {January}, Number = {21907}, Series = {Working Paper Series}, Title = {The Influence of Ancestral Lifeways on Individual Economic Outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa}, Type = {Working Paper}, Url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w21907}, Url-1 = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w21907}, Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w21907}, Year = {2016}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w21907}, Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w21907}} @article{McMillan201411, Author = {Margaret McMillan and Dani Rodrik and {\'I}{\~n}igo Verduzco-Gallo}, Date-Added = {2015-12-01 20:56:59 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:15 +0000}, Doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.10.012}, Issn = {0305-750X}, Journal = {World Development}, Keywords = {sector,rich,ec7340}, Note = {Economic Transformation in Africa}, Pages = {11 - 32}, Title = {Globalization, Structural Change, and Productivity Growth, with an Update on Africa}, Url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X13002246}, Url-1 = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X13002246}, Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.10.012}, Volume = {63}, Year = {2014}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X13002246}, Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.10.012}} @article{deBrauw201433, Abstract = {Summary Rural-to-urban migration is an inherent part of the economic development process, yet it is relatively understudied in sub-Saharan Africa. In this paper, we attempt to describe the present state of rural--urban migration from several different angles. Migration rates are quite low in several countries, despite the fact that large proportions of populations continue to reside in rural areas, and that there are clearly several types of gains to migration. We offer a number of possible explanations for low migration rates. We make recommendations for improvements in research on rural--urban migration and migration policy in Africa. }, Author = {Alan de Brauw and Valerie Mueller and Hak Lim Lee}, Date-Added = {2015-12-01 20:56:59 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2017-04-16 15:41:34 +0000}, Doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.10.013}, Issn = {0305-750X}, Journal = {World Development}, Keywords = {urban}, Note = {Economic Transformation in Africa}, Pages = {33 - 42}, Title = {The Role of Rural--Urban Migration in the Structural Transformation of Sub-Saharan Africa}, Url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X13002258}, Url-1 = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X13002258}, Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.10.013}, Volume = {63}, Year = {2014}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X13002258}, Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.10.013}} @article{Christiaensen201443, Abstract = {Summary As countries develop, they restructure away from agriculture and urbanize. But structural transformation and urbanization patterns differ substantially, with some countries fostering migration out of agriculture into rural off farm activities and secondary towns, and others undergoing rapid agglomeration in mega cities. Using cross-country panel data for developing countries spanning 1980--2004, it is found that migration out of agriculture into the missing middle (rural nonfarm economy and secondary towns) yields more inclusive growth patterns and faster poverty reduction than agglomeration in mega cities. This suggests that patterns of urbanization deserve much more attention when striving for faster poverty reduction. }, Author = {Luc Christiaensen and Yasuyuki Todo}, Date-Added = {2015-12-01 20:56:59 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2017-04-16 15:41:35 +0000}, Doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.10.002}, Issn = {0305-750X}, Journal = {World Development}, Keywords = {urban}, Note = {Economic Transformation in Africa}, Pages = {43 - 58}, Title = {Poverty Reduction During the Rural--Urban Transformation -- The Role of the Missing Middle}, Url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X13002143}, Url-1 = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X13002143}, Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.10.002}, Volume = {63}, Year = {2014}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X13002143}, Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.10.002}} @article{Collier201492, Abstract = {Summary For economic development to succeed in Africa in the next 50 years, African agriculture will have to change beyond recognition. Production will have to have increased massively, but also labor productivity, requiring a vast reduction in the proportion of the population engaged in agriculture and a large move out of rural areas. The paper questions how this can be squared with a continuing commitment to smallholder agriculture as the main route for growth in African agriculture and for poverty reduction. We question the evidence base for an exclusive focus on smallholders, and argue for a much more open-minded approach to different modes of production. To allow alternative modes and scale of production to emerge, new institutional and policy frameworks are required. A rush to establish ``mega-farms'' with government discretionary allocation of vast tracts of land is unlikely to be the answer. Allowing a more dynamic agriculture to develop will require clear institutional frameworks, and not just a narrow focus on smallholders. }, Author = {Paul Collier and Stefan Dercon}, Date-Added = {2015-12-01 20:56:59 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:36 +0000}, Doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.10.001}, Issn = {0305-750X}, Journal = {World Development}, Keywords = {sector}, Note = {Economic Transformation in Africa}, Pages = {92 - 101}, Title = {African Agriculture in 50 Years: Smallholders in a Rapidly Changing World?}, Url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X13002131}, Url-1 = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X13002131}, Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.10.001}, Volume = {63}, Year = {2014}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X13002131}, Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.10.001}} @article{Dorosh2014113, Abstract = {Summary Rapid urbanization is an important characteristic of African development and yet the structural transformation debate focuses on agriculture's relative merits without also considering the benefits from urban agglomeration. As a result, African governments are often provided conflicting recommendations on the importance of rural agriculture or urban industry. We develop dynamic economywide models for Ethiopia and Uganda that capture both traditional aspects of the debate (growth linkages and foreign trade) and benefits from urbanization (internal migration and agglomeration effects). Simulations suggest that urban agglomeration is an important source of long-term growth and structural transformation, but that investing in cities does not greatly reduce national poverty over the short-term. In this regard, agricultural growth is more effective, albeit with slower national growth. Given these trade-offs, we conclude that, while urbanization's benefits argue against an ``agro-fundamentalist'' approach to African development, the short-term imperative of reducing poverty necessitates further agricultural investment. }, Author = {Paul Dorosh and James Thurlow}, Date-Added = {2015-12-01 20:56:59 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2017-04-16 15:41:38 +0000}, Doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.10.014}, Issn = {0305-750X}, Journal = {World Development}, Keywords = {urban}, Note = {Economic Transformation in Africa}, Pages = {113 - 123}, Title = {Can Cities or Towns Drive African Development? Economywide Analysis for Ethiopia and Uganda}, Url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X1300226X}, Url-1 = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X1300226X}, Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.10.014}, Volume = {63}, Year = {2014}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X1300226X}, Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.10.014}} @techreport{op2015, Abstract = {This paper investigates the long-run infuence of the Neolithic Revolution on contemporary cultural norms and institutions as reflected in the dimension of collectivism-individualism. We outline an agricultural origins-model of cultural divergence where we claim that the advent of farming in a core region was characterized by collectivist values and eventually triggered the out-migration of individualistic farmers towards more and more peripheral areas. This migration pattern caused the initial cultural divergence, which remained persistent over generations. The key mechanism is demonstrated in an extended Malthusian growth model that explicitly models cultural dynamics and a migration choice for individualistic farmers. Using detailed data on the date of adoption of Neolithic agriculture among Western regions and countries, the empirical findings show that the regions which adopted agriculture early also value obedience more and feel less in control of their lives. They have also had very little experience of democracy during the last century. The findings add to the literature by suggesting the possibility of extremely long lasting norms and beliefs infuencing today's socioeconomic outcomes.}, Address = {https://gupea.ub.gu.se/handle/2077/38815}, Author = {Olsson, Ola and Christopher Paik}, Date-Added = {2015-08-10 16:10:30 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:58 +0000}, Institution = {University of Gothenburg}, Keywords = {deep}, Title = {Long-run Cultural Divergence: Evidence from the Neolithic Revolution}, Year = {2015}} @article{romer1990, Abstract = {Growth in this model is driven by technological change that arises from intentional investment decisions made by profit-maximizing agents. The distinguishing feature of the technology as an input is that it is neither a conventional good nor a public good; it is a nonrival, partially excludable good. Because of the nonconvexity introduced by a nonrival good, price-taking competition cannot be supported. Instead, the equilibrium is one with monopolistic competition. The main conclusions are that the stock of human capital determines the rate of growth, that too little human capital is devoted to research in equilibrium, that integration into world markets will increase growth rates, and that having a large population is not sufficient to generate growth.}, Author = {Romer, Paul M.}, Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 1990 The University of Chicago Press}, Date-Added = {2015-07-29 22:03:53 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2019-04-03 10:53:48 -0500}, Issn = {00223808}, Journal = {Journal of Political Economy}, Jstor_Articletype = {research-article}, Jstor_Formatteddate = {Oct., 1990}, Jstor_Issuetitle = {Part 2: The Problem of Development: A Conference of the Institute for the Study of Free Enterprise Systems}, Keywords = {theory, intro}, Language = {English}, Number = {5}, Pages = {pp. S71-S102}, Publisher = {The University of Chicago Press}, Title = {Endogenous Technological Change}, Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2937632}, Volume = {98}, Year = {1990}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2937632}} @article{romer1986, Abstract = {This paper presents a fully specified model of long-run growth in which knowledge is assumed to be an input in production that has increasing marginal productivity. It is essentially a competitive equilibrium model with endogenous technological change. In contrast to models based on diminishing returns, growth rates can be increasing over time, the effects of small disturbances can be amplified by the actions of private agents, and large countries may always grow faster than small countries. Long-run evidence is offered in support of the empirical relevance of these possibilities.}, Author = {Romer, Paul M.}, Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 1986 The University of Chicago Press}, Date-Added = {2015-07-29 22:03:14 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2019-04-03 10:53:42 -0500}, Issn = {00223808}, Journal = {Journal of Political Economy}, Jstor_Articletype = {research-article}, Jstor_Formatteddate = {Oct., 1986}, Keywords = {theory, intro}, Language = {English}, Number = {5}, Pages = {pp. 1002-1037}, Publisher = {The University of Chicago Press}, Title = {Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth}, Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1833190}, Volume = {94}, Year = {1986}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1833190}} @article{solow1956, Abstract = {I. Introduction, 65.--II. A model of long-run growth, 66.--III. Possible growth patterns, 68.--IV. Examples, 73.--V. Behavior of interest and wage rates, 78.--VI. Extensions, 85.--VII. Qualifications, 91.}, Author = {Solow, Robert M.}, Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 1956 Oxford University Press}, Date-Added = {2015-07-29 22:01:38 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:59:43 +0000}, Issn = {00335533}, Journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics}, Jstor_Articletype = {research-article}, Jstor_Formatteddate = {Feb., 1956}, Keywords = {theory, reform}, Language = {English}, Number = {1}, Pages = {pp. 65-94}, Publisher = {Oxford University Press}, Title = {A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth}, Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1884513}, Volume = {70}, Year = {1956}, Bdsk-File-1 = {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}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1884513}} @techreport{cantoni2010, Abstract = {Many theories, most famously Max Weber's essay on the ``Protestant ethic,'' have hypothesized that Protestantism should have favored economic development. With their considerable religious heterogeneity and stability of denominational affiliations until the 19th century, the German Lands of the Holy Roman Empire present an ideal testing ground for this hypothesis. Using population figures in a dataset comprising 272 cities in the years 1300--1900, I find no effects of Protestantism on economic growth. The finding is robust to the inclusion of a variety of controls, and does not appear to depend on data selection or small sample size. In addition, Protestantism has no effect when interacted with other likely determinants of economic development. I also analyze the endogeneity of religious choice; instrumental variables estimates of the effects of Protestantism are similar to the OLS results.}, Author = {Davide Cantoni}, Date-Added = {2015-05-27 16:58:37 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000}, Institution = {Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra}, Keywords = {deep}, Month = Dec, Number = {1260}, Title = {{The economic effects of the Protestant Reformation: Testing the Weber hypothesis in the German Lands}}, Type = {Economics Working Papers}, Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/p/upf/upfgen/1260.html}, Year = 2010, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/p/upf/upfgen/1260.html}} @article{gsz2006, Abstract = {Until recently, economists have been reluctant to rely on culture as a possible determinant of economic phenomena. Much of this reluctance stems from the very notion of culture: it is so broad and the channels through which it can enter the economic discourse so ubiquitous (and vague) that it is difficult to design testable, refutable hypotheses. In recent years, however, better techniques and more data have made it possible to identify systematic differences in people's preferences and beliefs and to relate them to various measures of cultural legacy. These developments suggest an approach to introducing culturally-based explanations into economics that can be tested and may substantially enrich our understanding of economic phenomena. This paper summarizes this approach and its achievements so far, and outlines directions for future research.}, Author = {Luigi Guiso and Paola Sapienza and Luigi Zingales}, Date-Added = {2015-05-27 16:54:03 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2019-04-03 08:48:46 -0500}, Journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives}, Keywords = {deep}, Month = {Spring}, Number = {2}, Pages = {23-48}, Title = {{Does Culture Affect Economic Outcomes?}}, Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/jecper/v20y2006i2p23-48.html}, Volume = {20}, Year = 2006, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/jecper/v20y2006i2p23-48.html}} @article{ac2010, Abstract = { This paper develops a new method to uncover the causal effect of trust on economic growth by focusing on the inherited component of trust and its time variation. We show that inherited trust of descendants of US immigrants is significantly influenced by the country of origin and the timing of arrival of their forebears. We thus use the inherited trust of descendants of US immigrants as a time-varying measure of inherited trust in their country of origin. This strategy allows to identify the sizeable causal impact of inherited trust on worldwide growth during the twentieth century by controlling for country fixed effects. (JEL N11, N12, N31, N32, O47, Z13)}, Author = {Yann Algan and Pierre Cahuc}, Date-Added = {2015-05-27 16:49:59 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000}, Journal = {American Economic Review}, Keywords = {deep}, Month = {December}, Number = {5}, Pages = {2060-92}, Title = {{Inherited Trust and Growth}}, Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v100y2010i5p2060-92.html}, Volume = {100}, Year = 2010, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v100y2010i5p2060-92.html}} @article{gu2008, Abstract = { We examine the impact of ambiguous and contested land rights on investment and productivity in agriculture in Akwapim, Ghana. We show that individuals who hold powerful positions in a local political hierarchy have more secure tenure rights and that as a consequence they invest more in land fertility and have substantially higher output. The intensity of investments on different plots cultivated by a given individual corresponds to that individual's security of tenure over those specific plots and, in turn, to the individual's position in the political hierarchy relevant to those specific plots. (c) 2008 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved..}, Author = {Markus Goldstein and Christopher Udry}, Date-Added = {2015-05-27 16:47:40 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000}, Journal = {Journal of Political Economy}, Keywords = {deep}, Month = {December}, Number = {6}, Pages = {981-1022}, Title = {{The Profits of Power: Land Rights and Agricultural Investment in Ghana}}, Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/jpolec/v116y2008i6p981-1022.html}, Volume = {116}, Year = 2008, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/jpolec/v116y2008i6p981-1022.html}} @techreport{mp2011, Abstract = {We examine the long-run consequences of the scramble for Africa among European powers in the late 19th century and uncover the following empirical regularities. First, using information on the spatial distribution of African ethnicities before colonization, we show that borders were arbitrarily drawn. Apart from the land mass and water area of an ethnicity's historical homeland, no other geographic, ecological, historical, and ethnic-specific traits predict which ethnic groups have been partitioned by the national border. Second, using data on the location of civil conflicts after independence, we show that partitioned ethnic groups have suffered significantly more warfare; moreover, partitioned ethnicities have experienced more prolonged and more devastating civil wars. Third, we identify sizeable spillovers; civil conflict spreads from the homeland of partitioned ethnicities to nearby ethnic regions. These results are robust to a rich set of controls at a fine level and the inclusion of country fixed effects and ethnic-family fixed effects. The uncovered evidence thus identifies a sizable causal impact of the scramble for Africa on warfare.}, Author = {Michalopoulos, Stelios and Papaioannou, Elias}, Date-Added = {2015-05-27 16:45:53 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000}, Institution = {C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers}, Keywords = {deep}, Month = Nov, Number = {8676}, Title = {{The Long-Run Effects of the Scramble for Africa}}, Type = {CEPR Discussion Papers}, Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/p/cpr/ceprdp/8676.html}, Year = 2011, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/p/cpr/ceprdp/8676.html}} @techreport{cy2012, Abstract = {We present new data documenting medieval Europe's \"Commercial Revolution'' using information on the establishment of markets in Germany. We use these data to test whether medieval universities played a causal role in expanding economic activity, examining the foundation of Germany's first universities after 1386 following the Papal Schism. We find that the trend rate of market establishment breaks upward in 1386 and that this break is greatest where the distance to a university shrank most. There is no differential pre-1386 trend associated with the reduction in distance to a university, and there is no break in trend in 1386 where university proximity did not change. These results are not affected by excluding cities close to universities or cities belonging to territories that included universities. Universities provided training in newly-rediscovered Roman and Canon law; students with legal training served in positions that reduced the uncertainty of trade in medieval Europe. We argue that training in the law, and the consequent development of legal and administrative institutions, was an important channel linking universities and greater economic activity.}, Author = {Davide Cantoni and Noam Yuchtman}, Date-Added = {2015-05-27 16:43:46 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000}, Institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc}, Keywords = {deep}, Month = Apr, Number = {17979}, Title = {{Medieval Universities, Legal Institutions, and the Commercial Revolution}}, Type = {NBER Working Papers}, Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/17979.html}, Year = 2012, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/17979.html}} @article{hornbeck2010, Abstract = { This paper examines the impact on agricultural development of the introduction of barbed wire fencing to the American Plains in the late nineteenth century. Without a fence, farmers risked uncompensated damage by others' livestock. From 1880 to 1900, the introduction and near-universal adoption of barbed wire greatly reduced the cost of fences, relative to the predominant wooden fences, especially in counties with the least woodland. Over that period, counties with the least woodland experienced substantial relative increases in settlement, land improvement, land values, and the productivity and production share of crops most in need of protection. This increase in agricultural development appears partly to reflect farmers' increased ability to protect their land from encroachment. States' inability to protect this full bundle of property rights on the frontier, beyond providing formal land titles, might have otherwise restricted agricultural development. (c) 2010 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology..}, Author = {Richard Hornbeck}, Date-Added = {2015-05-27 16:39:58 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000}, Journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics}, Keywords = {deep}, Month = {May}, Number = {2}, Pages = {767-810}, Title = {{Barbed Wire: Property Rights and Agricultural Development}}, Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/tpr/qjecon/v125y2010i2p767-810.html}, Volume = {125}, Year = 2010, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/tpr/qjecon/v125y2010i2p767-810.html}} @article{djo2012, Abstract = {This paper uses historical fluctuations in temperature within countries to identify its effects on aggregate economic outcomes. We find three primary results. First, higher temperatures substantially reduce economic growth in poor countries. Second, higher temperatures may reduce growth rates, not just the level of output. Third, higher temperatures have wide-ranging effects, reducing agricultural output, industrial output, and political stability. These findings inform debates over climate's role in economic development and suggest the possibility of substantial negative impacts of higher temperatures on poor countries. (JEL E23, O13, Q54, Q56)}, Author = {Melissa Dell and Benjamin F. Jones and Benjamin A. Olken}, Date-Added = {2015-05-27 16:37:45 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:58 +0000}, Journal = {American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics}, Keywords = {deep}, Month = {July}, Number = {3}, Pages = {66-95}, Title = {{Temperature Shocks and Economic Growth: Evidence from the Last Half Century}}, Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aejmac/v4y2012i3p66-95.html}, Volume = {4}, Year = 2012, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aejmac/v4y2012i3p66-95.html}} @article{bbs2010, Abstract = { We examine the role of rainfall trends in poor growth performance of sub-Saharan African nations relative to other developing countries, using a new cross-country panel climatic data set in an empirical economic growth framework. Our results show that rainfall has been a significant determinant of poor economic growth for African nations but not for other countries. Depending on the benchmark measure of potential rainfall, we estimate that the direct impact under the scenario of no decline in rainfall would have resulted in a reduction of between around 15\% and 40\% of today's gap in African GDP per capita relative to the rest of the developing world. {\copyright} 2010 The President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.}, Author = {Salvador Barrios and Luisito Bertinelli and Eric Strobl}, Date-Added = {2015-05-27 16:35:05 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:58 +0000}, Journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics}, Keywords = {deep}, Month = {May}, Number = {2}, Pages = {350-366}, Title = {{Trends in Rainfall and Economic Growth in Africa: A Neglected Cause of the African Growth Tragedy}}, Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/tpr/restat/v92y2010i2p350-366.html}, Volume = {92}, Year = 2010, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/tpr/restat/v92y2010i2p350-366.html}} @article{oh2005, Abstract = {The transition from a hunter-gather economy to agricultural production, which made possible the endogenous technological progress that ultimately led to the industrial revolution, is one of the most important events in the thousands of years of humankind's economic development. In this paper we present theory and evidence showing that exogenous geography and initial condition biogeography exerted decisive influence on the location and timing of transitions to sedentary agriculture, to complex social organization and, eventually, to modern industrial production. Evidence from a large cross-section of countries indicates that the effects of geographic and biogeographic endowments on contemporary levels of economic development are remarkably strong.
(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)}, Author = {Olsson, Ola and Hibbs, Douglas Jr.}, Date-Added = {2015-05-27 16:30:04 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:58 +0000}, Journal = {European Economic Review}, Keywords = {deep}, Month = {May}, Number = {4}, Pages = {909-938}, Title = {{Biogeography and long-run economic development}}, Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/eecrev/v49y2005i4p909-938.html}, Volume = {49}, Year = 2005, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/eecrev/v49y2005i4p909-938.html}} @article{mfm2014, Author = {Motamed, Mesbah J. and Florax, Raymond J.G.M. and Masters, William A.}, Date-Added = {2015-05-26 19:46:30 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:58 +0000}, Issn = {1381-4338}, Journal = {Journal of Economic Growth}, Keywords = {deep}, Number = {3}, Pages = {339-368}, Publisher = {Springer US}, Title = {Agriculture, transportation and the timing of urbanization: Global analysis at the grid cell level}, Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10887-014-9104-x}, Volume = {19}, Year = {2014}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10887-014-9104-x}} @techreport{rm2013, Abstract = {Do locational fundamentals such as coastlines and rivers determine town locations, or can historical events trap towns in unfavorable locations for centuries? We examine the effects on town locations of the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, which temporarily ended urbanization in Britain, but not in France. As urbanization recovered, medieval towns were more often found in Roman era town locations in France than in Britain, and this difference still persists today. The resetting of Britain's urban network gave it better access to naturally navigable waterways when this was important, while many French towns remained without such access.}, Author = {Ferdinand Rauch and Guy Michaels}, Date-Added = {2015-05-26 19:30:04 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000}, Institution = {University of Oxford, Department of Economics}, Keywords = {deep}, Month = Nov, Number = {684}, Title = {{Resetting the Urban Network: 117-2012}}, Type = {Economics Series Working Papers}, Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/p/oxf/wpaper/684.html}, Year = 2013, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/p/oxf/wpaper/684.html}} @article{bl2012, Abstract = { Many cities in North America formed at obstacles to water navigation, where continued transport required overland hauling or portage. Portage sites attracted commerce and supporting services, and places where the falls provided water power attracted manufacturing during early industrialization. We examine portage sites in the U.S. South, Mid-Atlantic, and Midwest, including those on the fall line, a geomorphological feature in the southeastern United States marking the final rapids on rivers before the ocean. Although their original advantages have long since become obsolete, we document the continuing importance of historical portage sites. We interpret these results as path dependence and contrast explanations based on sunk costs interacting with decreasing versus increasing returns to scale. Copyright 2012, Oxford University Press.}, Author = {Hoyt Bleakley and Jeffrey Lin}, Date-Added = {2015-05-26 19:27:56 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:58 +0000}, Journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics}, Keywords = {deep}, Number = {2}, Pages = {587-644}, Title = {{Portage and Path Dependence}}, Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/oup/qjecon/v127y2012i2p587-644.html}, Volume = {127}, Year = 2012, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/oup/qjecon/v127y2012i2p587-644.html}} @article{mich2012, Abstract = { This study explores the determinants of ethnolinguistic diversity within as well as across countries, shedding light on its geographic origins. The empirical analysis conducted across countries, virtual countries, and pairs of contiguous regions establishes that geographic variability, captured by variation in regional land quality and elevation, is a fundamental determinant of contemporary linguistic diversity. The findings are consistent with the proposed hypothesis that differences in land endowments gave rise to location-specific human capital, leading to the formation of localized ethnicities. (JEL J15, J24, Z13)}, Author = {Stelios Michalopoulos}, Date-Added = {2015-05-26 18:10:58 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:58 +0000}, Journal = {American Economic Review}, Keywords = {deep}, Month = {June}, Number = {4}, Pages = {1508-39}, Title = {{The Origins of Ethnolinguistic Diversity}}, Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v102y2012i4p1508-39.html}, Volume = {102}, Year = 2012, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v102y2012i4p1508-39.html}} @article{ag2013, Abstract = {The origin of the uneven distribution of ethnic and cultural fragmentation across countries has been underexplored, despite the importance attributed to the effects of diversity on the stability and prosperity of nations. Building on the role of deeply-rooted biogeographical forces in comparative development, this research empirically demonstrates that genetic diversity, predominantly determined during the prehistoric \"out of Africa\" migration of humans, is an underlying cause of various existing manifestations of ethnolinguistic heterogeneity. Further research may revolutionize our understanding of how economic development and the composition of human capital across the globe are affected by these deeply-rooted factors.}, Author = {Quamrul Ashraf and Oded Galor}, Date-Added = {2015-05-26 18:09:54 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:58 +0000}, Journal = {American Economic Review}, Keywords = {deep}, Month = {May}, Number = {3}, Pages = {528-33}, Title = {{Genetic Diversity and the Origins of Cultural Fragmentation}}, Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v103y2013i3p528-33.html}, Volume = {103}, Year = 2013, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v103y2013i3p528-33.html}} @article{agn2013, Abstract = { The study examines the historical origins of existing cross-cultural differences in beliefs and values regarding the appropriate role of women in society. We test the hypothesis that traditional agricultural practices influenced the historical gender division of labor and the evolution of gender norms. We find that, consistent with existing hypotheses, the descendants of societies that traditionally practiced plough agriculture today have less equal gender norms, measured using reported gender-role attitudes and female participation in the workplace, politics, and entrepreneurial activities. Our results hold looking across countries, across districts within countries, and across ethnicities within districts. To test for the importance of cultural persistence, we examine the children of immigrants living in Europe and the United States. We find that even among these individuals, all born and raised in the same country, those with a heritage of traditional plough use exhibit less equal beliefs about gender roles today. JEL Codes: D03, J16, N30. Copyright 2013, Oxford University Press.}, Author = {Alberto Alesina and Paola Giuliano and Nathan Nunn}, Date-Added = {2015-05-26 18:06:59 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2019-04-03 10:49:21 -0500}, Journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics}, Keywords = {deep}, Number = {2}, Pages = {469-530}, Title = {{On the Origins of Gender Roles: Women and the Plough}}, Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/oup/qjecon/v128y2013i2p469-530.html}, Volume = {128}, Year = 2013, Bdsk-File-1 = {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}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/oup/qjecon/v128y2013i2p469-530.html}} @article{fenske2013, Abstract = {I show how abundant land and scarce labor shaped African institutions before colonial rule. I present a model in which exogenous suitability of the land for agriculture and endogenously evolving population determine the existence of land rights, slavery, and polygyny. I then use cross-sectional data on pre-colonial African societies to demonstrate that, consistent with the model, the existence of land rights, slavery, and polygyny occurred in those parts of Africa that were the most suitable for agriculture, and in which population density was greatest. Next, I use the model to explain institutions among the Egba of southwestern Nigeria from 1830 to 1914. While many Egba institutions were typical of a land-abundant environment, they sold land and had disputes over it. These exceptions were the result of a period of land scarcity when the Egba first arrived at Abeokuta and of heterogeneity in the quality of land.
(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)}, Author = {James Fenske}, Date-Added = {2015-05-26 17:59:53 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000}, Journal = {Economic Journal}, Keywords = {deep}, Month = {December}, Number = {12}, Pages = {1363-1390}, Title = {{Does Land Abundance Explain African Institutions?}}, Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/ecj/econjl/v123y2013i12p1363-1390.html}, Volume = {123}, Year = 2013, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/ecj/econjl/v123y2013i12p1363-1390.html}} @article{alsan2015, Abstract = {The TseTse fly is unique to Africa and transmits a parasite harmful to humans and lethal to livestock. This paper tests the hypothesis that the TseTse reduced the ability of Africans to generate an agricultural surplus historically. Ethnic groups inhabiting TseTse-suitable areas were less likely to use domesticated animals and the plow, less likely to be politically centralized, and had a lower population density. These correlations are not found in the tropics outside of Africa, where the fly does not exist. The evidence suggests current economic performance is affected by the TseTse through the channel of precolonial political centralization. (JEL I12, N57, O13, O17, Q12, Q16, Q18)}, Author = {Alsan, Marcella}, Date-Added = {2015-05-26 17:54:15 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2019-04-03 10:49:26 -0500}, Doi = {10.1257/aer.20130604}, Journal = {American Economic Review}, Keywords = {deep}, Local-Url = {/Users/dietz/Dropbox/Papers/Aslan_2014.pdf}, Number = {1}, Pages = {382-410}, Title = {The Effect of the TseTse Fly on African Development}, Url = {http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/aer.20130604}, Url-1 = {http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/aer.20130604}, Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20130604}, Volume = {105}, Year = {2015}, Bdsk-File-1 = {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}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/aer.20130604}, Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20130604}} @article{fenske2014, Abstract = { State capacity matters for growth. I test Bates' explanation of pre-colonial African states. He argues that trade across ecological boundaries promoted states. I find that African societies in ecologically diverse environments had more centralized states. This is robust to reverse causation, omitted heterogeneity, and alternative interpretations of the link between diversity and states. The result survives including non-African societies. I test mechanisms connecting trade to states, and find that trade supported class stratification between rulers and ruled. I underscore the importance of ethnic institutions and inform our knowledge of the effects of trade on institutions.}, Author = {James Fenske}, Date-Added = {2015-05-12 00:49:57 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2019-04-03 10:49:58 -0500}, Journal = {Journal of the European Economic Association}, Keywords = {deep}, Month = {06}, Number = {3}, Pages = {612-640}, Title = {{Ecology, Trade, And States In Pre-Colonial Africa}}, Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/jeurec/v12y2014i3p612-640.html}, Volume = {12}, Year = 2014, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/jeurec/v12y2014i3p612-640.html}} @article{vv13, Abstract = {We analyze the emergence of the first socioeconomic institution in history limiting fertility: west of a line from St. Petersburg to Trieste, the European Marriage Pattern (EMP) reduced childbirths by approximately one-third between the fourteenth and eighteenth century. To explain the rise of EMP we build a two-sector model of agricultural production?grain and livestock. Women have a comparative advantage in animal husbandry. After the Black Death in 1348?1350, land abundance triggered a shift toward the pastoral sector. This improved female employment prospects, leading to later marriages. Using detailed data from England, we provide strong evidence for our mechanism.}, Author = {Nico Voigtl{\"a}nder and Hans-Joachim Voth}, Date-Added = {2015-03-17 20:25:45 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 12:35:57 -0600}, Journal = {American Economic Review}, Keywords = {takeoff, deep}, Month = {October}, Number = {6}, Pages = {2227-64}, Title = {{How the West "Invented" Fertility Restriction}}, Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v103y2013i6p2227-64.html}, Volume = {103}, Year = 2013, Bdsk-File-1 = {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}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v103y2013i6p2227-64.html}} @article{msv89, Abstract = { When world trade is costly, a country can profitably industrialize only if its domestic markets are large enough. In such a country, for increasing returns technologies to break even, sales must be high enough to cover fixed setup costs. The authors suggest two conditions conducive to industrialization. First, a leading sector, such as agriculture or exports, must grow and provide the source of autonomous demand for manufactures. Second, income generated by this leading sector must be broadly enough distributed that it materializes as demand for a broad range of domestic manufactures. These conditions have been important in several historical growth episodes. Copyright 1989, the President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.}, Author = {Murphy, Kevin M and Shleifer, Andrei and Vishny, Robert W}, Date-Added = {2015-03-17 18:39:12 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2017-05-01 20:00:43 +0000}, Journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics}, Keywords = {theory}, Month = {August}, Number = {3}, Pages = {537-64}, Title = {{Income Distribution, Market Size, and Industrialization}}, Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/tpr/qjecon/v104y1989i3p537-64.html}, Volume = {104}, Year = 1989, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/tpr/qjecon/v104y1989i3p537-64.html}} @article{dcd03, Abstract = {We develop a new theoretical link between inequality and growth. In our model, fertility and education decisions are interdependent. Poor parents decide to have many children and invest little in education. A mean-preserving spread in the income distribution increases the fertility differential between the rich and the poor, which implies that more weight gets placed on families who provide little education. Consequently, an increase in inequality lowers average education and, therefore, growth. We find that this fertility-differential effect accounts for most of the empirical relationship between inequality and growth. (JEL J13, O40)}, Author = {David de la Croix and Matthias Doepke}, Date-Added = {2015-03-17 18:37:25 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:09:19 +0000}, Journal = {American Economic Review}, Keywords = {theory}, Month = {September}, Number = {4}, Pages = {1091-1113}, Title = {{Inequality and Growth: Why Differential Fertility Matters}}, Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v93y2003i4p1091-1113.html}, Volume = {93}, Year = 2003, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v93y2003i4p1091-1113.html}} @article{bmt90, Abstract = { The authors' analysis of growth assumes endogenous fertility and a rising rate of return on human capital as the stock of human capital increases. When human capital is abundant, rates of return on human capital investments are high relative to rates of return on children, whereas, when human capital is scarce, rates of return on human capital are low relative to those on children. As a result, societies with limited human capital choose large families and invest little in each member; those with abundant human capital do the opposite. This leads to two stable steady states. One has large families and little human capital; the other has small families and perhaps growing human and physical capital. Copyright 1990 by University of Chicago Press.}, Author = {Becker, Gary S and Murphy, Kevin M and Tamura, Robert}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:06:36 +0000}, Journal = {Journal of Political Economy}, Keywords = {theory}, Local-Url = {/Users/dietz/Dropbox/Papers/Becker, Murphy, and Tamura - 1990.pdf}, Month = {October}, Number = {5}, Pages = {S12-37}, Title = {{Human Capital, Fertility, and Economic Growth}}, Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/jpolec/v98y1990i5ps12-37.html}, Volume = {98}, Year = 1990, Bdsk-File-1 = {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}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/jpolec/v98y1990i5ps12-37.html}} @article{galor12, Abstract = {This paper develops the theoretical foundations and the testable implications of the various mechanisms that have been proposed as possible triggers for the demographic transition. Moreover, it examines the empirical validity of each of the theories and their significance for the understanding of the transition from stagnation to growth. The analysis suggests that the rise in the demand for human capital in the process of development was the main trigger for the decline in fertility and the transition to modern growth.}, Author = {Oded Galor}, Date-Added = {2015-03-17 17:20:19 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:10:20 +0000}, Journal = {Cliometrica, Journal of Historical Economics and Econometric History}, Keywords = {takeoff,theory}, Month = {January}, Number = {1}, Pages = {1-28}, Title = {{The demographic transition: causes and consequences}}, Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/afc/cliome/v6y2012i1p1-28.html}, Volume = {6}, Year = 2012, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/afc/cliome/v6y2012i1p1-28.html}} @article{lee88, Author = {Lee, Ronald Demos}, Date-Added = {2015-03-17 17:14:12 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:12:34 +0000}, Journal = {Mathematical Population Studies}, Keywords = {theory,deep}, Note = {PMID: 12281209}, Number = {3}, Pages = {265-288}, Title = {Induced population growth and induced technological progress}, Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08898488809525278}, Volume = {1}, Year = {1988}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08898488809525278}} @article{bw98, Abstract = {The demographic transition a change from high to low rates of mortality and fertility has been more dramatic in East Asia during this century than in any other region or historical period. By introducing demographic variables into an empirical model of economic growth, this essay shows that this transition has contributed substantially to East Asia's so-called economic miracle. The 'miracle' occurred in part because East Asia's demographic transition resulted in its working-age population growing at a much faster pace than its dependent population during the period 1965-1990, thereby expanding the per capita productive capacity of East Asian economies. This effect was not inevitable; rather, it occured because East Asian countries had social, economic, and political institutions and policies that allowed them to realize the growth potential created by the transition. The empirical analyses indicate that population growth has a purely transitional effect on economic growth; this effect operates only when the dependent and working-age populations are growing at different rates. An important implication of these results is that future demographic change will tend to depress growth rates in East Asia, while it will promote more rapid economic growth in Southeast and South Asia.
(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)}, Author = {Bloom, David E and Williamson, Jeffrey G}, Date-Added = {2015-03-17 17:09:04 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:05:33 +0000}, Journal = {World Bank Economic Review}, Keywords = {dev}, Month = {September}, Number = {3}, Pages = {419-55}, Title = {{Demographic Transitions and Economic Miracles in Emerging Asia}}, Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/oup/wbecrv/v12y1998i3p419-55.html}, Volume = {12}, Year = 1998, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/oup/wbecrv/v12y1998i3p419-55.html}} @article{kremer93, Abstract = { The nonrivalry of technology, as modeled in the endogenous growth literature, implies that high population spurs technological change. This paper constructs and empirically tests a model of long-run world population growth combining this implication with the Malthusian assumption that technology limits population. The model predicts that over most of history, the growth rate of population will be proportional to its level. Empirical tests support this prediction and show that historically, among societies with no possibility for technological contact, those with larger initial populations have had faster technological change and population growth. Copyright 1993, the President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.}, Author = {Kremer, Michael}, Date-Added = {2015-03-17 17:04:46 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:11:54 +0000}, Journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics}, Keywords = {deep,takeoff,theory}, Month = {August}, Number = {3}, Pages = {681-716}, Title = {{Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million B.C. to 1990}}, Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/tpr/qjecon/v108y1993i3p681-716.html}, Volume = {108}, Year = 1993, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/tpr/qjecon/v108y1993i3p681-716.html}} @article{bvz14, Author = {Jutta Bolt and Jan Luiten van Zanden}, Date-Added = {2015-03-16 21:25:45 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000}, Journal = {Economic History Review}, Keywords = {takeoff}, Number = {3}, Pages = {627-651}, Title = {The Maddison Project: collaborative research on historical national accounts}, Volume = {67}, Year = {2014}} @article{dittmar11, Abstract = { The printing press was the great innovation in early modern information technology, but economists have found no macroeconomic evidence of its impact. This article exploits city-level data. Between 1500 and 1600, European cities where printing presses were established in the 1400s grew 60\% faster than otherwise similar cities. Cities that adopted printing in the 1400s had no prior advantage, and the association between adoption and subsequent growth was not due to printers choosing auspicious locations. These findings are supported by regressions that exploit distance from Mainz, Germany--the birthplace of printing--as an instrument for adoption. Copyright 2011, Oxford University Press.}, Author = {Jeremiah E. Dittmar}, Date-Added = {2015-03-16 21:25:11 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000}, Journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics}, Keywords = {takeoff}, Number = {3}, Pages = {1133-1172}, Title = {{Information Technology and Economic Change: The Impact of The Printing Press}}, Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/oup/qjecon/v126y2011i3p1133-1172.html}, Volume = {126}, Year = 2011, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/oup/qjecon/v126y2011i3p1133-1172.html}} @article{hoselitz55, Author = {Hoselitz, Bert F.}, Date-Added = {2015-03-16 21:25:04 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2015-03-16 21:43:12 +0000}, Issn = {00130079}, Journal = {Economic Development and Cultural Change}, Keywords = {urban}, Language = {English}, Number = {3}, Pages = {pp. 278-294}, Publisher = {The University of Chicago Press}, Title = {Generative and Parasitic Cities}, Volume = {3}, Year = {1955}} @article{hoselitz53, Abstract = {No abstract is available for this item.}, Author = {Bert F. Hoselitz}, Date-Added = {2015-03-16 21:24:57 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2017-04-16 15:41:59 +0000}, Journal = {Journal of Political Economy}, Keywords = {urban}, Pages = {195}, Title = {{The Role of Cities in the Economic Growth of Underdeveloped Countries}}, Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/jpolec/v61y1953p195.html}, Volume = {61}, Year = 1953, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/jpolec/v61y1953p195.html}} @article{davis56, Author = {Kingsley Davis}, Date-Added = {2015-03-16 21:24:29 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:05:33 +0000}, Journal = {American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings}, Keywords = {dev}, Month = {May}, Pages = {305-18}, Title = {The Amazing Decline of Mortality in Underdeveloped Areas}, Volume = {46}, Year = {1956}} @article{preston75, Author = {Samuel H. Preston}, Date-Added = {2015-03-16 21:24:29 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:05:33 +0000}, Journal = {Population Studies}, Keywords = {dev}, Month = {July}, Pages = {231-48}, Title = {The Changing Relation between Mortality and Level of Economic Development}, Volume = {29}, Year = {1975}} @article{Kim2005, Abstract = {Industrialization and urbanization are seen as interdependent processes of modern economic development. However, the exact nature of their causal relationship is still open to considerable debate. This paper uses firm-level data from the manuscripts of the decennial censuses between 1850 and 1880 to examine whether the adoption of the steam engine as the primary power source by manufacturers during industrialization contributed to urbanization. While the data indicate that steam-powered firms were more likely to locate in urban areas than water-powered firms, the adoption of the steam engine did not contribute substantially to urbanization. }, Author = {Sukkoo Kim}, Date-Added = {2015-03-16 21:24:12 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2017-04-16 15:41:59 +0000}, Issn = {0014-4983}, Journal = {Explorations in Economic History}, Keywords = {urban}, Number = {4}, Pages = {586 - 598}, Title = {Industrialization and urbanization: Did the steam engine contribute to the growth of cities in the United States?}, Url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014498305000215}, Volume = {42}, Year = {2005}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014498305000215}} @article{frank12, Abstract = {Recent literature on the historical determinants of African poverty has emphasized structural impediments to African growth, such as adverse geographical conditions, weak institutions, or ethnic heterogeneity. But has African poverty been a persistent historical phenomenon? This article checks such assumptions against the historical record. We push African income estimates back in time by presenting urban unskilled real wages for nine British African colonies (1880--1965). We find that African real wages were well above subsistence level and that they rose significantly over time. Moreover, in West Africa and Mauritius real wage levels were considerably higher than those in Asia.}, Author = {Frankema, Ewout and Waijenburg, Marlous Van}, Date-Added = {2015-03-16 21:23:37 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000}, Journal = {The Journal of Economic History}, Keywords = {takeoff}, Month = {December}, Number = {04}, Pages = {895-926}, Title = {Structural Impediments to African Growth? New Evidence from Real Wages in British Africa, 1880-1965}, Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/cup/jechis/v72y2012i04p895-926_00.html}, Volume = {72}, Year = 2012, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/cup/jechis/v72y2012i04p895-926_00.html}} @article{matsuyama02, Author = {Kiminori Matsuyama}, Date-Added = {2015-03-16 21:21:31 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:06 +0000}, Journal = {Journal of Political Economy}, Keywords = {sector}, Month = {October}, Number = {5}, Pages = {1035-1070}, Title = {The Rise of Mass Consumption Societies}, Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/jpolec/v110y2002i5p1035-1070.html}, Volume = {110}, Year = 2002, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/jpolec/v110y2002i5p1035-1070.html}} @article{kuznets73, Author = {Kuznets, Simon}, Date-Added = {2015-03-16 21:21:11 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:15 +0000}, Journal = {American Economic Review}, Keywords = {rich}, Month = {June}, Number = {3}, Pages = {247-58}, Title = {Modern Economic Growth: Findings and Reflections}, Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v63y1973i3p247-58.html}, Volume = {63}, Year = 1973, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v63y1973i3p247-58.html}} @book{bates81, Address = {Berkeley: University of California Press.}, Author = {Bates, Robert}, Date-Added = {2015-03-16 21:21:01 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2015-03-16 21:34:28 +0000}, Keywords = {urban}, Title = {Markets and States in Tropical Africa: The Political Basis of Agricultural Policies}, Year = {1981}} @book{pirenne25, Address = {Princeton, NJ}, Author = {Pirenne, Henri}, Date-Added = {2015-03-16 21:20:44 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000}, Keywords = {takeoff;urban}, Title = {Medieval cities, their Origins, and the Revival of Trade}, Year = {1925}} @book{pirenne36, Address = {London}, Author = {Pirenne, Henri}, Date-Added = {2015-03-16 21:20:40 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000}, Keywords = {takeoff}, Title = {Economic and Social History of Medieval Europe}, Year = {1936}} @book{allen09, Address = {Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.}, Author = {Allen, Robert C.}, Date-Added = {2015-03-16 21:20:18 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000}, Keywords = {takeoff}, Title = {The British Industrial Revolution in Global Perspective}, Year = {2009}} @techreport{dgo13, Abstract = {We present new evidence about the relationship between military conflict and city population growth in Europe from the fall of Charlemagne{\^a}€{\texttrademark}s empire to the start of the Industrial Revolution. Military conflict was a main feature of European history. We argue that cities were safe harbors from conflict threats. To test this argument, we construct a novel database that geocodes the locations of 1,091 conflicts and 676 cities between 800 and 1799. We find a significant, positive, and robust relationship that runs from conflict exposure to city population growth. Our analysis suggests that military conflict played a key role in the rise of urban Europe.}, Author = {Mark Dincecco and Massimiliano Gaetano Onorato}, Date-Added = {2015-03-16 21:20:03 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2017-04-16 15:42:02 +0000}, Institution = {IMT Institute for Advanced Studies Lucca}, Keywords = {urban}, Month = Oct, Number = {7/2013}, Title = {{Military Conflict and the Rise of Urban Europe}}, Type = {Working Papers}, Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/p/ial/wpaper/7-2013.html}, Year = 2013, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/p/ial/wpaper/7-2013.html}} @book{williamson90, Address = {Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.}, Author = {Williamson, Jeffrey}, Date-Added = {2015-03-16 21:19:09 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2015-03-16 21:41:09 +0000}, Keywords = {urban}, Title = {Coping with City Growth During the British Industrial Revolution}, Year = {1990}} @book{bairoch88, Address = {Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.}, Author = {Bairoch, Paul}, Date-Added = {2015-03-16 21:18:57 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2015-03-16 21:34:18 +0000}, Keywords = {urban}, Title = {Cities and Economic Development: Frow the Dawn of History to the Present}, Year = {1988}} @article{ag08, Author = {Daron Acemoglu and Veronica Guerrieri}, Date-Added = {2015-03-16 21:18:32 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2017-04-16 15:42:03 +0000}, Journal = {Journal of Political Economy}, Keywords = {theory}, Month = {06}, Number = {3}, Pages = {467-498}, Title = {Capital Deepening and Nonbalanced Economic Growth}, Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/jpolec/v116y2008i3p467-498.html}, Volume = {116}, Year = 2008, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/jpolec/v116y2008i3p467-498.html}} @article{np07, Author = {Rachel L. Ngai and Christopher A. Pissarides}, Date-Added = {2015-03-16 21:17:51 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:06 +0000}, Journal = {American Economic Review}, Keywords = {sector, ec7340}, Month = {March}, Number = {1}, Pages = {429-443}, Title = {Structural Change in a Multisector Model of Growth}, Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v97y2007i1p429-443.html}, Volume = {97}, Year = 2007, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v97y2007i1p429-443.html}} @article{bk09, Author = {Francisco J. Buera and Joseph P. Kaboski}, Date-Added = {2015-03-16 21:17:36 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:06 +0000}, Journal = {Journal of the European Economic Association}, Keywords = {sector,ec7340}, Month = {04-05}, Number = {2-3}, Pages = {469-477}, Title = {Can Traditional Theories of Structural Change Fit The Data?}, Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/tpr/jeurec/v7y2009i2-3p469-477.html}, Volume = {7}, Year = 2009, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/tpr/jeurec/v7y2009i2-3p469-477.html}} @article{bk12, Abstract = { This paper analyzes the role of specialized high-skilled labor in the disproportionate growth of the service sector. Empirically, the importance of skill-intensive services has risen during a period of increasing relative wages and quantities of high-skilled labor. We develop a theory in which demand shifts toward more skill- intensive output as productivity rises, increasing the importance of market services relative to home production. Consistent with the data, the theory predicts a rising level of skill, skill premium, and relative price of services that is linked to this skill premium. (JEL J24, L80, L90)}, Author = {Francisco J. Buera and Joseph P. Kaboski}, Date-Added = {2015-03-16 21:17:29 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:06 +0000}, Journal = {American Economic Review}, Keywords = {sector}, Month = {October}, Number = {6}, Pages = {2540-69}, Title = {The Rise of the Service Economy}, Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v102y2012i6p2540-69.html}, Volume = {102}, Year = 2012, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v102y2012i6p2540-69.html}} @article{lewis54, Author = {Lewis, Arthur}, Date-Added = {2015-03-16 21:16:14 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:06 +0000}, Doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9957.1954.tb00021.x}, Issn = {1467-9957}, Journal = {The Manchester School}, Keywords = {sector,ec7340}, Number = {2}, Pages = {139-191}, Publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd}, Title = {Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour}, Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9957.1954.tb00021.x}, Volume = {22}, Year = {1954}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9957.1954.tb00021.x}} @article{gg09, Author = {Edward L. Glaeser and Joshua D. Gottlieb}, Date-Added = {2015-03-16 21:15:28 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2017-04-16 15:42:06 +0000}, Journal = {Journal of Economic Literature}, Keywords = {urban}, Month = {December}, Number = {4}, Pages = {983-1028}, Title = {The Wealth of Cities: Agglomeration Economies and Spatial Equilibrium in the United States}, Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/jeclit/v47y2009i4p983-1028.html}, Volume = {47}, Year = 2009, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/jeclit/v47y2009i4p983-1028.html}} @article{young91, Author = {Young, Alwyn}, Date-Added = {2015-03-16 21:14:59 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:16 +0000}, Journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics}, Keywords = {theory,trade}, Month = {May}, Number = {2}, Pages = {369-405}, Title = {Learning by Doing and the Dynamic Effects of International Trade}, Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/tpr/qjecon/v106y1991i2p369-405.html}, Volume = {106}, Year = 1991, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/tpr/qjecon/v106y1991i2p369-405.html}} @book{lipton77, Address = {Cambridge: Harvard University Press}, Author = {Michael Lipton}, Date-Added = {2015-03-16 21:14:13 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2015-03-16 21:41:54 +0000}, Keywords = {urban}, Title = {Why Poor People Stay Poor: Urban Bias in World Development}, Year = {1977}} @article{rtv06, Abstract = {I modify the uniform-price auction rules in allowing the seller to ration bidders. This allows me to provide a strategic foundation for underpricing when the seller has an interest in ownership dispersion. Moreover, many of the so-called \"collusive-seeming\" equilibria disappear.}, Author = {Robinson, James A. and Torvik, Ragnar and Verdier, Thierry}, Date-Added = {2015-03-16 21:13:58 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000}, Journal = {Journal of Development Economics}, Keywords = {deep}, Month = {April}, Number = {2}, Pages = {447-468}, Title = {Political Foundations of the Resource Curse}, Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/deveco/v79y2006i2p447-468.html}, Volume = {79}, Year = 2006, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/deveco/v79y2006i2p447-468.html}} @book{devries84, Address = {London: Methuen.}, Author = {de Vries, Jan}, Date-Added = {2015-03-16 21:13:41 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2015-03-16 21:40:59 +0000}, Keywords = {urban}, Title = {European Urbanization}, Year = {1984}} @book{braudel85, Address = {Berkeley: University of California Press}, Author = {Fernand Braudel}, Date-Added = {2015-03-16 21:13:10 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000}, Keywords = {takeoff}, Title = {Civilization and Capitalism, 15th-18th Century}, Year = {1985}} @article{dls93, Author = {De Long, J Bradford and Shleifer, Andrei}, Date-Added = {2015-03-16 21:12:56 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000}, Journal = {Journal of Law and Economics}, Keywords = {deep}, Month = {October}, Number = {2}, Pages = {671-702}, Title = {Princes and Merchants: European City Growth before the Industrial Revolution}, Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/jlawec/v36y1993i2p671-702.html}, Volume = {36}, Year = 1993, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/jlawec/v36y1993i2p671-702.html}} @article{pavcnik02, Abstract = {This paper empirically investigates the effects of trade liberalization on plant productivity in the case of Chile. Chile presents an interesting setting to study this relationship since it underwent a massive trade liberalization that significantly exposed its plants to competition from abroad during the late 1970s and early 1980s. Methodologically, I approach this question in two steps. In the first step, I estimate a production function to obtain a measure of plant productivity. I estimate the production function semi-parametrically to correct for the presence of selection and simultaneity biases in the estimates of the input coefficients required to construct a productivity measure. I explicitly incorporate plant exit in the estimation to correct for the selection problem induced by liquidated plants. These methodological aspects are important in obtaining a reliable plant-level productivity measure based on consistent estimates of the input coefficients. In the second step, I identify the impact of trade liberalization on plants' productivity in a regression framework allowing variation in productivity over time and across traded- and non-traded-goods sectors. Using plant-level panel data on Chilean manufacturers, I find evidence of within plant productivity improvements that can be attributed to a liberalized trade policy, especially for the plants in the import-competing sector. In many cases, aggregate productivity improvements stem from the reshuffling of resources and output from less to more efficient producers.
(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)}, Author = {Pavcnik, Nina}, Date-Added = {2015-03-16 21:11:31 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:16 +0000}, Journal = {Review of Economic Studies}, Keywords = {trade}, Month = {January}, Number = {1}, Pages = {245-76}, Title = {Trade Liberalization, Exit, and Productivity Improvement: Evidence from Chilean Plants}, Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/restud/v69y2002i1p245-76.html}, Volume = {69}, Year = 2002, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/restud/v69y2002i1p245-76.html}} @article{guinnane11, Abstract = {The historical fertility transition is the process by which much of Europe and North America went from high to low fertility in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This transformation is central to recent accounts of long-run economic growth. Prior to the transition, women bore as many as eight children each, and the elasticity of fertility with respect to incomes was positive. Today, many women have no children at all, and the elasticity of fertility with respect to incomes is zero or even negative. This paper discusses the large literature on the historical fertility transition, focusing on what we do and do not know about the process. I stress some possible misunderstanding of the demographic literature, and discuss an agenda for future work. (JEL I12, J13, N30)}, Author = {Timothy W. Guinnane}, Date-Added = {2015-03-16 21:10:48 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:11:10 +0000}, Journal = {Journal of Economic Literature}, Keywords = {takeoff}, Month = {September}, Number = {3}, Pages = {589-614}, Title = {The Historical Fertility Transition: A Guide for Economists}, Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/jeclit/v49y2011i3p589-614.html}, Volume = {49}, Year = 2011, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/jeclit/v49y2011i3p589-614.html}} @article{bleakley07, Abstract = { This study evaluates the economic consequences of the successful eradication of hookworm disease from the American South, which started circa 1910. The Rockefeller Sanitary Commission (RSC) surveyed infection rates and found that 40 percent of school-aged children in the South were infected with hookworm. The RSC then sponsored treatment and education campaigns across the region. Follow-up studies indicate that this campaign substantially reduced hookworm disease almost immediately. Areas with higher levels of hookworm infection prior to the RSC experienced greater increases in school enrollment, attendance, and literacy after the intervention. No significant contemporaneous results are found for literacy or occupational shifts among adults, who had negligible prior infection rates. A long-term follow-up indicates a substantial gain in income that coincided with exposure to hookworm eradication. I also find evidence that the return to schooling increased with eradication. Copyright by the President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.}, Author = {Hoyt Bleakley}, Date-Added = {2015-03-16 21:10:31 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:05:33 +0000}, Journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics}, Keywords = {dev}, Local-Url = {/Users/dietz/Dropbox/Papers/Bleakley_2007.pdf}, Month = {02}, Number = {1}, Pages = {73-117}, Title = {Disease and Development: Evidence from Hookworm Eradication in the American South}, Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/tpr/qjecon/v122y2007i1p73-117.html}, Volume = {122}, Year = 2007, Bdsk-File-1 = {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}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/tpr/qjecon/v122y2007i1p73-117.html}} @article{bleakley10, Abstract = {This study uses the malaria-eradication campaigns in the United States (circa 1920) and in Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico (circa 1955) to measure how much childhood exposure to malaria depresses labor productivity. The campaigns began because of advances in health technology, which mitigates concerns about reverse causality. Malarious areas saw large drops in the disease thereafter. Relative to non-malarious areas, cohorts born after eradication had higher income as adults than the preceding generation. These cross-cohort changes coincided with childhood exposure to the campaigns rather than to pre-existing trends. Estimates suggest a substantial, though not predominant, role for malaria in explaining cross-region differences in income. (JEL I12, I18, J13, O15)}, Author = {Hoyt Bleakley}, Date-Added = {2015-03-16 21:10:22 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:05:33 +0000}, Journal = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics}, Keywords = {dev}, Month = {April}, Number = {2}, Pages = {1-45}, Title = {Malaria Eradication in the Americas: A Retrospective Analysis of Childhood Exposure}, Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aejapp/v2y2010i2p1-45.html}, Volume = {2}, Year = 2010, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aejapp/v2y2010i2p1-45.html}} @article{bleakleylange09, Abstract = { This study considers the eradication of hookworm disease from the American South (circa 1910) as a test of the quantity-quality (Q-Q) framework of fertility. Eradication was principally a shock to the price of quality because of three factors: hookworm (i) depresses the return to human capital investment, (ii) had a very low case-fatality rate, and (iii) had negligible prevalence among adults. Consistent with the Q-Q model, we find a significant decline in fertility associated with eradication. Copyright by the President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.}, Author = {Hoyt Bleakley and Fabian Lange}, Date-Added = {2015-03-16 21:09:52 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:05:33 +0000}, Journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics}, Keywords = {dev}, Month = {February}, Number = {1}, Pages = {52-65}, Title = {Chronic Disease Burden and the Interaction of Education, Fertility, and Growth}, Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/tpr/restat/v91y2009i1p52-65.html}, Volume = {91}, Year = 2009, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/tpr/restat/v91y2009i1p52-65.html}} @article{aj07, Abstract = { We exploit the major international health improvements from the 1940s to estimate the effect of life expectancy on economic performance. We construct predicted mortality using preintervention mortality rates from various diseases and dates of global interventions. Predicted mortality has a large impact on changes in life expectancy starting in 1940 but no effect before 1940. Using predicted mortality as an instrument, we find that a 1 percent increase in life expectancy leads to a 1.7-2 percent increase in population. Life expectancy has a much smaller effect on total GDP, however. Consequently, there is no evidence that the large increase in life expectancy raised income per capita. (c) 2007 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved..}, Author = {Daron Acemoglu and Simon Johnson}, Date-Added = {2015-03-16 21:09:40 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:05:33 +0000}, Journal = {Journal of Political Economy}, Keywords = {dev,nature}, Month = {December}, Number = {6}, Pages = {925-985}, Title = {Disease and Development: The Effect of Life Expectancy on Economic Growth}, Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/jpolec/v115y2007i6p925-985.html}, Volume = {115}, Year = 2007, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/jpolec/v115y2007i6p925-985.html}} @article{young05, Abstract = { This paper simulates the impact of the AIDS epidemic on future living standards in South Africa. I emphasize two competing effects. On the one hand, the epidemic is likely to have a detrimental impact on the human capital accumulation of orphaned children. On the other hand, widespread community infection lowers fertility, both directly, through a reduction in the willingness to engage in unprotected sexual activity, and indirectly, by increasing the scarcity of labor and the value of a woman's time. I find that even with the most pessimistic assumptions concerning reductions in educational attainment, the fertility effect dominates. The AIDS epidemic, on net, enhances the future per capita consumption possibilities of the South African economy. {\copyright} 2005 MIT Press}, Author = {Young, Alwyn}, Date-Added = {2015-03-16 21:09:25 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:05:33 +0000}, Journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics}, Keywords = {dev,nature}, Number = {2}, Pages = {423-466}, Title = {The Gift of the Dying: The Tragedy of Aids and the Welfare of Future African Generations}, Url = {http://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:tpr:qjecon:v:120:y:2005:i:2:p:423-466}, Volume = {120}, Year = {2005}, Bdsk-File-1 = {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}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:tpr:qjecon:v:120:y:2005:i:2:p:423-466}} @article{ghm10, Abstract = { We quantify agglomeration spillovers by comparing changes in total factor productivity (TFP) among incumbent plants in \"winning\" counties that attracted a large manufacturing plant and \"losing\" counties that were the new plant's runner-up choice. Winning and losing counties have similar trends in TFP prior to the new plant opening. Five years after the opening, incumbent plants' TFP is 12 percent higher in winning counties. This productivity spillover is larger for plants sharing similar labor and technology pools with the new plant. Consistent with spatial equilibrium models, labor costs increase in winning counties, indicating that profits ultimately increase less than productivity. (c) 2010 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved..}, Author = {Michael Greenstone and Richard Hornbeck and Enrico Moretti}, Date-Added = {2015-03-16 21:08:48 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2017-04-16 15:42:13 +0000}, Journal = {Journal of Political Economy}, Keywords = {urban}, Month = {06}, Number = {3}, Pages = {536-598}, Title = {Identifying Agglomeration Spillovers: Evidence from Winners and Losers of Large Plant Openings}, Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/jpolec/v118y2010i3p536-598.html}, Volume = {118}, Year = 2010, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/jpolec/v118y2010i3p536-598.html}} @article{bgm99, Author = {Becker, Gary S. and Glaeser, Edward L. and Murphy, Kevin M.}, Date-Added = {2015-03-16 21:08:25 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:06:43 +0000}, Doi = {10.1257/aer.89.2.145}, Journal = {American Economic Review}, Keywords = {theory}, Month = {September}, Number = {2}, Pages = {145-149}, Title = {Population and Economic Growth}, Url = {http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/aer.89.2.145}, Url-1 = {http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/aer.89.2.145}, Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.89.2.145}, Volume = {89}, Year = {1999}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/aer.89.2.145}, Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.89.2.145}} @article{vv06, Abstract = { Why did England industrialize first? And why was Europe ahead of the rest of the world? Unified growth theory in the tradition of Galor and Weil (2000, American Economic Review, 89, 806-828) and Galor and Moav (2002, Quartely Journal of Economics, 177(4), 1133-1191) captures the key features of the transition from stagnation to growth over time. Yet we know remarkably little about why industrialization occurred much earlier in some parts of the world than in others. To answer this question, we present a probabilistic two-sector model where the initial escape from Malthusian constraints depends on the demographic regime, capital deepening and the use of more differentiated capital equipment. Weather-induced shocks to agricultural productivity cause changes in prices and quantities, and affect wages. In a standard model with capital externalities, these fluctuations interact with the demographic regime and affect the speed of growth. Our model is calibrated to match the main characteristics of the English economy in 1700 and the observed transition until 1850. We capture one of the key features of the British Industrial Revolution emphasized by economic historians slow growth of output and productivity. Fertility limitation is responsible for higher per capita incomes, and these in turn increase industrialization probabilities. The paper also explores the availability of nutrition for poorer segments of society. We examine the influence of redistributive institutions such as the Old Poor Law, and find they were not decisive in fostering industrialization. Simulations using parameter values for other countries show that Britains early escape was only partly due to chance. France could have moved out of agriculture and into manufacturing faster than Britain, but the probability was less than 25\%. Contrary to recent claims in the literature, 18th century China had only a minimal chance to escape from Malthusian constraints. Copyright Springer Science+Business}, Author = {Nico Voigtl{\"a}nder and Hans-Joachim Voth}, Date-Added = {2015-03-16 21:07:57 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000}, Journal = {Journal of Economic Growth}, Keywords = {takeoff}, Month = {December}, Number = {4}, Pages = {319-361}, Title = {Why England? Demographic factors, structural change and physical capital accumulation during the Industrial Revolution}, Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/kap/jecgro/v11y2006i4p319-361.html}, Volume = {11}, Year = 2006, Bdsk-File-1 = {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}, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/kap/jecgro/v11y2006i4p319-361.html}} @article{vv09, Abstract = {This paper argues that Malthusian regimes are capable of sustained changes in per capita incomes. Shifting mortality and fertility schedules can lead to different steady-state income levels, with long periods of growth during the transition. Europe checked the downward pressure on wages through late marriage, which reduced fertility, and a mortality regime that combined high death rates with high incomes. We argue that both emerged as a result of the Black Death.
(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)}, Author = {Nico Voigtl{\"a}nder and Hans-Joachim Voth}, Date-Added = {2015-03-16 21:07:28 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000}, Journal = {American Economic Review}, Keywords = {takeoff}, Month = {May}, Number = {2}, Pages = {248-54}, Title = {Malthusian Dynamism and the Rise of Europe: Make War, Not Love}, Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v99y2009i2p248-54.html}, Volume = {99}, Year = 2009, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v99y2009i2p248-54.html}} @article{roback82, Abstract = {No abstract is available for this item.}, Author = {Roback, Jennifer}, Date-Added = {2015-03-16 21:06:46 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2017-04-16 15:42:17 +0000}, Journal = {Journal of Political Economy}, Keywords = {urban}, Month = {December}, Number = {6}, Pages = {1257-78}, Title = {Wages, Rents, and the Quality of Life}, Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/jpolec/v90y1982i6p1257-78.html}, Volume = {90}, Year = 1982, Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/jpolec/v90y1982i6p1257-78.html}} @book{fogel2004, Address = {Cambridge University Press}, Author = {Robert W. Fogel}, Date-Added = {2015-03-16 21:06:38 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:05:33 +0000}, Keywords = {dev}, Title = {The Escape from Hunger and Premature Death, 1700-2100}, Year = {2004}} @book{glaeser11, Address = {London, UK: Penguin Press.}, Author = {Edward Glaeser}, Date-Added = {2015-03-16 21:06:32 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2015-03-16 21:37:49 +0000}, Keywords = {urban}, Title = {Triumph of the City: How Our Greatest Invention Makes Us Richer, Smarter, Greener, Healthier, and Happier}, Year = {2011}} @book{chandler87, Address = {The Edwin Mellen Press}, Author = {Tertius Chandler}, Date-Added = {2015-03-16 21:06:24 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2015-03-16 21:36:14 +0000}, Keywords = {urban}, Title = {Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census}, Year = {1987}} @book{braudel73, Address = {London: Harpercollins}, Author = {Fernand Braudel}, Date-Added = {2015-03-16 21:06:07 +0000}, Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000}, Keywords = {takeoff}, Title = {Capitalism and Material Life}, Year = {1973}} @article{combes12, Abstract = {Firms are more productive on average in larger cities. Two explanations have been offered: agglomeration economies (larger cities promote interactions that increase productivity) and firm selection (larger cities toughen competition allowing only the most productive to survive). To distinguish between them, we nest a generalised version of a seminal firm selection model and a standard model of agglomeration. Stronger selection in larger cities left-truncates the productivity distribution whereas stronger agglomeration right-shifts and dilates the distribution. We assess the relative importance of agglomeration and firm selection using French establishment-level data and a new quantile approach. Spatial productivity differences in France are mostly explained by agglomeration.
(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)},
Author = {Pierre-Philippe Combes and Gilles Duranton and Laurent Gobillon and Diego Puga and S{\'e}bastien Roux},
Date-Added = {2015-03-16 21:05:41 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2017-04-16 15:42:17 +0000},
Journal = {Econometrica},
Keywords = {urban},
Month = {November},
Number = {6},
Pages = {2543-2594},
Title = {The Productivity Advantages of Large Cities: Distinguishing Agglomeration From Firm Selection},
Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/ecm/emetrp/v80y2012i6p2543-2594.html},
Volume = {80},
Year = 2012,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/ecm/emetrp/v80y2012i6p2543-2594.html}}
@article{roback88,
Abstract = { What explains persistent regional earnings differences? This paper argues that regional differences in amenities can account for the wage differences; in contrast, cost-of-living variations do not account for wage differences, but actually exacerbate them. This conclusion results from a model in which variations in rents and wages are equalizing differences for amenity differences. Empirical results are consistent with the model. The model also extends previous work by considering two types of workers instead of a homogeneous work force. The wages of one type of worker prove to be dependent on the preferences of the other type. Copyright 1988 by Oxford University Press.},
Author = {Roback, Jennifer},
Date-Added = {2015-03-16 21:05:19 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2017-04-16 15:42:18 +0000},
Journal = {Economic Inquiry},
Keywords = {urban},
Number = {1},
Pages = {23-41},
Title = {Wages, Rents, and Amenities: Differences among Workers and Regions},
Url = {http://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:oup:ecinqu:v:26:y:1988:i:1:p:23-41},
Volume = {26},
Year = {1988},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:oup:ecinqu:v:26:y:1988:i:1:p:23-41}}
@article{rs01b,
Abstract = { US economic activity is overwhelmingly concentrated at its ocean and Great Lakes coasts, reflecting a large contribution from coastal proximity to productivity and quality of life. Extensively controlling for correlated natural attributes and initial conditions decisively rejects that the coastal concentration of economic activity is spurious or just derives from historical forces long since dissipated. Measuring proximity based on coastal attributes that contribute to either productivity or quality of life, but not to both, suggests that the coastal concentration derives primarily from a productivity effect but also, increasingly, from a quality of life effect. Copyright 2003 by Kluwer Academic Publishers},
Author = {Rappaport, Jordan and Sachs, Jeffrey D},
Date-Added = {2015-03-16 21:04:07 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 15:57:22 -0600},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Month = {March},
Number = {1},
Pages = {5-46},
Title = {The United States as a Coastal Nation},
Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/kap/jecgro/v8y2003i1p5-46.html},
Volume = {8},
Year = 2003,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/kap/jecgro/v8y2003i1p5-46.html}}
@article{Cook2015The-Natural-Sel,
Abstract = {This paper empirically tests the association between genetically determined resistance to infectious disease and cross-country health differences. A country-level measure of genetic diversity for the system of genes associated with the recognition and disposal of foreign pathogens is constructed. Genetic diversity within this system has been shown to reduce the virulence and prevalence of infectious diseases and is hypothesized to have been naturally selected from historical exposure to infectious pathogens. Base estimation shows a statistically strong, robust, and positive relationship between this constructed measure and country-level health outcomes in times prior to, but not after, the international epidemiological transition.},
Author = {Cook, C. Justin},
Date-Added = {2015-03-16 20:46:50 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:58 +0000},
Journal = {Review of Economics and Statistics},
Keywords = {deep},
Title = {The Natural Selection of Infectious Disease Resistance and Its Effect on Contemporary Health},
Year = {2015}}
@article{cook2014role,
Author = {Cook, C. Justin},
Date-Added = {2015-03-16 20:44:20 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:58 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
Keywords = {deep},
Number = {4},
Pages = {369--406},
Publisher = {Springer},
Title = {The role of lactase persistence in precolonial development},
Volume = {19},
Year = {2014}}
@article{ccp14,
Abstract = {Using data on place of origin of today's country populations and the indicators of level of development in 1500 used by Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson (2002), we confirm a reversal of fortune for colonized countries as territories, but find persistence of fortune for people and their descendants. Persistence results are at least as strong for three alternative measures of early development, for which reversal for territories, however, fails to hold. Additional exercises lend support to Glaeser et al.'s (2004) view that human capital is a more fundamental channel of influence of precolonial conditions on modern development than is quality of institutions.},
Author = {Areendam Chanda and C. Justin Cook and Louis Putterman},
Date-Added = {2015-03-16 20:42:39 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2019-04-03 10:49:04 -0500},
Journal = {American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics},
Keywords = {deep},
Local-Url = {/Users/dietz/Dropbox/Papers/Chanda_etal_2014.pdf},
Month = {July},
Number = {3},
Pages = {1-28},
Title = {{Persistence of Fortune: Accounting for Population Movements, There Was No Post-Columbian Reversal}},
Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aejmac/v6y2014i3p1-28.html},
Volume = {6},
Year = 2014,
Bdsk-File-1 = {YnBsaXN0MDDSAQIDBFxyZWxhdGl2ZVBhdGhZYWxpYXNEYXRhXxAeLi4vUGFwZXJzL0NoYW5kYV9ldGFsXzIwMTQucGRmTxEBZgAAAAABZgACAAAMTWFjaW50b3NoIEhEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEJEAAH/////FENoYW5kYV9ldGFsXzIwMTQucGRmAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAP////8AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQACAAAKIGN1AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAZQYXBlcnMAAgAxLzpVc2VyczpkaWV0ejpEcm9wYm94OlBhcGVyczpDaGFuZGFfZXRhbF8yMDE0LnBkZgAADgAqABQAQwBoAGEAbgBkAGEAXwBlAHQAYQBsAF8AMgAwADEANAAuAHAAZABmAA8AGgAMAE0AYQBjAGkAbgB0AG8AcwBoACAASABEABIAL1VzZXJzL2RpZXR6L0Ryb3Bib3gvUGFwZXJzL0NoYW5kYV9ldGFsXzIwMTQucGRmAAATAAEvAAAVAAIADP//AAAACAANABoAJABFAAAAAAAAAgEAAAAAAAAABQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAa8=},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aejmac/v6y2014i3p1-28.html}}
@article{cook14,
Abstract = {This paper explores the role of two foods, potatoes and milk, in explaining the increase in economic development experienced throughout the Old World in the 18th and 19th centuries. Nunn and Qian (2011) show the introduction of the potato from the New World has a significant explanatory role for within country population and urbanization growth over this period. I expand on this by considering the role of milk consumption, which is hypothesized to be a complement in diet to potatoes due to a differential composition of essential nutrients. Using a country-level measure for the suitability of milk consumption, the frequency of lactase persistence, I show that the marginal effect of potatoes on post-1700 population and urbanization growth is positively related to milk consumption. As the frequency of milk consumption approaches unity, the marginal effect of potatoes more than doubles in magnitude compared to the baseline estimate of Nunn and Qian.},
Author = {C. Justin Cook},
Date-Added = {2015-03-16 20:41:32 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-03 11:47:34 -0600},
Journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
Keywords = {deep},
Number = {C},
Pages = {123-138},
Title = {{Potatoes, milk, and the Old World population boom}},
Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/deveco/v110y2014icp123-138.html},
Volume = {110},
Year = 2014,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/deveco/v110y2014icp123-138.html}}
@article{cs15,
Abstract = {Analyzing the savings behavior of a large sample of identical and fraternal twins, we find that genetic differences explain about 33 percent of the variation in savings propensities across individuals. Individuals are born with a persistent genetic predisposition to a specific savings behavior. Parenting contributes to the variation in savings rates among younger individuals, but its effect decays over time. The environment when growing up (e.g., parents' wealth) moderates genetic effects. Finally, savings behavior is genetically correlated with income growth, smoking, and obesity, suggesting that the genetic component of savings behavior reflects genetic variation in time preferences or self-control.},
Author = {Cronqvist, Henrik and Siegel, Stephan},
Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 2015 The University of Chicago Press},
Date-Added = {2015-03-16 20:37:09 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:58 +0000},
Issn = {00223808},
Journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
Jstor_Articletype = {research-article},
Jstor_Formatteddate = {February 2015},
Keywords = {deep},
Language = {English},
Number = {1},
Pages = {pp. 123-169},
Publisher = {The University of Chicago Press},
Title = {The Origins of Savings Behavior},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/679284},
Volume = {123},
Year = {2015},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/679284}}
@techreport{wl15,
Abstract = {We use cross-country data and instrumental variables widely used in the literature to show that (i) institutions (such as property rights and the rule of law) do not explain industrialization and (ii) agrarian countries and industrial countries have entirely different determinants for income levels. In particular, geography, rather than institutions, explains the income differences among agrarian countries, while institutions appear to matter only for income variations in industrial economies. Moreover, we find it is the stage of economic development (or the absence/presence of industrialization) that explains a country's quality of institutions rather than vice versa. The finding that institutions do not explain industrialization but are instead explained by industrialization lends support to the well-received view among prominent economic historians---that institutional changes in 17th and 18th century England did not cause the Industrial Revolution.},
Author = {Wen, Yi and Luo, Jinfeng},
Date-Added = {2015-03-16 20:32:33 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000},
Institution = {Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = Jan,
Number = {2015-1},
Title = {{Institutions Do Not Rule: Reassessing the Driving Forces of Economic Development}},
Type = {Working Papers},
Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/p/fip/fedlwp/2015-001.html},
Year = 2015,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/p/fip/fedlwp/2015-001.html}}
@techreport{obd15,
Abstract = {Since the publication of Kenneth Pomeranz's seminal book The Great Divergence, the landscape of world and global history has changed dramatically. For the first time, living standards, instead of labour, land and capital productivities, have become the prime concern among historians in various parts of the world. The key to this decade-long debate hinges on quantity and quality of information for transnational and cross-regional comparisons. But due to the obvious constraints we historians constantly face, genuinely good data are frustratingly hard to obtain and thus set the upper limits for what we can possibly achieve. The task of the present study is to put some currently circulated nominal wages for the Ming-Qing Period (1368-1911) under the microscope to check their feasibility. Our main findings from Chinese sources suggest that published cash wages did not reflect the actual living wages needed in reality to support a worker and his family of the average size. This means that we may have been barking at the wrong tree.},
Author = {Patrick O'Brien and Kent Deng},
Date-Added = {2015-03-16 20:29:50 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Institution = {London School of Economics and Political Science, Department of Economic History},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Month = Jan,
Number = {60798},
Title = {{Locating a chronology for the great divergence: a critical survey of published data deployed for the measurement of nominal wages for Ming and Qing China}},
Type = {Economic History Working Papers},
Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/p/ehl/wpaper/60798.html},
Year = 2015,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/p/ehl/wpaper/60798.html}}
@techreport{rsl15,
Abstract = {Using detailed household-farm level data from Malawi, we measure real farm total factor productivity (TFP) controlling for a wide array of factor inputs, land quality, and transitory shocks. The distribution of farm TFP has substantial dispersion but factor inputs are roughly evenly spread among farmers. The striking fact is that operated land size and capital are essentially unrelated to farm TFP implying a strong negative effect on agricultural productivity. A reallocation of factors to their efficient use among existing farmers would increase agricultural productivity by a factor of 3.6-fold. We relate factor misallocation to severely restricted land markets as the vast majority of land is without a title and a very small portion of operated land is rented in. The gains from reallocation are 2.6 times larger for farms with no marketed land than for farms that operate marketed land.},
Author = {Diego Restuccia and Raul Santaeulalia-Llopis},
Date-Added = {2015-03-16 20:27:33 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-08-20 11:38:33 -0500},
Institution = {University of Toronto, Department of Economics},
Keywords = {sector,ec7340},
Month = Feb,
Number = {tecipa-533},
Title = {{Land Misallocation and Productivity}},
Type = {Working Papers},
Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/p/tor/tecipa/tecipa-533.html},
Year = 2015,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/p/tor/tecipa/tecipa-533.html}}
@techreport{bl15,
Abstract = {We contrast evidence of urban path dependence with efforts to analyze calibrated models of city sizes. Recent evidence of persistent city sizes following the obsolescence of historical advantages suggests that path dependence cannot be understood as the medium-run effect of legacy capital but instead as the long-run effect of equilibrium selection. In contrast, a different, recent literature uses stylized models in which fundamentals uniquely determine city size. We show that a commonly used model is inconsistent with evidence of long-run persistence in city sizes and propose several modifications that might allow for multiplicity and thus historical path dependence.},
Author = {Bleakley, Hoyt and Lin, Jeffrey},
Date-Added = {2015-03-16 20:26:00 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2017-04-16 15:42:23 +0000},
Institution = {Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia},
Keywords = {urban},
Month = Jan,
Number = {15-6},
Title = {{History and the sizes of cities}},
Type = {Working Papers},
Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/p/fip/fedpwp/15-6.html},
Year = 2015,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/p/fip/fedpwp/15-6.html}}
@techreport{dgt15,
Abstract = {The 19th century collapse of world sugar prices should have depressed wages in the British West Indies sugar colonies. It did not. We explain this by showing how lower prices weakened the power of the white planter elite and thus led to an easing of the coercive institutions that depressed wages e.g., institutions that kept land out of the hands of peasants. Using unique data for 14 British West Indies sugar colonies from 1838 to 1913, we examine the impact of the collapse of sugar prices on wages and incarceration rates. We find that in colonies that were poorly suited for sugar cane cultivation (an exogenous colony characteristic), the planter elite declined in power and the institutions they created and supported became less coercive. As a result, wages rose by 20\% and incarceration rates per capita were cut in half. In contrast, in colonies that were highly suited for sugar cane there was little change in the power of the planter elite --- as a result, institutions did not change, the market-based mechanisms of standard trade theory were salient, and wages fell by 24\%. In short, movements in the terms of trade induced changes in coercive institutions, changes that are central for understanding how the terms of trade affects wages.},
Author = {Christian Dippel and Avner Greif and Daniel Trefler},
Date-Added = {2015-03-16 20:23:19 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000},
Institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = Feb,
Number = {20958},
Title = {{The Rents From Trade and Coercive Institutions: Removing the Sugar Coating}},
Type = {NBER Working Papers},
Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/20958.html},
Year = 2015,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/20958.html}}
@article{walker15,
Abstract = {This study provides causal evidence that a shock to the relative supply of inputs to production can (1) affect the direction of technological progress and (2) lead to a rebound in the relative price of the input that became relatively more abundant (the strong induced-bias hypothesis). I exploit the impact of the U.S. Civil War on the British cotton textile industry, which reduced supplies of cotton from the Southern United States, forcing British producers to shift to lower-quality Indian cotton. Using detailed new data, I show that this shift induced the development of new technologies that augmented Indian cotton. As these new technologies became available, I show that the relative price of Indian/U.S. cotton rebounded to its pre-war level, despite the increased relative supply of Indian cotton. This is the first paper to establish both of these patterns empirically, lending support to the two key predictions of leading directed technical change theories.},
Author = {Hanlon, W. Walker},
Date-Added = {2015-03-16 20:21:39 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:16 +0000},
Doi = {10.3982/ECTA10811},
Issn = {1468-0262},
Journal = {Econometrica},
Keywords = {trade},
Number = {1},
Pages = {67--100},
Publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
Title = {Necessity Is the Mother of Invention: Input Supplies and Directed Technical Change},
Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/ECTA10811},
Volume = {83},
Year = {2015},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/ECTA10811}}
@techreport{disideri2015,
Abstract = {We study the connection between economic performance and the quality of government institutions for the sample of 103 Italian NUTS3 regions, including new measures of institutional performance calculated using data on the provision of different areas of public services. In order to address likely endogeneity problems, we use the histories of the different foreign dominations that ruled Italian regions between the 16th and 17th century and over seven hundred years before the creation of the unified Italian State. Our results suggest that past historical institutions play a significant role on the current public administration quality and show that the latter makes a difference to the economic performance of regions. Overall, our analysis confirms that the quality of institutions matters for development, and that history can be used to find suitable instruments.},
Author = {Di Liberto, Adriana and Sideri, Marco},
Date-Added = {2015-03-16 20:18:07 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000},
Institution = {Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA)},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = Jan,
Number = {8776},
Title = {{Past Dominations, Current Institutions and the Italian Regional Economic Performance}},
Type = {IZA Discussion Papers},
Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/p/iza/izadps/dp8776.html},
Year = 2015,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/p/iza/izadps/dp8776.html}}
@article{allen11,
Abstract = { This article develops data on the history of wages and prices in Beijing, Canton, and Suzhou/Shanghai in China from the eighteenth century to the twentieth, and compares them with leading cities in Europe, Japan, and India in terms of nominal wages, the cost of living, and the standard of living. In the eighteenth century, the real income of building workers in Asia was similar to that of workers in the backward parts of Europe but far behind that in the leading economies in north-western Europe. Real wages stagnated in China in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries and rose slowly in the late nineteenth and early twentieth, with little cumulative change for 200 years. The income disparities of the early twentieth century were due to long{\^a}€run stagnation in China combined with industrialization in Japan and Europe.},
Author = {Robert C. Allen and Jean-Pascal Bassino and Debin Ma and Christine Moll-Murata and Jan Luiten Van Zanden},
Date-Added = {2014-09-23 21:40:39 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Journal = {Economic History Review},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Local-Url = {/Users/dietz/Dropbox/Papers/Allen_etal_2011.pdf},
Month = {February},
Number = {s1},
Pages = {8-38},
Title = {{Wages, prices, and living standards in China, 1738-1925: in comparison with Europe, Japan, and India}},
Volume = {64},
Year = {2011},
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@article{delocker2012,
Abstract = { In this paper, we develop a method to estimate markups using plant-level production data. Our approach relies on cost-minimizing producers and the existence of at least one variable input of production. The suggested empirical framework relies on the estimation of a production function and provides estimates of plant-level markups without specifying how firms compete in the product market. We rely on our method to explore the relationship between markups and export behavior. We find that markups are estimated significantly higher when controlling for unobserved productivity; that exporters charge, on average, higher markups and that markups increase upon export entry. (JEL D22, D24, F14, L11, L60)},
Author = {Jan {De Loecker} and Frederic Warzynski},
Date-Added = {2014-08-24 21:05:25 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:29 +0000},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Keywords = {markup},
Month = {October},
Number = {6},
Pages = {2437-71},
Title = {{Markups and Firm-Level Export Status}},
Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v102y2012i6p2437-71.html},
Volume = {102},
Year = 2012,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v102y2012i6p2437-71.html}}
@article{loecker2011,
Abstract = {In this paper, I discuss, what I call, the Production-Approach to recovering markups. In contrast to the most popular approach in empirical IO, which relies on demand estimation, this approach requires standard production data while allowing for various price-setting models and puts no restrictions on underlying consumer demand. Using production data together with standard cost minimization allows a researcher to obtain markups in a flexible way. After presenting a brief and selective overview of the literature I contrast the production approach to that of the more popular demand estimation approach. This discussion makes it clear that both approaches face important trade-offs and at a minimum empirical economist should have both techniques as part of their toolbox. The hope is that the use of both methods will only depend on the data at hand and the relevant institutional knowledge, paired with the actual research question we are trying to answer.},
Author = {De Loecker, Jan},
Date-Added = {2014-08-24 21:03:54 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:29 +0000},
Journal = {International Journal of Industrial Organization},
Keywords = {markup},
Month = {May},
Number = {3},
Pages = {350-355},
Title = {{Recovering markups from production data}},
Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/indorg/v29y2011i3p350-355.html},
Volume = {29},
Year = 2011,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/indorg/v29y2011i3p350-355.html}}
@article{gvy2008,
Abstract = {Government policies that impose restrictions on the size of large establishments or firms, or promote small ones, are widespread across countries. In this paper, we develop a framework to systematically study policies of this class. We study a simple growth model with an endogenous size distribution of production units. We parameterize this model to account for the size distribution of establishments and for the large share of employment in large establishments. Then, we ask: quantitatively, how costly are policies that distort the size of production units? What is the impact of these policies on productivity measures, the equilibrium number of establishments and their size distribution? We find that these effects are potentially large: policies that reduce the average size of establishments by 20\% lead to reductions in output and output per establishment up to 8.1\% and 25.6\% respectively, as well as large increases in the number of establishments (23.5\%). (Copyright: Elsevier)},
Author = {Nezih Guner and Gustavo Ventura and Xu Yi},
Date-Added = {2014-05-23 15:50:56 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:29 +0000},
Journal = {Review of Economic Dynamics},
Keywords = {markup},
Month = {October},
Number = {4},
Pages = {721-744},
Title = {{Macroeconomic Implications of Size-Dependent Policies}},
Volume = {11},
Year = {2008}}
@article{ziebarth2013,
Abstract = {Hsieh and Klenow (2009) argue that a large fraction of aggregate TFP differences between the U.S. and the developing countries of China and India can be explained by factor misallocation. Their interpretation is that this misallocation is due to institutions and policies in these developing countries that redirect resources from productive to unproductive firms. Using the U.S. Census of Manufactures from the late 19th century, I find that the level of dispersion in these modern, less developed countries is very similar to that in the 19th century U.S. What is similar about the countries is their level of development not the existence of institutions that Hsieh and Klenow (2009) emphasize such as state owned enterprises as in China or entry restrictions as in India. These results suggest that the institutional basis of misallocation potentially goes beyond these overtly distortionary policies. I apply their accounting procedure to the U.S. and find that between 4\% and 7\% of total manufacturing TFP growth in the 20th century can be attributed to a more efficient intra-industry allocation of resources. I conclude by discussing some other explanations for these results including differences in transportation networks and lack of competitive regulation. (Copyright: Elsevier)},
Author = {Nicolas Ziebarth},
Date-Added = {2014-05-23 15:13:20 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:29 +0000},
Journal = {Review of Economic Dynamics},
Keywords = {markup,ec7340},
Month = {January},
Number = {1},
Pages = {86-99},
Title = {{Are China and India Backwards? Evidence from the 19th Century U.S. Census of Manufactures}},
Volume = {16},
Year = {2013},
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@article{prw2011,
Abstract = {We build up from the plant level an aggregate(d) Solow residual by estimating every U.S. manufacturing plant's contribution to the change in aggregate final demand between 1976 and 1996. Our framework uses the Petrin and Levinsohn (2010) definition of aggregate productivity growth, which aggregates plant-level changes to changes in aggregate final demand in the presence of imperfect competition and other distortions and frictions. We decompose these contributions into plant-level resource reallocations and plant-level technical efficiency changes while allowing in the estimation for 459 different production technologies, one for each 4-digit SIC code. On average we find positive aggregate productivity growth of 2.2\% in this sector during this period of declining share in U.S. GDP. We find that aggregate reallocation made a larger contribution to growth than aggregate technical efficiency. Our estimates of the contribution of reallocation range from 1.7\% to 2.1\% per year, while our estimates of the average contribution of aggregate technical efficiency growth range from 0.2\% to 0.6\% per year. In terms of cyclicality, the aggregate technical efficiency component has a standard deviation that is roughly 50\% to 100\% larger than that of aggregate total reallocation, pointing to an important role for technical efficiency in macroeconomic fluctuations. Aggregate reallocation is negative in only 3 of the 20 years of our sample, suggesting that the movement of inputs to more highly valued activities on average plays a stabilizing role in manufacturing growth. Our results have implications for both the theoretical literature on growth and alternative indexes of aggregate productivity growth based only on technical efficiency. (Copyright: Elsevier)},
Author = {Amil Petrin and Jerome Reiter and Kirk White},
Date-Added = {2014-05-23 15:06:20 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:29 +0000},
Journal = {Review of Economic Dynamics},
Keywords = {markup},
Month = {January},
Number = {1},
Pages = {3-26},
Title = {{The Impact of Plant-level Resource Reallocations and Technical Progress on U.S. Macroeconomic Growth}},
Volume = {14},
Year = {2011}}
@techreport{peters2013,
Abstract = {The recent work on misallocation argues that aggregate productivity in poor countries is low because various market frictions prevent marginal products from being equalized. By focusing on such allocative inefficiencies, misallocation is construed as a purely static phenomenon. This paper argues that misallocation also has dynamic consequences because it interacts with firms' innovation and entry decisions, which determine the economy's growth rate. To study this link between misallocation and growth, I construct a tractable endogenous growth model with heterogeneous firms, where misallocation stems from imperfectly competitive output markets. The model has an analytical solution and hence makes precise predictions about the relationship between growth, misallocation and welfare. It stresses the importance of entry. An increase in entry reduces misallocation by fostering competition. If entry also increases the economy-wide growth rate, static misallocation and growth are negatively correlated. The welfare consequences of misallocation might therefore be much larger once these dynamic considerations are taken into account. Using firm-level panel data from Indonesia, I present reduced form evidence for the importance of imperfect output market and calibrate the structural parameters. A policy, which reduces existing entry barriers, increases growth and reduces misallocation. The dynamic growth effects are more than four times as large as their static counterpart.},
Author = {Michael Peters},
Date-Added = {2014-05-23 15:01:45 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:29 +0000},
Institution = {London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library},
Keywords = {markup},
Month = Sep,
Number = {54254},
Title = {{Heterogeneous mark-ups, growth and endogenous misallocation}},
Type = {LSE Research Online Documents on Economics},
Year = {2013}}
@article{fhs2008,
Abstract = {We investigate the nature of selection and productivity growth in industries where we observe producer-level quantities and prices separately. We show there are important differences between revenue and physical productivity. Because physical productivity is inversely correlated with price while revenue productivity is positively correlated with price, previous work linking (revenue- based) productivity to survival confounded the separate and opposing effects of technical efficiency and demand on survival, understating the true impacts of both. Further, we find that young producers charge lower prices than incumbents. Thus the literature understates new producers' productivity advantages and entry's contribution to aggregate productivity growth. (JEL D24, L11, L25)},
Author = {Lucia Foster and John Haltiwanger and Chad Syverson},
Date-Added = {2014-05-23 14:58:01 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:29 +0000},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Keywords = {markup,ec7340},
Month = {March},
Number = {1},
Pages = {394-425},
Title = {{Reallocation, Firm Turnover, and Efficiency: Selection on Productivity or Profitability?}},
Volume = {98},
Year = {2008},
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@article{bhs2013,
Abstract = {This paper investigates the effect of idiosyncratic (firm-level) policy distortions on aggregate outcomes. Exploiting harmonized firm{\^a}€`level data for a number of countries, we show that there is substantial and systematic cross{\^a}€`country variation in the within-industry covariance between size and productivity. We develop a model in which heterogeneous firms face adjustment frictions (overhead labor and quasi-fixed capital) and distortions. The model can be readily calibrated so that variations in the distribution of distortions allow matching the observed cross-country moments. We show that the differences in the distortions that account for the size-productivity covariance imply substantial differences in aggregate performance. (JEL D24, L25, O47)},
Author = {Eric Bartelsman and John Haltiwanger and Stefano Scarpetta},
Date-Added = {2014-05-23 14:55:08 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:29 +0000},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Keywords = {markup},
Local-Url = {/Users/dietz/Dropbox/Papers/Bartelsman_etal_2004.pdf},
Month = {February},
Number = {1},
Pages = {305-34},
Title = {{Cross-Country Differences in Productivity: The Role of Allocation and Selection}},
Volume = {103},
Year = {2013},
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@article{bks2011,
Abstract = { We develop a quantitative framework to explain the relationship between aggregate/sector-level total factor productivity (TFP) and financial development across countries. Financial frictions distort the allocation of capital and entrepreneurial talent across production units, adversely affecting measured productivity. In our model, sectors with larger scales of operation (e.g., manufacturing) have more financing needs, and are hence disproportionately vulnerable to financial frictions. Our quantitative analysis shows that financial frictions account for a substantial part of the observed cross-country differences in output per worker, aggregate TFP, sector-level relative productivity, and capital-to-output ratios. (JEL E23, E44, O41, O47)},
Author = {Francisco J. Buera and Joseph P. Kaboski and Yongseok Shin},
Date-Added = {2014-05-23 14:51:46 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:29 +0000},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Keywords = {markup},
Local-Url = {/Users/dietz/Dropbox/Papers/Buera_Kaboski_Shin_2011.pdf},
Month = {August},
Number = {5},
Pages = {1964-2002},
Title = {{Finance and Development: A Tale of Two Sectors}},
Volume = {101},
Year = {2011},
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@article{dvschool2013,
Abstract = {This paper examines the relationship of inequality to school funding in counties of the U.S. in 1890. Inequality, measured here on the basis of farm-size distributions, is found to be negatively related to local school property tax revenues across the whole sample of 1345 rural counties. However, further analysis shows that this relationship is not consistent across the sample. In the North, there is a significant negative relationship between inequality and school funding, and this relationship is shown to be consistent with the fact that assessed values of property did not rise linearly with wealth. Across the South, there is no distinct relationship between inequality and school funding. The results also indicate that inequality in the South cannot directly explain the gap in school funding with the North, in the sense that redistributing farms in the South to match the Northern distributions leads to no predicted increase in school funding.},
Author = {Vollrath, Dietrich},
Data = {tax_final.zip},
Date-Added = {2014-02-14 19:33:13 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-11-30 09:31:03 -0600},
Journal = {Explorations in Economic History},
Keywords = {me},
Number = {2},
Pages = {267-284},
Paper = {tax_published.pdf},
Title = {Inequality and school funding in the rural United States, 1890},
Url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/exehis/v50y2013i2p267-284.html},
Volume = {50},
Year = 2013,
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/exehis/v50y2013i2p267-284.html}}
@book{Mitterauer2010,
Abstract = {Why did capitalism and colonialism arise in Europe and not elsewhere? Why were parliamentarian and democratic forms of government founded there? What factors led to Europe's unique position in shaping the world? Thoroughly researched and persuasively argued, Why Europe? tackles these classic questions with illuminating results.
Michael Mitterauer traces the roots of Europe's singularity to the medieval era, specifically to developments in agriculture. While most historians have located the beginning of Europe's special path in the rise of state power in the modern era, Mitterauer establishes its origins in rye and oats. These new crops played a decisive role in remaking the European family, he contends, spurring the rise of individualism and softening the constraints of patriarchy. Mitterauer reaches these conclusions by comparing Europe with other cultures, especially China and the Islamic world, while surveying the most important characteristics of European society as they took shape from the decline of the Roman empire to the invention of the printing press. Along the way, Why Europe? offers up a dazzling series of novel hypotheses to explain the unique evolution of European culture.},
Annote = {\input{Mitterauer2010}},
Author = {Michael Mitterauer},
Date-Added = {2014-02-07 22:42:06 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 12:35:08 -0600},
Keywords = {takeoff, deep},
Publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
Title = {Why Europe? The Medieval Origins of its Special Path},
Year = {2010}}
@book{Boserup1965,
Annote = {\input{boserup1965.tex}},
Author = {Ester Boserup},
Date-Added = {2014-02-05 22:08:57 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:36 +0000},
Keywords = {sector},
Publisher = {Earthscan Publications},
Title = {The Conditions of Agricultural Growth},
Year = {1965}}
@unpublished{Timmer:2007fk,
Author = {Marcel P. Timmer and Gaaitzen J. {de Vries}},
Date-Added = {2013-09-03 22:07:51 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:06 +0000},
Keywords = {sector},
Month = {August},
Note = {GDCC Research Memorandum GD-98},
Title = {A Cross-Country Database for Sectoral Employment and Productivity in Asia and Latin America, 1950-2005},
Year = {2007}}
@book{Hayami:1985cr,
Address = {Baltimore},
Author = {Hayami, Yujiro and Vernon W. Ruttan},
Date-Added = {2013-05-22 19:29:27 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:36 +0000},
Keywords = {sector},
Publisher = {Johns Hopkins University Press},
Title = {Agricultural Development: An International Perspective},
Year = {1985}}
@book{Mundlak:2000dq,
Address = {Cambridge, MA},
Author = {Yair Mundlak},
Date-Added = {2013-05-22 19:28:33 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:36 +0000},
Keywords = {sector},
Publisher = {Harvard University Press},
Title = {Agriculture and Economic Growth: Theory and Measurement},
Year = {2000}}
@article{kp2001,
Abstract = { Industrialization allowed the industrialized world of today to escape from the Malthusian regime characterized by low economic and population growth and to enter the post-Malthusian regime of high economic and population growth. To explain the transition between these regimes, we construct a growth model with two consumption goods (an agricultural and a manufacturing good), endogenous fertility, and endogenous technological progress in the manufacturing sector. We show that with an exogenous increase in the growth of agricultural productivity our model is able to replicate stylized facts of the British industrial revolution. The paper concludes by illustrating that our proposed model framework can be extended to include the demographic transition, i.e., a regime in which economic growth is associated with falling fertility. Copyright 2001 by Kluwer Academic Publishers},
Author = {Kogel, Tomas and Prskawetz, Alexia},
Date-Added = {2013-05-22 19:23:31 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:36 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
Keywords = {sector},
Month = {December},
Number = {4},
Pages = {337-57},
Title = {Agricultural Productivity Growth and Escape from the Malthusian Trap},
Volume = {6},
Year = {2001}}
@article{Kongasmut:2001bh,
Author = {Kongasmut, Piyabha and Sergio Rebelo and Danyang Xie},
Date-Added = {2013-05-22 19:17:04 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:06 +0000},
Journal = {Review of Economic Studies},
Keywords = {sector},
Number = {4},
Pages = {869-882},
Title = {Beyond Balanced Growth},
Volume = {68},
Year = {2001}}
@article{Echevarria:1997qf,
Author = {Echevarria, Cristina},
Date-Added = {2013-05-22 19:16:10 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:06 +0000},
Journal = {International Economic Review},
Keywords = {sector,ec7340},
Number = {2},
Pages = {431-52},
Title = {Changes in Sectoral Composition Associated with Economic Growth},
Volume = {38},
Year = {1997}}
@article{et2013mango,
Author = {Eberhardt, Markus and Francis Teal},
Date-Added = {2013-05-22 19:11:04 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:15 +0000},
Journal = {Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics},
Keywords = {rich,est},
Number = {6},
Pages = {914-939},
Title = {No Mangos in the Tundra: Spatial Heterogeneity in Agricultural Productivity Analysis},
Volume = {75},
Year = {2013}}
@article{Hayami:1970ly,
Author = {Hayami, Yujiro and Vernon W. Ruttan},
Date-Added = {2013-05-22 19:09:41 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:36 +0000},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Keywords = {sector},
Number = {5},
Pages = {895-911},
Title = {Agricultural Productivity Differences among Countries},
Volume = {60},
Year = {1970}}
@book{Ruthenberg:1976zr,
Address = {Oxford, UK},
Author = {H. Ruthenberg},
Date-Added = {2013-05-22 19:07:45 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:36 +0000},
Keywords = {sector},
Publisher = {Clarendon Press},
Title = {Farming Systems in the Tropics},
Year = {1976}}
@incollection{Gollin:2010ys,
Author = {Gollin, Douglas},
Booktitle = {Handbook of Agricultural Economics},
Date-Added = {2013-05-22 19:03:25 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:36 +0000},
Editor = {Prabhu Pingali and Robert Evenson},
Keywords = {sector},
Pages = {3825 - 3866},
Publisher = {Elsevier},
Title = {Agricultural Productivity and Economic Growth},
Volume = {4},
Year = {2010}}
@incollection{Mellor:1995vn,
Address = {Baltimore},
Author = {John W. Mellor},
Booktitle = {Agriculture on the Road to Industrialization},
Date-Added = {2013-05-22 19:00:51 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:36 +0000},
Editor = {John W. Mellor},
Keywords = {sector},
Publisher = {Johns Hopkins University Press},
Title = {Introduction},
Year = {1995}}
@book{Johnston:1975kx,
Address = {New York, NY},
Author = {Johnston, Bruce F. and Peter Kilby},
Date-Added = {2013-05-22 18:59:23 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:36 +0000},
Keywords = {sector},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
Title = {Agriculture and Structural Transformation: Economic Strategies in Late-Developing Countries},
Year = {1975}}
@article{Johnston:1961uq,
Author = {Johnston, Bruce F. and John W. Mellor},
Date-Added = {2013-05-22 18:58:17 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:36 +0000},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Keywords = {sector},
Number = {4},
Pages = {566-93},
Title = {The Role of Agriculture in Economic Development},
Volume = {51},
Year = {1961}}
@book{Schultz:1953fk,
Address = {New York, NY},
Author = {Theodore W. Schultz},
Date-Added = {2013-05-22 18:56:17 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:36 +0000},
Keywords = {sector},
Publisher = {McGraw-Hill},
Title = {The Economic Organization of Agriculture},
Year = {1953}}
@article{Buera:2013kx,
Abstract = {We quantitatively analyze the role of financial frictions and resource misallocation in explaining development dynamics. Our model economy with financial frictions converges to the new steady state slowly after a reform triggers efficient reallocation of resources; the transition speed is half that of the conventional neoclassical model. Furthermore, in the model economy, investment rates and total factor pro- ductivity are initially low and increase over time. We present data from the so-called miracle economies on the evolution of macro aggregates, factor reallocation, and establishment size distribution that support the aggregate and micro-level implications of our theory.},
Author = {Buera, Francisco J. and Yongseok Shin},
Date-Added = {2013-04-26 16:37:38 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:29 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
Keywords = {markup},
Local-Url = {/Users/dietz/Dropbox/Papers/Buera_Shin_2013.pdf},
Number = {2},
Pages = {221-272},
Title = {Financial Frictions and the Persistence of History: A Quantitative Exploration},
Volume = {121},
Year = {2013},
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@article{Timmer:2009uq,
Abstract = {Recent studies of economic growth have moved from explaining average trends in long-term growth to study growth accelerations and decelerations. In this paper we argue that the standard shift-share analysis is inadequate to measure the contribution of sectors to accelerations in productivity. We present a modified shift-share method, which takes account of surplus labour in agriculture and accounts for the contribution to growth from expanding sectors. We apply this novel methodology to the GGDC 10-sector database, which is a new data set with annual time series of value added and persons employed for the ten main sectors of the economy. The data set covers 19 countries in Asia and Latin America spanning the period from 1950 to 2005. We find that growth accelerations are explained by productivity increases within sectors, not by reallocation of employment to more productive sectors. Challenging conventional wisdom, productivity improvement in market services is more important than productivity growth in manufacturing.},
Author = {Marcel P. Timmer and Gaaitzen J. {de Vries}},
Date-Added = {2013-04-26 16:15:33 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:06 +0000},
Journal = {Cliometrica},
Keywords = {sector},
Month = {June},
Number = {2},
Pages = {165-190},
Title = {Structural change and growth accelerations in Asia and Latin America: a new sectoral data set},
Volume = {3},
Year = {2009}}
@unpublished{Rodrik:2011fk,
Abstract = {Large gaps in labor productivity between the traditional and modern parts of the economy are a fundamental reality of developing societies. In this paper, we document these gaps, and emphasize that labor flows from low-productivity activities to high-productivity activities are a key driver of development. Our results show that since 1990 structural change has been growth reducing in both Africa and Latin America, with the most striking changes taking place in Latin America. The bulk of the difference between these countries' productivity performance and that of Asia is accounted for by differences in the pattern of structural change -- with labor moving from low- to high-productivity sectors in Asia, but in the opposite direction in Latin America and Africa. In our empirical work, we identify three factors that help determine whether (and the extent to which) structural change contributes to overall productivity growth. In countries with a relatively large share of natural resources in exports, structural change has typically been growth reducing. Even though these ``enclave'' sectors usually operate at very high productivity, they cannot absorb the surplus labor from agriculture. By contrast, competitive or undervalued exchange rates and labor market flexibility have contributed to growth enhancing structural change.},
Author = {Rodrik, Dani and Margaret S. McMillan},
Date-Added = {2013-04-26 16:08:59 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:06 +0000},
Keywords = {sector,ec7340},
Note = {NBER Working Paper 17143},
Title = {Globalization, Structural Change and Productivity Growth},
Year = {2011}}
@unpublished{rrs2012,
Author = {Ramondo, Natalia and Andres Rodriguez-Clare and Milagro Saborio-Rodriguez},
Date-Added = {2013-04-26 16:01:08 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:16 +0000},
Keywords = {trade},
Note = {NBER Working Paper 18532},
Title = {Scale Effects and Productivity Across Countries: Does Country Size Matter?},
Year = {2012}}
@book{dv2008,
Abstract = {In the long eighteenth century, new consumer aspirations combined with a new industrious behavior to fundamentally alter the material cultures of northwest Europe and North America. This 'industrious revolution' is the context in which the economic acceleration associated with the Industrial Revolution took shape. This study explores the intellectual understanding of the new importance of consumer goods as well as the actual consumer behavior of households of all income levels. De Vries examines how the activation and evolution of consumer demand shaped the course of economic development, situating consumer behavior in the context of the household economy. He considers the changing consumption goals of households from the seventeenth century to the present and analyzes how household decisions have mediated between macro-level economic growth and actual human betterment. Ultimately, de Vries' research reveals the strengths and weaknesses of existing consumer theory, suggesting revisions that add historical realism to economic abstractions.},
Author = {de Vries,Jan},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
Title = {The Industrious Revolution},
Year = {2008}}
@article{bg2006,
Abstract = { Contrary to the claims of Pomeranz, Parthasarathi, and other 'world historians', the prosperous parts of Asia between 1500 and 1800 look similar to the stagnating southern, central, and eastern parts of Europe rather than the developing north-western parts. In the advanced parts of India and China, grain wages were comparable to those in north-western Europe, but silver wages, which conferred purchasing power over tradable goods and services, were substantially lower. The high silver wages of north-western Europe were not simply a monetary phenomenon, but reflected high productivity in the tradable sector. The 'great divergence' between Europe and Asia was already well underway before 1800.},
Author = {Stephen Broadberry and Bishnupriya Gupta},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Journal = {Economic History Review},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Month = {2},
Number = {1},
Pages = {2-31},
Title = {The early modern great divergence: wages, prices and economic development in Europe and Asia, 1500-1800},
Volume = {59},
Year = {2006}}
@article{ch2010,
Abstract = { We develop a model that, at the aggregate level, is similar to the one-sector neoclassical growth model; at the disaggregate level, it has implications for the path of observable measures of technology adoption. We estimate it using data on the diffusion of 15 technologies in 166 countries over the last two centuries. Our results reveal that, on average, countries have adopted technologies 45 years after their invention. There is substantial variation across technologies and countries. Newer technologies have been adopted faster than old ones. The cross-country variation in the adoption of technologies accounts for at least 25 percent of per capita income differences.},
Author = {Diego Comin and Bart Hobijn},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:16 +0000},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Keywords = {trade},
Month = {December},
Number = {5},
Pages = {2031-59},
Title = {An Exploration of Technology Diffusion},
Volume = {100},
Year = {2010}}
@incollection{rr2000,
Abstract = {Do countries with lower policy-induced barriers to international trade grow faster, once other relevant country characteristics are controlled for? There exists a large empirical literature providing an affirmative answer to this question. We argue that methodological problems with the empirical strategies employed in this literature leave the results open to diverse interpretations. In many cases, the indicators of \"openness\" used by researchers are poor measures of trade barriers or are highly correlated with other sources of bad economic performance. In other cases, the methods used to ascertain the link between trade policy and growth have serious shortcomings. Papers that we review include Dollar (1992), Ben-David (1993), Sachs and Warner (1995), and Edwards (1998). We find little evidence that open trade policies--in the sense of lower tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade--are significantly associated with economic growth.},
Author = {Francisco Rodriguez and Dani Rodrik},
Booktitle = {NBER Macroeconomics Annual},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:16 +0000},
Editor = {Ben Bernanke and Ken Rogoff},
Keywords = {trade},
Month = {September},
Pages = {261-338},
Publisher = {National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc},
Title = {Trade Policy and Economic Growth: A Skeptic's Guide to the Cross-National Evidence},
Volume = {15},
Year = {2000}}
@article{rodrik1999,
Abstract = { This article argues that domestic social conflicts are a key to understanding why growth rates lack persistence and why so many countries have experienced a growth collapse since the mid-1970s. It emphasizes, in particular, the manner in which social conflicts interact with external shock on the one hand, and the domestic institutions of conflict-management on the other. Econometric evidence provides support for this hypothesis. Countries that experienced the sharpest drops in growth after 1975 were those with divided societies (as measured by indicators of inequality, ethnic fragmentation, and the like) and with weak institutions of conflict management (proxied by indicators of the quality of governmental institutions, rule of law, democratic rights, and social safety nets).},
Author = {Rodrik, Dani},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:15 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
Keywords = {rich},
Month = {December},
Number = {4},
Pages = {385-412},
Title = {Where Did All the Growth Go? External Shocks, Social Conflict, and Growth Collapses},
Volume = {4},
Year = {1999}}
@article{mauro1995,
Abstract = { This paper analyzes a newly assembled data set consisting of subjective indices of corruption, the amount of red tape, the efficiency of the judicial system, and various categories of political stability for a cross section of countries. Corruption is found to lower investment, thereby lowering economic growth. The results are robust to controlling for endogeneity by using an index of ethnolinguistic fractionalization as an instrument.},
Author = {Mauro, Paolo},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 15:56:04 -0600},
Journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
Keywords = {dev},
Month = {August},
Number = {3},
Pages = {681-712},
Title = {Corruption and Growth},
Volume = {110},
Year = {1995}}
@article{kk1995,
Abstract = { The impact of property rights on economic growth is examined using indicators provided by country risk evaluators to potential foreign investors. Indicators include evaluations of contract enforceability and risk of expropriation. Using these variables, property rights are found to have a greater impact on investment and growth than has previously been found for proxies such as the Gastil indices of liberties, and frequencies of revolutions, coups and political assassinations. Rates of convergence to U.S.-level incomes increase notably when these property rights variables are included in growth regressions. These results are robust to the inclusion of measures of factor accumulation and of economic policy.},
Author = {Stephen Knack and Philip Keefer},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000},
Journal = {Economics and Politics},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = {November},
Number = {3},
Pages = {207-227},
Title = {Institutions And Economic Performance: Cross-Country Tests Using Alternative Institutional Measures},
Volume = {7},
Year = {1995}}
@article{Temple:2011fu,
Abstract = {This paper develops empirical growth models suitable for dual economies, and studies the relationship between structural change and economic growth. Changes in the structure of employment will raise aggregate productivity when the marginal product of labor varies across sectors. The models in the paper incorporate this effect in a more flexible way than previous work. Estimates of the models imply sizeable marginal product differentials, and indicate that the reallocation of labor makes a significant contribution to the international variation in productivity growth.},
Author = {Temple, Jonathan and Ludger Woessmann},
Date-Added = {2013-04-20 01:04:36 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2019-04-03 09:22:34 -0500},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
Keywords = {sector},
Pages = {187-228},
Title = {Dualism and Cross-Country Growth Regressions},
Volume = {3},
Year = {2011},
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@article{Syverson:2011lh,
Abstract = {Economists have shown that large and persistent differences in productivity levels across businesses are ubiquitous. This finding has shaped research agendas in a number of fields, including (but not limited to) macroeconomics, industrial organization, labor, and trade. This paper surveys and evaluates recent empirical work addressing the question of why businesses differ in their measured productivity levels. The causes are manifold, and differ depending on the particular setting. They include elements sourced in production practices -- and therefore over which producers have some direct control, at least in theory -- as well as from producers' external operating environments. After evaluating the current state of knowledge, I lay out what I see are the major questions that research in the area should address going forward.},
Author = {Syverson, Chad},
Date-Added = {2013-04-20 01:03:01 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:15 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
Keywords = {rich},
Number = {2},
Pages = {326-365},
Title = {What Determines Productivity?},
Volume = {49},
Year = {2011},
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@article{Hayashi:2008ff,
Abstract = {Why didn't the Japanese miracle take place before World War II? The culprit we identify is a barrier that kept prewar agricultural employment constant. Using a standard neoclassical two-sector growth model, we show that the barrier-induced sectoral distortion and an ensuring lack of capital accumulation account well for the depressed output level. Without the barrier, Japan's prewar GNP per worker would have been at least about a half of that of the United States, not about a third as in the data. The labor barrier existed because, we argue, the prewar patriarchy forced the son designated as heir to stay in agriculture.},
Author = {Hayashi, Fumio and Edward C. Prescott},
Date-Added = {2013-04-20 01:00:24 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:36 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
Keywords = {sector},
Number = {4},
Pages = {573-632},
Title = {The Depressing Effect of Agricultural Institutions on the Prewar Japanese Economy},
Volume = {116},
Year = {2008}}
@article{Au:2006pi,
Abstract = {China strongly restricts rural-rural, urban-urban, and rural-urban migration. The result which this paper documents is a surplus of labor in agriculture. However, the paper argues that these restrictions also lead to insufficient agglomeration of economic activity within both rural industrial and urban areas, with resulting first order losses in GDP. For urban areas the paper estimates a city productivity relationship, based on city GDP numbers for 1990-97. The effects of access, educational attainment, FDI, and public infrastructure on productivity are estimated. Worker productivity is shown to be an inverted U-shape function of city employment level, with the peak point shifting out as industrial composition moves from manufacturing to services. As far as we know this is the first paper to actually estimate the relationship between output per worker and city scale, as it varies with industrial composition. The majority of Chinese cities are shown to be potentially undersized - below the lower bound on the 95\% confidence interval about the size where their output per worker peaks. The paper calculates the large gains from increased agglomeration in both the rural industrial and urban sectors. It also examines the effect of capital reallocations, where the rural sector is grossly undercapitalized.},
Author = {Au, Chun-Chung and Vernon Henderson},
Date-Added = {2013-04-20 00:58:32 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2015-03-16 21:34:09 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
Keywords = {urban},
Number = {2},
Pages = {350-388},
Title = {How Migration Restrictions Limit Agglomeration and Productivity in China},
Volume = {80},
Year = {2006}}
@article{Graham:2006mi,
Abstract = {This paper asks whether the income gap between rich and poor nations can be explained by multiple equilibria. We explore the quantitative implications of a simple two-sector general equilibrium model that gives rise to multiplicity, and calibrate the model for 127 countries. Under the assumptions of the model, around a quarter of the world's economies are found to be in a low output equilibrium. We also find that, since the output gains associated with an equilibrium switch are sizeable, the model can explain between 15 and 25\% of the variation in the logarithm of GDP per worker across countries.},
Author = {Graham, Bryan and Jonathan R. W. Temple},
Date-Added = {2013-04-20 00:57:32 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:06 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
Keywords = {sector},
Number = {1},
Pages = {5-41},
Title = {Rich Nations, Poor Nations: How Much can Multiple Equilibria Explain?},
Volume = {11},
Year = {2006}}
@article{Lagakos:2013qa,
Abstract = {Cross-country labor productivity differences are larger in agriculture than in non-agriculture. We propose a new explanation for these patterns in which the self-selection of heterogeneous workers determines sector productivity. We formalize our theory in a general-equilibrium Roy model in which preferences feature a subsistence food requirement. In the model, subsistence requirements induce workers that are relatively unproductive at agricultural work to nonetheless select into the agriculture sector in poor countries. When parameterized, the model predicts that productivity differences are roughly twice as large in agriculture as non-agriculture even when countries differ by an economy-wide efficiency term that affects both sectors uniformly.},
Author = {Lagakos, David and Michael Waugh},
Date-Added = {2013-04-20 00:55:57 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:06 +0000},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Keywords = {sector,ec7340},
Number = {2},
Pages = {948-80},
Title = {Selection, Agriculture, and Cross-Country Productivity Differences},
Volume = {103},
Year = {2013}}
@article{Gollinetal2014,
Abstract = {According to national accounts data for developing countries, value added per worker is on average four times higher in the non-agriculture sector than in agriculture. Taken at face value this ``agricultural productivity gap'' suggests that labor is greatly misallocated across sectors in the developing world. In this paper we draw on new micro evidence to ask to what extent the gap is still present when better measures of inputs and outputs are taken into consideration. We find that even after considering sector differences in hours worked and human capital per worker, urban-rural cost-of-living differences, and alternative measures of sector income from household survey data, a puzzlingly large agricultural productivity gap remains.},
Author = {Gollin, Douglas and David Lagakos and Michael Waugh},
Date-Added = {2013-04-20 00:54:27 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2019-04-03 10:08:03 -0500},
Journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
Keywords = {sector,ec7340},
Number = {2},
Title = {The Agricultural Productivity Gap},
Volume = {129},
Year = {2014}}
@article{dvhc2014,
Abstract = {For a set of 14 developing countries I evaluate whether differences in the marginal product of human capital between sectors - estimated from individual-level wage data - have meaningful effects on aggregate productivity. Under the most generous assumptions regarding the homogeneity of human capital, my analysis shows that equalizing the marginal product of human capital between sectors leads to gains in output of less than 5\% for most countries. These estimated gains of reallocation represent an upper bound as some of the observed differences in marginal products between sectors are due to unmeasured human capital. Under reasonable assumptions on the amount of unmeasured human capital the gains from reallocation fall well below 3\%. Compared to similar estimates made using data from the U.S., developing countries would gain more from a reallocation of human capital, but the differences are too small to account for a meaningful portion of the gap in income per capita with the United States.},
Author = {Vollrath, Dietrich},
Date-Added = {2013-04-20 00:53:29 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-08-20 11:38:15 -0500},
Journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
Keywords = {me,ec7340,sector},
Pages = {106-118},
Paper = {JDE_HC_2014.pdf},
Title = {The Efficiency of Human Capital Allocations in Developing Countries},
Volume = {108},
Year = {2014}}
@article{Caselli:2001dz,
Abstract = {We present a joint study of the U.S. structural transformation (the decline of agriculture as the dominating sector) and regional convergence (of southern to northern average wages). We find empirically that most of the regional convergence is attributable to the structural transformation: the nationwide convergence of agricultural wages to nonagricultural wages and the faster rate of transition of the southern labor force from agricultural to nonagricultural jobs. Similar results describe the Midwest's catch-up to the Northeast (but not the relative experience of the West). To explain these observations, we construct a model in which the South (Midwest) has a comparative advantage in producing unskilled laborintensive agricultural goods. Thus it starts with a disproportionate share of the unskilled labor force and lower per capita incomes. Over time, declining education/training costs induce an increasing proportion of the labor force to move out of the (unskilled) agricultural sector and into the (skilled) nonagricultural sector. The decline in the agricultural labor force leads to an increase in relative agricultural wages. Both effects benefit the South (Midwest) disproportionately since it has more agricultural workers. With the addition of a less than unit income elasticity of demand for farm goods and faster technological progress in farming than outside of farming, this model successfully matches the quantitative features of the U.S. structural transformation and regional convergence, as well as several other stylized facts on U.S. economic growth in the last century. The model does not rely on frictions on interregional labor and capital mobility, since in our empirical work we find this channel to be less important than the compositional effects the model emphasizes.},
Author = {Caselli, Francesco and Wilbur J. Coleman II},
Date-Added = {2013-04-20 00:51:51 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:36 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
Keywords = {sector,ec7340},
Number = {3},
Pages = {584-616},
Title = {The U.S. Structural Transformation and Regional Convergence: A Reinterpretation},
Volume = {109},
Year = {2001}}
@article{Temple:2005fv,
Abstract = {This paper argues that dual economy models deserve a central place in the analysis of growth in developing countries. The paper shows how these models can be used to analyse the output losses associated with factor misallocation, aggregate growth in the presence of factor market distortions, international differences in sectoral productivity and the potential role of increasing returns to scale. Above all, small-scale general equilibrium models can be used to investigate the interactions between growth and labour markets, to shed new light on the origins of pro-poor and labour-intensive growth, and to explore the role of the informal sector.},
Author = {Temple, Jonathan},
Date-Added = {2013-04-20 00:49:06 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-08-20 11:38:25 -0500},
Journal = {The Manchester School},
Keywords = {sector},
Number = {4},
Pages = {435-478},
Title = {Dual Economy Models: A Primer for Growth Economists},
Volume = {73},
Year = {2005}}
@article{Matsuyama:1992bs,
Abstract = {The role of agricultural productivity in economic development is addressed in a two-sector model of endogenous growth in which a) preferences are non-homothetic and the income elasticity of demand for the agricultural good is less than unitary, and b) the engine of growth is learning-by-doing in the manufacturing sector. For the closed economy case, the model predicts a positive link between agricultural productivity and economic growth and thus provides a formalization of the conventional wisdom, which asserts that agricultural revolution is a precondition for industrial revolution. For the open economy case, however, the model predicts a negative link; that is, an economy with a relatively unproductive agricultural sector experiences faster and accelerating growth. The result suggests that the openness of an economy should be an important factor when planning development strategy and predicting growth performance.},
Author = {Matsuyama, Kiminori},
Date-Added = {2013-04-20 00:47:44 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2019-04-03 10:07:24 -0500},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Theory},
Keywords = {sector,ec7340},
Number = {2},
Pages = {317-334},
Title = {Agricultural Productivity, Comparative Advantage, and Economic Growth},
Volume = {58},
Year = {1992}}
@article{Gollin:2004ij,
Abstract = {Agriculture's share of economic activity is known to vary inversely with a country's level of development. This paper examines whether extensions of the neoclassical growth model can account for some important sectoral patterns observed in a current cross-section of countries and in the time series data for currently rich countries. We find that a straightforward agricultural extension of the neoclassical growth model fails to account for important aspects of the cross-country data. We then introduce a version of the growth model with home production, and we show that this model performs much better. },
Author = {Gollin, Douglas and Stephen Parente and Richard Rogerson},
Date-Added = {2013-04-20 00:44:34 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:36 +0000},
Journal = {Review of Economic Dynamics},
Keywords = {sector},
Number = {4},
Pages = {827-850},
Title = {Farm Work, Home Work, and International Productivity Differences},
Volume = {7},
Year = {2004}}
@article{Restuccia:2008hc,
Abstract = {A decomposition of aggregate labor productivity based on internationally comparable data reveals that a high share of employment and low labor productivity in agriculture are mainly responsible for low aggregate productivity in poor countries. Using a two-sector general-equilibrium model, we show that differences in economy-wide productivity, barriers to modern intermediate inputs in agriculture, and barriers in the labor market generate large cross-country differences in the share of employment and labor productivity in agriculture. The model implies a factor difference of 10.8 in aggregate labor productivity between the richest and the poorest 5\% of the countries in the world, leaving the unexplained factor at 3.2. Overall, this two-sector framework performs much better than a single-sector growth model in explaining observed differences in international productivity.},
Author = {Restuccia, Diego and Dennis Yang and Xiaodong Zhu},
Date-Added = {2013-04-20 00:43:33 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:36 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Monetary Economics},
Keywords = {sector,ec7340},
Number = {2},
Pages = {234-250},
Title = {Agriculture and Aggregate Productivity},
Volume = {55},
Year = {2008},
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@article{hrv2013,
Abstract = {We ask what specification of preferences can account for the changes in the expenditure shares of broad sectors that are associated with the process of structural transformation in the U.S. since 1947. Following the tradition of the expenditure systems literature, we first calibrate utility function parameters using NIPA data on final consumption expenditure. We find that a Stone-Geary specification fits the data well. While useful, this exercise does not tell the researcher what utility function to use in a model that posits sectoral production functions in value added form. We therefore develop a method to calculate the value added components of consumption categories that are consistent with value added production functions, and use these data to calibrate a utility function over sectoral consumption value added. We find that a Leontief specification fits the data well. Interestingly, the two specifications display very different properties: for final consumption expenditure income effects are the dominant force behind changes in expenditure shares whereas for consumption value added relative price effects are dominant.},
Author = {Herrendorf, Berthold and Richard Rogerson and Akos Valentinyi},
Date-Added = {2013-04-20 00:37:57 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2019-06-26 15:56:42 -0400},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Keywords = {sector,ec7340},
Title = {Two Perspectives on Preferences and Structural Transformation},
Year = {2013}}
@article{Gollin:2007oq,
Abstract = {This paper examines the effect of agricultural development on a country's overall development and growth experience. In most poor countries, large fractions of land, labor, and other productive resources are devoted to producing food for subsistence needs. This "food problem" can delay a country's industrial development for a long period of time, causing its per capita income to fall far behind the world leader. Once industrialization begins, this trend is reversed. The extent to which a country catches up to the leader depends primarily on factors that affect productivity in non- agricultural activities: agricultural productivity is thus largely irrelevant in the very long run. But in the short run, a country that experiences large improvements in agricultural productivity (due to, say, a Green Revolution) will experience a rapid increase in its income relative to the leaders.},
Author = {Gollin, Douglas and Stephen Parente and Richard Rogerson},
Date-Added = {2013-04-20 00:36:59 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:36 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Monetary Economics},
Keywords = {sector,ec7340},
Pages = {1230-1255},
Title = {The Food Problem and the Evolution of International Income Levels},
Volume = {54},
Year = {2007}}
@article{Alvarez-Cuadrado:2011nx,
Abstract = {A declining agricultural employment share is a key feature of economic development. Its main drivers are: improvements in agricultural technology combined with Engel's law release resources from agriculture ("labor push"), and improvements in industrial technology attract labor out of agriculture ("labor pull"). We present a model with both channels and evaluate the importance using data on 12 industrialized countries since the nineteenth century. Results suggest that the "pull" channel dominated until 1920 and the "push" channel dominated after 1960. The "pull" channel mattered more in countries in early stages of the structural transformation. This contrasts with modeling choices in recent literature.},
Author = {Alvarez-Cuadrado, Francisco and Markus Poschke},
Date-Added = {2013-04-20 00:35:27 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:36 +0000},
Journal = {American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics},
Keywords = {sector,ec7340},
Local-Url = {/Users/dietz/Dropbox/Papers/Alvarez_Cuadrado_2011.pdf},
Pages = {127-158},
Title = {Structural Change Out of Agriculture: Labor Push versus Labor Pull},
Volume = {3},
Year = {2011},
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@article{Petrin:2013cr,
Abstract = {We propose a new measure of allocative efficiency based on unrealized increases in aggregate productivity growth. We show that the difference in the value of the marginal product of an input and its marginal cost at any plant---the plant-input gap---is exactly equal to the change in aggregate output that would occur if that plant changed that input's use by one unit. We show how to estimate this gap using plant-level data for 1982 to 1994 from Chilean manufacturing. We find the gaps for blue- and white-collar labor are quite large in absolute value, and these gaps (unlike for materials and electricity) are increasing over time. The timing of the sharpest increases in the labor gaps suggests that they may be related to increases in severance pay.},
Author = {Petrin, Amil and Jagadeesh Srinivasan},
Date-Added = {2013-04-20 00:33:07 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:29 +0000},
Journal = {Review of Economics and Statistics},
Keywords = {markup,ec7340},
Number = {1},
Pages = {286-301},
Title = {Estimating Lost Output from Allocative Inefficiency, with Application to Chile and Firing Costs},
Volume = {95},
Year = {2013}}
@article{basufernald,
Abstract = {Aggregate productivity and aggregate technology are meaningful but distinct concepts. We show that a slightly-modified Solow productivity residual measures changes in economic welfare, even when productivity and technology differ because of distortions such as imperfect competition. We then present a general accounting framework that identifies several new non-technological gaps between productivity and technology, gaps reflecting imperfections and frictions in output and factor markets. Empirically, we find that these gaps are important, even though we abstract from variations in factor utilization and estimate only small average sectoral markups. Compared with productivity growth, our measured technology shocks are significantly less correlated with output, and are essentially uncorrelated with inputs. Our results imply that calibrating dynamic general equilibrium models as if Solow residuals were technology shocks confuses impulses and propagation mechanisms.},
Author = {Basu, Susanto and John Fernald},
Date-Added = {2013-04-20 00:29:41 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:29 +0000},
Journal = {European Economic Review},
Keywords = {markup,ec7340},
Local-Url = {/Users/dietz/Dropbox/Papers/Basu_Fernald_2002.pdf},
Pages = {963-991},
Title = {Aggregate Productivity and Aggregate Technology},
Volume = {46},
Year = {2002},
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@article{Erosa:2010bh,
Abstract = {We build a model of heterogeneous individuals-who make investments in schooling quantity and quality-to quantify the importance of differences in human capital vs. total factor productivity (TFP) in explaining the variation in "per capita" income across countries. The production of human capital requires expenditures and time inputs; the relative importance of these inputs determines the predictions of the theory for inequality both within and across countries. We discipline our quantitative assessment with a calibration firmly grounded on US micro evidence. Since in our calibrated model economy human capital production requires a significant amount of expenditures, TFP changes affect disproportionately the benefits and costs of human capital accumulation. Our main finding is that human capital accumulation strongly amplifies TFP differences across countries: to explain a 20-fold difference in the output per worker, the model requires a 5-fold difference in the TFP of the tradable sector, vs. an 18-fold difference if human capital is fixed across countries.},
Author = {Erosa, Andres and Tatyana Korshkova and Diego Restuccia},
Date-Added = {2013-04-20 00:21:40 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:09:48 +0000},
Journal = {Review of Economic Studies},
Keywords = {theory},
Number = {4},
Pages = {1421-49},
Title = {How Important is Human Capital? A Quantitative Theory Assessment of World Income Inequality},
Volume = {77},
Year = {2010}}
@incollection{Caselli:2005qf,
Author = {Caselli, Francesco},
Booktitle = {Handbook of Economic Growth},
Date-Added = {2013-04-20 00:17:11 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:15 +0000},
Editor = {Philippe Aghion and Steven Durlauf},
Keywords = {rich,ec7340},
Publisher = {North-Holland},
Title = {Accounting for Cross-Country Income Differences},
Volume = {1},
Year = {2005}}
@article{Young:1995ve,
Abstract = {This paper documents the fundamental role played by factor accumulation in explaining the extraordinary postwar growth of Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan. Participation rates, educational levels, and (excepting Hong Kong) investment rates have risen rapidly in all four economies. In addition, in most cases there has been a large intersectoral transfer of labor into manufacturing, which has helped fuel growth in that sector. Once one accounts for the dramatic rise in factor inputs, one arrives at estimated total factor productivity growth rates that are closely approximated by the historical performance of many of the OECD and Latin American economies. While the growth of output and manufacturing exports in the newly industrializing countries of East Asia is virtually unprecedented, the growth of total factor productivity in these economies is not.},
Author = {Young, Alwyn},
Date-Added = {2013-04-20 00:16:00 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:15 +0000},
Journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
Keywords = {rich,ec7340},
Number = {3},
Pages = {641-80},
Title = {The Tyranny of Numbers: Confronting the Statistical Realities of the East Asian Growth Experience},
Volume = {110},
Year = {1995},
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@article{rodrik13,
Abstract = {Unlike economies as a whole, manufacturing industries exhibit unconditional convergence in labor productivity. The paper documents this finding for 4-digit manufacturing sectors for a large group of developed and developing countries over the period since 1990. The coefficient of unconditional convergence is estimated quite precisely and is large, at 3.0-5.6 percent per year depending on the estimation horizon. The result is robust to a large number of specification tests, and statistically highly significant. Because of data coverage, these findings should be as viewed as applying to the organized, formal parts of manufacturing.},
Author = {Rodrik, Dani},
Date-Added = {2013-04-20 00:15:04 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:15 +0000},
Journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
Keywords = {rich,ec7340,sector},
Number = {1},
Pages = {165-204},
Title = {Unconditional Convergence in Manufacturing},
Volume = {128},
Year = {2013}}
@article{Gollin:2002zr,
Abstract = {Many widely used economic models implicitly assume that income shares should be identical across time and space. Although time series data from industrial countries appear consistent with this notion, cross-section data generally appear to contradict the assumption of constant income shares. A commonly used calculation suggests that labor shares of national income vary from about 0.05 to about 0.80 in international cross-section data. This paper suggests, however, that this widely used approach underestimates the labor income of the self-employed and other proprietors. Several adjustments for calculating labor shares are identified and compared. All of them yield data that appear broadly consistent with the hypothesis that labor shares for most countries fall in the range of 0.65 to 0.80},
Author = {Gollin, Douglas},
Date-Added = {2013-04-20 00:12:27 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:15 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
Keywords = {rich,ec7340},
Number = {2},
Title = {Getting Income Shares Right},
Volume = {110},
Year = {2002}}
@article{Hall:1999ys,
Abstract = {Output per worker varies enormously across countries. Why? On an accounting basis our analysis shows that differences in physical capital and educational attainment can only partially explain the variation in output per worker-we find a large amount of variation in the level of the Solow residual across countries. At a deeper level, we document that the differences in capital accumulation, productivity, and therefore output per worker are driven by differences in institutions and government policies, which we call social infrastructure. We treat social infrastructure as endogenous, determined historically by location and other factors captured in part by language.},
Author = {Hall, Robert and Charles I. Jones},
Date-Added = {2013-04-20 00:11:27 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:15 +0000},
Journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
Keywords = {rich, ec7340},
Number = {1},
Pages = {83-116},
Title = {Why Do Some Countries Produce So Much More Output per Worker than Others?},
Volume = {114},
Year = {1999}}
@article{Klenow:1997vn,
Address = {Cambridge, MA},
Author = {Klenow, Peter J. and Andres Rodriguez-Clare},
Date-Added = {2013-04-20 00:07:54 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:15 +0000},
Editor = {Ben Bernanke and Julio Rotemberg},
Journal = {NBER Macroeconomics Annual},
Keywords = {rich,ec7340},
Publisher = {MIT Press},
Title = {The Neo-Classical Revival in Growth Economic: Has it Gone Too Far?},
Volume = {12},
Year = {1997}}
@book{Aghion:2009kx,
Author = {Aghion, Philippe and Peter Howitt},
Date-Added = {2013-04-20 00:06:32 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2017-01-16 21:55:12 +0000},
Keywords = {intro,theory},
Publisher = {MIT Press},
Title = {The Economics of Growth},
Year = {2009}}
@book{Jones:2013uq,
Author = {Charles I. Jones and Dietrich Vollrath},
Date-Added = {2013-04-20 00:04:14 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2015-03-16 21:41:25 +0000},
Edition = {3rd},
Keywords = {intro},
Publisher = {W. W. Norton and Co.},
Title = {Introduction to Economic Growth},
Year = {2013}}
@unpublished{Johnson:2009fk,
Abstract = {This paper sheds light on two problems in the Penn World Table (PWT) GDP estimates. First, we show that these estimates vary substantially across different versions of the PWT despite being derived from very similar underlying data and using almost identical methodologies; that this variability is systematic; and that it is intrinsic to the methodology deployed by the PWT to estimate growth rates. Moreover, this variability matters for the cross-country growth literature. While growth studies that use low-frequency data remain robust to data revisions, studies that use annual data are less robust. Second, the PWT methodology leads to GDP estimates that are not valued at purchasing power parity (PPP) prices. This is surprising because the raison d'{\^e}tre of the PWT is to adjust national estimates of GDP by valuing output at common international (PPP) prices so that the resulting PPP-adjusted estimates of GDP are comparable across countries. We propose an approach to address these two problems of variability and valuation.},
Author = {Johnson, Simon and William Larson and Chris Papageorgiou and Arvind Subramanian},
Date-Added = {2013-04-20 00:01:40 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:15 +0000},
Keywords = {rich,ec7340},
Note = {NBER Working Paper 15455},
Title = {Is Newer Better? Penn World Table Revisions and Their Impact on Growth Estimates},
Year = {2009}}
@article{cohensoto2007,
Abstract = {We present a new data set for years of schooling across countries for the 1960--2000 period. The series are constructed from the OECD database on educational attainment and from surveys published by UNESCO. Two features that improve the quality of our data with respect to other series, particularly for series in first-differences, are the use of surveys based on uniform classification systems of education over time, and an intensified use of information by age groups. As a result of the improvement in quality, these new series can be used as a direct substitute for Barro and Lee's (2001; Oxford Economic Papers, 3, 541--563) data in empirical research. In standard cross-country growth regressions we find that our series yield significant coefficients for schooling. In panel data estimates our series are also significant even when the regressions account for the accumulation of physical capital. Moreover, the estimated macro return is consistent with those reported in labour studies. These results differ from the typical findings of the earlier literature and are a consequence of the reduction in measurement error in the series.},
Affiliation = {OECD Development Centre and CEPR Paris School of Economics 48 Boulevard Jourdan 75014 Paris France 48 Boulevard Jourdan 75014 Paris France},
Author = {Cohen, Daniel and Soto, Marcelo},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:09:03 +0000},
Issn = {1381-4338},
Issue = {1},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
Keywords = {ec7350,reform},
Pages = {51-76},
Publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
Title = {Growth and human capital: good data, good results},
Volume = {12},
Year = {2007}}
@article{Alcala:2004fk,
Abstract = {We find that international trade has an economically significant and statistically robust positive effect on productivity. Our trade measure is imports plus exports relative to purchasing power parity GDP (real openness), which we argue is preferable on theoretical grounds to the nominal measure conventionally used. We also find a significantly positive aggregate scale effect. Our estimates control for proxies of institutional quality as well as geography and take into account the endogeneity of trade and institutional quality. Our analysis of the channels through which trade and scale affect productivity yields that they work through total factor productivity.},
Author = {Alcala, Francisco and Antonio Ciccone},
Date-Added = {2013-01-20 19:16:33 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:16 +0000},
Journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
Keywords = {ec7350,trade,ec7340},
Number = {2},
Pages = {613-646},
Title = {Trade and Productivity},
Volume = {119},
Year = {2004}}
@unpublished{Hsieh:2013fk,
Abstract = {Over the last 50 years, there has been a remarkable convergence in the occupational distribution between white men, women, and blacks. We measure the macroeconomic consequences of this convergence through the prism of a Roy model of occupational choice in which women and blacks face frictions in the labor market and in the accumulation of human capital. The changing frictions implied by the observed occupational convergence account for 15 to 20 percent of growth in aggregate output per worker since 1960.},
Author = {Hsieh, Chang-Tai and Erik Hurst and Charles I. Jones and Peter J. Klenow},
Date-Added = {2013-01-14 15:32:08 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:12:02 +0000},
Keywords = {ec7350,reform},
Note = {NBER Working Paper 18693},
Title = {The Allocation of Talent and U.S. Economic Growth},
Year = {2013}}
@article{Michalopoulos:2012mi,
Abstract = {We investigate the role of national institutions on African regional development in a novel
framework. We exploit the fact that the arbitrary political boundaries in the eve of African
independence partitioned more than two hundred ethnic groups across different countries
subjecting similar cultures, residing in homogeneous geographic areas, to different formal
institutions. Using both a matching-type and a regression discontinuity approach we show
that differences in countrywide institutional structures across the national border do not
explain within-ethnicity differences in economic performance, as captured by satellite light
density at night. Despite some evidence of heterogeneity, for the overwhelming majority of
groups the relationship is economically and statistically insignificant. While our results do
not necessarily generalize to areas far from the national borders, close to the capital cities or
to other parts of the world, they suggest that the cross-country positive correlation between
formal national institutions and economic development has to be carefully interpreted.},
Author = {Stelios Michalopoulos and Elias Papaioannou},
Date-Added = {2012-12-19 20:29:15 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000},
Journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
Keywords = {ec7350,deep},
Number = {1},
Pages = {151-213},
Title = {National Institutions and Subnational Development in Africa},
Volume = {129},
Year = {2014}}
@article{Michalopoulos:2012qa,
Abstract = {We investigate the role of deeply-rooted pre-colonial ethnic institutions in shaping com-
parative regional development within African countries. We combine information on the
spatial distribution of ethnicities before colonization with regional variation in contempo-
rary economic performance, as proxied by satellite images of light density at night. We
document a strong association between pre-colonial ethnic political centralization and re-
gional development. This pattern is not driven by differences in local geographic features
or by other observable ethnic-specific cultural and economic variables. The strong positive
association between pre-colonial political complexity and contemporary development ob-
tains also within pairs of adjacent ethnic homelands with different legacies of pre-colonial
political institutions.},
Author = {Stelios Michalopoulos and Elias Papaioannou},
Date-Added = {2012-12-19 20:24:36 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2019-04-03 10:50:26 -0500},
Journal = {Econometrica},
Keywords = {ec7350,deep},
Number = {1},
Pages = {113-152},
Title = {Pre-colonial Ethnic Institutions and Contemporary African Development},
Volume = {81},
Year = {2013}}
@article{Masters:2001kl,
Abstract = {This paper introduces new data on climatic conditions to empirical tests of growth theories. We find that, since 1960, temperate countries have converged towards high levels of income while tropical nations have converged towards various income levels associated with economic scale and the extent of the market. These results hold for a wide range of tests. A plausible explanation is that temperate regions' growth was assisted by their climate, perhaps historically for their transition out of agriculture into sectors whose productivity converges across countries, while tropical countries' growth is relatively more dependent on gains from specialization and trade.},
Author = {William A. Masters and Margaret S. McMillan},
Date-Added = {2012-12-19 20:21:41 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:59 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
Keywords = {ec7350,deep},
Number = {3},
Pages = {167-186},
Title = {Climate and Scale in Economic Growth},
Volume = {6},
Year = {2001}}
@article{Easterly:2007fu,
Abstract = {Consistent with the provocative hypothesis of Engerman and Sokoloff [Engermann, Stanley and Kenneth Sokoloff (1997), ``Factor Endowments, Institutions, and Differential Paths of Growth Among New World Economies: A View from Economic Historians of the United States,'' in Stephen Haber, ed. How Latin America Fell Behind, Stanford CA: Stanford University Press., Sokoloff, Kenneth L. and Stanley L. Engerman (2000), Institutions, Factor Endowments, and Paths of Development in the New World, Journal of Economic Perspectives v14, n3, 217--32.], this paper confirms with cross-country data that agricultural endowments predict inequality and inequality predicts development. The use of agricultural endowments --specifically the abundance of land suitable for growing wheat relative to that suitable for growing sugarcane -- as an instrument for inequality is this paper's approach to problems of measurement and endogeneity of inequality. The paper finds inequality also affects other development outcomes -- institutions and schooling --which the literature has emphasized as mechanisms by which higher inequality lowers per capita income. It tests the inequality hypothesis for development, institutional quality and schooling against other recent hypotheses in the literature. While finding some evidence consistent with other development fundamentals, the paper finds high inequality to independently be a large and statistically significant barrier to prosperity, good quality institutions, and high schooling.},
Author = {William Easterly},
Date-Added = {2012-12-19 20:19:26 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 15:39:01 -0600},
Journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
Keywords = {dev},
Month = {November},
Number = {2},
Pages = {755-776},
Title = {Inequality Does Cause Underdevelopment: Insights from a New Instrument},
Volume = {84},
Year = {2007}}
@article{Griffith:2004dz,
Abstract = {Many writers have claimed that research and development (R\&D) has two faces. In addition to the conventional role of stimulating innovation, R\&D enhances technology transfer (absorptive capacity). We explore this idea empirically using a panel of industries across twelve OECD countries. We find R\&D to be statistically and economically important in both technological catch-up and innovation. Human capital also plays an major role in productivity growth, but we only find a small effect of trade. In failing to take account of R\&D-based absorptive capacity, existing U.S.-based studies may underestimate the return to R\&D.},
Author = {Griffith, Rachel and Stephen Redding and John van Reenen},
Date-Added = {2012-12-19 20:15:39 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:16 +0000},
Journal = {Review of Economics and Statistics},
Keywords = {ec7350,trade},
Month = {November},
Number = {4},
Pages = {883-895},
Title = {Mapping the Two Faces of R\&D: Productivity Growth in a panel of OECD Countries},
Volume = {86},
Year = {2004}}
@unpublished{Jones:2011fv,
Abstract = {This paper presents a new framework for human capital measurement. The generalized framework can (i) substantially amplify the role of human capital in accounting for cross-country income di{\S}erences and (ii) reconcile the existing con{\'a}ict between regression and accounting evidence in assessing the wealth and poverty of nations. One natural interpretation emphasizes di{\S}erences across economies in the acquisition of advanced knowledge by skilled workers.},
Author = {Benjamin Jones},
Date-Added = {2012-12-19 20:13:18 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:12:15 +0000},
Keywords = {ec7350,rich},
Month = {September},
Note = {Working paper},
Title = {The Human Capital Stock: A Generalized Approach},
Year = {2011}}
@article{Naritomi:2012ij,
Abstract = {This article analyzes the determinants of local institutions in Brazil. We show that institutional quality and distribution of land are partly inherited from the colonial histories experienced by different areas of the country. The sugar cane boom---characterized by an oligarchic society---is associated with more land inequality. The gold boom---characterized by a heavily inefficient presence of the Portuguese state---is associated with worse governance and access to justice. We do not find similar effects for a postcolonial boom (coffee). We also find that the colonial episodes are correlated with lower provision of public goods.},
Author = {Joana Naritomi and Rodrigo Soares and Juliano J. Assuncao},
Date-Added = {2012-12-19 19:52:09 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Economic History},
Keywords = {ec7350,deep},
Month = {June},
Number = {2},
Pages = {393-422},
Title = {Institutional Development and Colonial Heritage within Brazil},
Volume = {72},
Year = {2012}}
@unpublished{Madsen:2012hc,
Abstract = {Recent medical research shows that health is highly influential for learning and the ability to think laterally; however, past economic studies have failed to empirically examine the influence of health on learning, schooling, and ideas production; the main drivers of growth in endogenous growth models. This paper constructs a measure of health-adjusted educational attainment among the working age population based on their health status during the time they did their education. Using annual data for 21 OECD countries over the past two centuries it is shown that health has been highly influential for the quantity and quality of schooling, innovations and growth.},
Author = {Jakob Madsen},
Date-Added = {2012-12-19 19:50:26 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:12:47 +0000},
Keywords = {ec7350,rich,takeoff},
Month = {October},
Note = {NBER Working Paper 18461},
Title = {Health, Human Capital Formation and Knowledge Production: Two Centuries of International Evidence},
Year = {2012}}
@unpublished{McArthur:2001tg,
Abstract = {This paper responds to findings by Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson (2000) that suggest weak institutions, but not physical geography and correlates like disease burden, explain current variation in levels of economic development across former colonies. Using similar data and expanding the sample of countries analyzed, our regression analysis shows that both institutions and geographically-related variables such as malaria incidence or life expectancy at birth are strongly lnked to gross national product per capita. We argue that the evidence presented in Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson is likely limited by the inherently small sample of ex-colonies and the limited geographic dispersion of those countries.},
Author = {John W. McArthur and Jeffrey D. Sachs},
Date-Added = {2012-12-19 19:46:46 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = {February},
Note = {NBER Working Paper 8114},
Title = {Institutions and Geography: Comment on Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson (2000)},
Year = {2001}}
@unpublished{Lagakos:2012kl,
Abstract = {Using recently available large-sample micro data from 36 countries, we document that experience- earnings profiles are flatter in poor countries than in rich countries. Motivated by this fact, we conduct a development accounting exercise that allows the returns to experience to vary across countries but is otherwise standard. When the country-specific returns to experience are interpreted in such a development accounting framework -- and are therefore accounted for as part of human capital -- we find that human and physical capital differences can account for almost two thirds of the variation in cross-country income differences, as compared to less than half in previous studies.},
Author = {Lagakos, David and Benjamin Moll and Tommaso Porzio and Nancy Qian},
Date-Added = {2012-12-19 19:45:29 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:12:22 +0000},
Keywords = {ec7350,rich},
Month = {December},
Note = {NBER Working Paper 18602},
Title = {Experience Matters: Human Capital and Development Accounting},
Year = {2012}}
@article{Hoyland:2012oq,
Abstract = {International index rankings are popular, but perhaps too persuasive. They emphasize country differences where similarity is the dominant feature. Rankings based on Doing Business, the Human Development Index and Freedom House can be misleading, not because of wrong indicators, but because the estimation of the scores ignores inherent uncertainty. Re-estimated with a method that captures this uncertainty, it becomes clear that ranking every adjacent country is a rather courageous activity.},
Author = {Bjorn Hoyland and Karl Moene and Fredrik Willumsen},
Date-Added = {2012-12-19 19:44:03 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
Keywords = {deep},
Pages = {1-14},
Title = {The Tyranny of International Index Rankings},
Volume = {97},
Year = {2012}}
@article{Gennaioli:2012nx,
Abstract = {We investigate the determinants of regional development using a newly constructed database of 1569 sub-national regions from 110 countries covering 74 percent of the world's surface and 97 percent of its GDP. We combine the cross-regional analysis of geographic, institutional, cultural, and human capital determinants of regional development with an examination of productivity in several thousand establishments located in these regions. To organize the discussion, we present a new model of regional development that introduces into a standard migration framework elements of both the Lucas (1978) model of the allocation of talent between entrepreneurship and work, and the Lucas (1988) model of human capital externalities. The evidence points to the paramount importance of human capital in accounting for regional differences in development, but also suggests from model estimation and calibration that entrepreneurial inputs and possibly human capital externalities help understand the data.},
Author = {Gennaioli, Nicola and La Porta, Rafael and Lopez-de-Silanes, Florencio and Shleifer, Andrei},
Date-Added = {2012-12-19 19:41:24 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:10:55 +0000},
Journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
Keywords = {ec7350,rich},
Number = {1},
Pages = {105-164},
Title = {Human Capital and Regional Development},
Volume = {128},
Year = {2013}}
@unpublished{Feyrer:2009cr,
Abstract = {The negative effect of distance on bilateral trade is one of the most robust findings in international trade. However, the underlying causes of this negative relationship are less well understood. This paper exploits a temporary shock to distance, the closing of the Suez canal in 1967 and its reopening in 1975, to examine the effect of distance on trade and the effect of trade on income. Time series variation in sea distance allows for the inclusion of pair effects which account for static differences in tastes and culture between countries. The distance effects estimated in this paper are therefore more clearly about transportation costs in the trade of goods than typical gravity model estimates. Distance is found to have a significant impact on trade with an elasticity that is about half as large as estimates from typical cross sectional estimates. Since the shock to trade is exogenous for most countries, predicted trade volume from the shock can be used to identify the effect of trade on income. Trade is found to have a significant impact on income. The time series dimension allows for country fixed effects which control for all long run income differences. Because identification is through changes in sea distance, the effect is coming entirely through trade in goods and not through alternative channels such as technology transfer, tourism, or foreign direct investment.},
Author = {Feyrer, James},
Date-Added = {2012-12-19 19:39:58 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:16 +0000},
Keywords = {ec7350,trade},
Month = {December},
Note = {NBER Working Paper 15557},
Title = {Distance, Trade, and Income - The 1967 to 1975 Closing of the Suez Canal as a Natural Experiment},
Year = {2009}}
@article{Bloom:2012dq,
Abstract = {We argue that social capital as proxied by trust increases aggregate productivity by affecting the organization of firms. To do this we collect new data on the decentralization of investment, hiring, production, and sales decisions from corporate headquarters to local plant managers in almost 4,000 firms in the United States, Europe, and Asia. We find that firms headquartered in high-trust regions are significantly more likely to decentralize. To help identify causal effects, we look within multinational firms and show that higher levels of bilateral trust between the multinational's country of origin and subsidiary's country of location increases decentralization, even after instrumenting trust using religious similarities between the countries. Finally, we show evidence suggesting that trust raises aggregate productivity by facilitating reallocation between firms and allowing more efficient firms to grow, as CEOs can decentralize more decisions.},
Author = {Nicholas Bloom and Raffaella Sadun and John van Reenen},
Date-Added = {2012-12-19 19:37:48 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000},
Journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
Keywords = {ec7350,deep},
Number = {4},
Pages = {1663-1705},
Title = {The Organization of Firms Across Countries},
Volume = {127},
Year = {2012}}
@unpublished{Feyrer:2009bh,
Abstract = {Establishing a robust causal relationship between trade and income has been difficult. Frankel and Romer (1999) use a geographic instrument to identify a positive effect of trade on income. Rodriguez and Rodrik (2000) show that these results are not robust to controlling for omitted variables such as distance to the equator or institutions. This paper solves the omitted variable problem by generating a time varying geographic instrument. Improvements in aircraft technology have caused the quantity of world trade carried by air to increase over time. Country pairs with relatively short air routes compared to sea routes benefit more from this change in technology. This heterogeneity can be used to generate a geography based instrument for trade that varies over time. The time series variation allows for controls for country fixed effects, eliminating the bias from time invariant variables such as distance from the equator or historically determined institutions. Trade has a significant effect on income with an elasticity of roughly one half. Differences in predicted trade growth can explain roughly 17 percent of the variation in cross country income growth between 1960 and 1995.},
Author = {Feyrer, James},
Date-Added = {2012-12-19 19:35:43 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:16 +0000},
Keywords = {ec7350,trade},
Month = {April},
Note = {NBER Working Paper 14910},
Title = {Trade and Income - Exploiting Time Series in Geography},
Year = {2009}}
@unpublished{Easterly:2012qf,
Abstract = {A large literature suggests that European settlement outside of Europe shaped institutional, educational, technological, cultural, and economic outcomes. This literature has had a serious gap: no direct measure of colonial European settlement. In this paper, we (1) construct a new database on the European share of the population during the early stages of colonization and (2) examine its impact on the level of economic development today. We find a remarkably strong impact of colonial European settlement on development. According to one illustrative exercise, 47 percent of average global development levels today are attributable to Europeans. One of our most surprising findings is the positive effect of even a small minority European population during the colonial period on per capita income today, contradicting traditional and recent views. There is some evidence for an institutional channel, but our findings are most consistent with human capital playing a central role in the way that colonial European settlement affects development today.},
Author = {William Easterly and Ross Levine},
Date-Added = {2012-12-19 19:34:28 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2019-04-03 10:48:18 -0500},
Keywords = {deep,takeoff,ec7340},
Month = {June},
Note = {NBER Working Paper 18162},
Title = {The European Origins of Economic Development},
Year = {2012}}
@unpublished{Comin:2012ve,
Abstract = {We study empirically technology diffusion across countries and over time. We find significant evidence that technology diffuses slower to locations that are farther away from adoption leaders. This effect is stronger across rich countries and also when measuring distance along the south-north dimension. A simple theory of human interactions can account for these empirical findings. The theory suggests that the effect of distance should vanish over time, a hypothesis that we confirm in the data, and that distinguishes technology from other flows like goods or investments. We then structurally estimate the model. The parameter governing the frequency of interactions is larger for newer and network-based technologies and for the median technology the frequency of interactions decays by 73\% every 1000 Kms. Overall, we document the significant role that geography plays in determining technology diffusion across countries.},
Author = {Diego Comin and Mikhail Dmitriev and Estaban Rossi-Hansberg},
Date-Added = {2012-12-19 19:30:47 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:16 +0000},
Keywords = {ec7350,trade},
Month = {November},
Note = {NBER Working Paper 18534},
Title = {The Spatial Diffusion of Technology},
Year = {2012}}
@unpublished{Caselli:2012ly,
Abstract = {How much would output increase if underdeveloped economies were to increase their levels of schooling? We contribute to the development ac- counting literature by describing a non-parametric upper bound on the increase in output that can be generated by more schooling. The advan- tage of our approach is that the upper bound is valid for any number of schooling levels with arbitrary patterns of substitution/complementarity. Another advantage is that the upper bound is robust to certain forms of endogenous technology response to changes in schooling. We also quan- tify the upper bound for all economies with the necessary data, compare our results with the standard development accounting approach, and provide an update on the results using the standard approach for a large sample of countries.},
Author = {Caselli, Francesco and Antonio Ciccone},
Date-Added = {2012-12-19 19:29:16 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:08:43 +0000},
Keywords = {ec7350,rich},
Month = {September},
Note = {Working paper},
Title = {The Contribution of Schooling in Development Accounting: Results from a Nonparametric Upper Bound},
Year = {2012}}
@article{Bruhn:2012zr,
Abstract = {Levels of development vary widely within countries in the Amer- icas. We argue that part of this variation has its roots in the colonial era, when colonizers engaged in different economic activities in different regions of a country. We present evidence consistent with the view that ``bad'' activities (those that depended heavily on labor exploitation) led to lower economic development today than ``good'' activities (those that did not rely on labor exploitation). Our results also suggest that differences in political repre- sentation (but not in income inequality or human capital) could be the intermediating factor between colonial activities and current development.},
Author = {Miriam Bruhn and Francisco A. Gallego},
Date-Added = {2012-12-19 19:27:48 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000},
Journal = {Review of Economics and Statistics},
Keywords = {ec7350,deep},
Local-Url = {/Users/dietz/Dropbox/Papers/Bruhn_Gallego_2012.pdf},
Month = {May},
Number = {2},
Pages = {433-461},
Title = {Good, Bad, and Ugly Colonial Activities: Do they matter for Economic Development?},
Volume = {94},
Year = {2012},
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@article{Bowlus:2012ys,
Abstract = {Separate identification of the price and quantity of human capital has important implications for understanding key issues in econom- ics. Price and quantity series are derived for four education levels. The price series are highly correlated and they exhibit a strong secu- lar trend. Three resulting implications are explored: the rising col- lege premium is found to be driven more by relative quantity than relative price changes, life-cycle wage profiles are readily interpre- table as reflecting optimal human capital investment paths using the estimated price series, and adjusting the labor input for quality increases dramatically reduces the contribution of MFP to growth.},
Author = {Bowlus, Audra J. and Chris Robinson},
Date-Added = {2012-12-19 19:26:34 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:08:33 +0000},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Keywords = {ec7350,other},
Local-Url = {/Users/dietz/Dropbox/Papers/Bowlus_Robinson_2005.pdf},
Month = {December},
Number = {7},
Pages = {3483-3515},
Title = {Human Capital Prices, Productivity, and Growth},
Volume = {102},
Year = {2012},
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@unpublished{Bekaert:2012vn,
Abstract = {In a sample of 110 countries, we document a positive relation between the volatility and skewness of growth in the cross-section, but a negative relation in panel data with country fixed effects. The negative relation between volatility and skewness in panel data is driven by business cycle variation in rich countries. The long-run cross-sectional relation is related to two distinct phenomena: sudden and short-lived growth spurts in mostly developing countries, and sharp crises in mostly developed countries, following the build-up of leverage during low-volatility periods. The former phenomenon is driven by one of the following events in mostly developing countries: industrialization, macroeconomic stabilisation, and the discovery and exploitation of natural resources. The latter phenomenon is consistent with recent theories of financial frictions.},
Author = {Geert Bekaert and Alexander Popov},
Date-Added = {2012-12-19 19:24:39 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:15 +0000},
Keywords = {ec7350,rich},
Local-Url = {/Users/dietz/Dropbox/Papers/bekaert_popov_2012.pdf},
Month = {November},
Note = {NBER Working Paper 18556},
Title = {On the link between the volatility and skewness of growth},
Year = {2012},
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@article{Becker:2011kx,
Abstract = {Research increasingly stresses the role of human capital in modern economic development. Existing historical evidence---mostly from British textile industries---however, rejects that formal education was important for the Industrial Revolution. Our new evidence from tech- nological follower Prussia uses a unique school enrollment and fac- tory employment database linking 334 counties from pre-industrial 1816 to two industrial phases in 1849 and 1882. Using pre-industrial education as instrument for later education and controlling exten- sively for pre-industrial development, we find that basic education is significantly associated with nontextile industrialization in both phases of the Industrial Revolution. Panel data models with county fixed effects confirm the results. },
Author = {Becker, Sascha O. and Erik Hornung and Ludger Woessmann},
Date-Added = {2012-12-19 19:23:13 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:08:00 +0000},
Journal = {American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics},
Keywords = {ec7350,takeoff},
Local-Url = {/Users/dietz/Dropbox/Papers/Becker_etal_2011.pdf},
Month = {July},
Pages = {92-126},
Title = {Education and Catch-up in the Industrial Revolution},
Volume = {3},
Year = {2011},
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@unpublished{Auer:2012uq,
Abstract = {While the direct impact of geographic endowments on prosperity is present in all countries, in former colonies, geography has also affected colonization policies and, therefore, institutional outcomes. Using non-colonized countries as a control group, I re-examine the theories put forward by La Porta et al. (1999) and by Acemoglu et al. (2001), finding strong support for both theories, but also evidence that the authors' estimates are mildly biased since they confound the effect of the historical determinants of institutions with the sizeable direct impact of geographic endowments on development.},
Author = {Raphael Auer},
Date-Added = {2012-12-19 19:21:20 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000},
Keywords = {ec7350,deep},
Local-Url = {/Users/dietz/Dropbox/Papers/Auer_2012.PDF},
Month = {July},
Note = {CESifo Working Paper 3874},
Title = {Geography, Institutions, and the Making of Comparative Development},
Year = {2012},
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@article{Albouy:2012fk,
Abstract = {In a seminal contribution, Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson (2001) evaluate the effect of property rights institutions on national income using estimated mortality rates of early European settlers as an instrument for the risk of capital expropriation. Returning to their original sources, I find the settler mortality data suffer from a number of inconsistencies, comparability problems, and questionable geographic assignments. When various methods are used to deal with these issues, the first-stage relationship between mortality and expropriation risk is no longer robust and typically insignificant. Consequently instrumental variable estimates are unreliable and suffer from weak instrument pathologies.},
Author = {David Albouy},
Date-Added = {2012-12-19 19:19:03 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Keywords = {ec7350,deep},
Local-Url = {/Users/dietz/Dropbox/Papers/Albouy_2012.pdf},
Number = {6},
Pages = {3059-3076},
Title = {The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation: Comment},
Volume = {102},
Year = {2012},
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@article{Nunn:2011uq,
Abstract = {We show that current differences in trust levels within Africa can be traced back to the transatlantic and Indian Ocean slave trades. Combining contemporary individual-level survey data with historical data on slave shipments by ethnic group, we find that individuals whose ancestors were heavily raided during the slave trade are less trusting today. Evidence from a variety of identification strategies suggests that the relationship is causal. Examining causal mechanisms, we show that most of the impact of the slave trade is through factors that are internal to the individual, such as cultural norms, beliefs, and values.},
Author = {Nathan Nunn and Leonard Wantchekon},
Date-Added = {2012-12-19 17:08:03 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Keywords = {ec7350,deep},
Month = {December},
Number = {7},
Pages = {3221-52},
Title = {The Slave Trade and the Origins of Mistrust in Africa},
Volume = {101},
Year = {2011}}
@article{Acemoglu:2011fk,
Abstract = {The French Revolution had a momentous impact on neighboring countries. It removed the legal and economic barriers protecting oligarchies, established the principle of equality before the law, and prepared economies for the new industrial opportunities of the second half of the 19th century. We present within-Germany evidence on the long-run implications of these institutional reforms. Occupied areas appear to have experienced more rapid urbanization growth, especially after 1850. A two-stage least squares strategy provides evidence consistent with the hypothesis that the reforms instigated by the French had a positive impact on growth.},
Author = {Daron Acemoglu and Davide Cantoni and Simon Johnson and James Robinson},
Date-Added = {2012-12-19 17:06:30 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Keywords = {deep},
Month = {December},
Number = {7},
Pages = {3286-3307},
Title = {The Consequences of Radical Reform: The French Revolution},
Volume = {101},
Year = {2011}}
@article{AJ2005,
Abstract = {This paper evaluates the importance of ``property rights institutions,'' which protect citizens against expropriation by the government and powerful elites, and ``contracting institutions,'' which enable private contracts between citizens. We exploit exogenous variation in both types of institutions driven by colonial history and document strong first-stage relationships between property rights institutions and the determinants of European colonization strategy (settler mortality and population density before colonization) and between contracting institutions and the identity of the colonizing power. Using this instrumental variable approach, we find that property rights institutions have a first-order effect on long-run economic growth, investment, and financial development. Contracting institutions appear to matter only for the form of financial intermediation. A possible explanation for this pattern is that individuals often find ways of altering the terms of their formal and informal contracts to avoid the adverse effects of weak contracting institutions but find it harder to mitigate the risk of expropriation in this way.},
Author = {Daron Acemoglu and Simon Johnson},
Date-Added = {2012-12-19 16:52:28 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
Keywords = {deep},
Local-Url = {/Users/dietz/Dropbox/Papers/Acemoglu & Johnson - 2005.pdf},
Number = {5},
Pages = {949-995},
Title = {Unbundling Institutions},
Volume = {113},
Year = {2005},
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@article{Dinopoulos:3uq,
Abstract = {We incorporate population growth into the model of trustified capitalism, with vertical and horizontal product differentiation, developed by Thompson and Waldo (1994) and generate endogenous long-run Schumpeterian growth without scale effects. Our model extends the analysis of Young (1998) and overturns some key policy and welfare implications of his model. The transitional dynamics of the model can account for the presence of scale effects in preindustrial and early industrial eras.},
Author = {Dinopoulos, Elias and Peter Thompson},
Date-Added = {2012-09-28 17:19:35 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2015-03-17 13:06:50 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
Keywords = {intro,theory},
Number = {4},
Pages = {313-335},
Title = {Schumpeterian Growth without Scale Effects},
Volume = {3},
Year = {1993}}
@article{Peretto:1998fk,
Abstract = {What is the relationship between the rate of population growth and the rate of technological change? To answer this question, I discuss a model where increasing returns generate long-run growth but where the scale effect is absent. More precisely, the model predicts that steady-state productivity growth does not depend on population size because an increase in population size leads to entry. The resulting crowding-in effect generates dispersion of R\&D resources across firms and offsets the positive effect of the scale of the economy on the returns to R\&D. Changes in population size have only transitory effects on productivity growth. This desirable property allows me to introduce population growth in the model and study the effects of demographic shocks. The predicted patterns of growth, entry, and change in industrial structure match the experience of several industrialized countries. In addition, they match several of the empirical observations cited as evidence against standard models of endogenous technological change.},
Author = {Peretto, Pietro},
Date-Added = {2012-09-28 17:18:33 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2015-03-17 13:10:54 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
Keywords = {intro,theory},
Number = {4},
Pages = {283-311},
Title = {Technological Change and Population Growth},
Volume = {3},
Year = {1998}}
@article{Hansen:2002fk,
Abstract = {A unified growth theory is developed that accounts for the roughly constant living standards displayed by world economies prior to 1800 as well as the growing living standards exhibited by modern industrial economies. Our theory also explains the industrial revolution, which is the transition from an era when per capita incomes are stagnant to one with sustained growth. This transition is inevitable given positive rates of total factor productivity growth. We use a standard growth model with one good and two available technologies. The first, denoted the capital as inputs. The second, denoted the does not require land. We show that in the early stages of development, only the Malthus technology is used and, due to population growth, living standards are stagnant despite technological progress. Eventually, technological progress causes the Solow technology to become profitable and both technologies are employed. At this point, living standards improve since population growth has less influence on per capita income growth. In the limit, the economy behaves like a standard Solow growth model.},
Author = {Hansen, Gary D. and Edward C. Prescott},
Date-Added = {2012-09-24 15:06:54 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Keywords = {intro,takeoff},
Month = {September},
Number = {4},
Pages = {1205-1217},
Title = {From Malthus to Solow},
Volume = {92},
Year = {2002}}
@article{Philippe-Aghion:2005kx,
Abstract = {This paper investigates the relationship between product market competition and innovation. We find strong evidence of an inverted-U relationship using panel data. We develop a model where competition discourages laggard firms from innovating but encourages neck-and-neck firms to innovate. Together with the effect of competition on the equilibrium industry structure, these generate an inverted-U. Two additional predictions of the model-that the average technological distance between leaders and followers increases with competition, and that the inverted-U is steeper when industries are more neck-and-neck-are both supported by the data.},
Author = {Aghion, Philippe and Nick Bloom and Richard Blundell and Rachel Griffith and Peter Howitt},
Date-Added = {2012-09-15 14:25:02 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2019-04-03 10:53:15 -0500},
Journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
Keywords = {intro,theory},
Number = {2},
Pages = {701-728},
Title = {Competition and Innovation: a Inverted-U Relationship},
Volume = {120},
Year = {2005}}
@article{Acemoglu:2002fk,
Abstract = {For many problems in macroeconomics, development economics, labor economics, and international trade, whether technical change is biased towards particular factors is of central importance. This paper develops a simple framework to analyze the forces that shape these biases. There are two major forces affecting equilibrium bias: the price effect and the market size effect. While the former encourages innovations directed at scarce factors, the latter leads to technical change favoring abundant factors. The elasticity of substitution between different factors regulates how powerful these effects are, and this has implications about how technical change and factor prices respond to changes in relative supplies. If the elasticity of substitution is sufficiently large, the long-run relative demand for a factor can slope up. I apply this framework to discuss a range of issues including: Why technical change over the past 60 years was skill-biased, and why the skill bias may have accelerated over the past twenty-five years. Why new technologies introduced during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries were unskill-biased. Why biased technical change may increase the income gap between rich and poor countries. Why international trade may induce skill-biased technical change. Why a large wage-push, as in continental Europe during the 1970s, may cause capital-biased technical change. Why technical change may be generally labor-augmenting rather than capital-augmenting.},
Author = {Acemoglu, Daron},
Date-Added = {2012-09-15 14:20:09 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2013-04-21 15:00:13 +0000},
Journal = {Review of Economic Studies},
Keywords = {intro},
Number = {4},
Pages = {781-809},
Title = {Directed Technical Change},
Volume = {69},
Year = {2002}}
@article{Jones:1995uq,
Abstract = {According to endogenous growth theory, permanent changes in certain policy variables have permanent effects on the rate of economic growth. Empirically, however, U.S. growth rates exhibit no large persistent changes. Therefore, the determinants of long-run growth highlighted by a specific growth model must similarly exhibit no large persistent changes or the persistent movement in these variables must be offsetting. Otherwise, the growth model is inconsistent with time series evidence. This paper argues that many AK-style models and R\&D-based models of endogenous growth are rejected by this criterion. The rejection of the R\&D-based models is particularly strong. },
Author = {Charles I. Jones},
Date-Added = {2012-08-23 18:04:58 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2015-03-17 13:09:01 +0000},
Journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
Keywords = {intro,theory},
Pages = {495-525},
Title = {Time Series Test of Endogenous Growth Models},
Volume = {110},
Year = {1995}}
@article{Jones:1995fk,
Abstract = {This paper argues that the 'scale effects' prediction of many recent R\&D-based models of growth is inconsistent with the time-series evidence from industrialized economies. A modified version of the Romer model that is consistent with this evidence is proposed, but the extended model alters a key implication usually found in endogenous growth theory. Although growth in the extended model is generated endogenously through R\&D, the long-run growth rate depends only on parameters that are usually taken to be exogenous, including the rate of population growth.},
Author = {Charles I. Jones},
Date-Added = {2012-08-23 18:04:13 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2019-04-03 10:53:28 -0500},
Journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
Keywords = {intro,theory},
Pages = {759-784},
Title = {R\&D-Based Models of Economics Growth},
Volume = {103},
Year = {1995}}
@article{Jones:2002fk,
Abstract = {Rising educational attainment and research intensity in recent decades suggest that the U.S. economy is far from its steady state. This paper develops a model reconciling these facts with the stability of U.S. growth rates. In the model, long-run growth arises from the worldwide discovery of ideas, which depends on population growth. Nevertheless, constant growth can temporarily proceed at a faster rate, provided research intensity and educational attainment rise steadily over time. Growth accounting reveals that these factors explain 80 percent of recent U.S. growth, with less than 20 percent coming from world population growth.},
Author = {Charles I. Jones},
Date-Added = {2012-06-22 16:09:54 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2019-04-03 10:53:34 -0500},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Keywords = {intro,theory, reform},
Month = {March},
Number = {1},
Pages = {220-239},
Title = {Sources of U.S. Economic Growth in a World of Ideas},
Volume = {92},
Year = {2002}}
@misc{U.S.-Environmental-Protection-Agency:2011kl,
Author = {{U.S. Environmental Protection Agency}},
Date-Added = {2012-06-20 14:16:05 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2013-04-21 15:00:13 +0000},
Howpublished = {www.epa.gov/ttnchie1/trends/},
Keywords = {intro},
Title = {National Emissions Inventory},
Year = {2011}}
@book{George:1879nx,
Address = {Cambridge, UK},
Author = {Henry George},
Date-Added = {2012-06-19 20:20:08 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2019-04-03 09:26:06 -0500},
Keywords = {intro},
Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
Title = {Progress and Poverty: An Inquiry into the Cause of Industrial Depressions and of Increase of Want with Increase of Wealth; The Remedy},
Year = {1879}}
@book{Malthus:1798cr,
Address = {London},
Author = {Thomas Malthus},
Date-Added = {2012-06-19 20:18:18 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Keywords = {intro,takeoff},
Publisher = {J. Johnson},
Title = {An Essay on the Principle of Population},
Year = {1798}}
@misc{Economist:1994dq,
Author = {{The Economist}},
Date-Added = {2012-06-19 20:15:59 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2017-04-21 15:07:11 +0000},
Keywords = {intro, rich},
Month = {October 22nd},
Title = {The Price of Light},
Year = {1994}}
@article{Greenwood:1997bh,
Author = {Greenwood, Jeremy and Mehmet Yorukoglu},
Date-Added = {2012-06-19 20:10:45 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2013-04-21 15:00:13 +0000},
Journal = {Carnegi-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy},
Keywords = {intro},
Pages = {49-95},
Title = {1974},
Volume = {46},
Year = {1997}}
@article{David:1990qf,
Author = {David, Paul},
Date-Added = {2012-06-19 20:08:22 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:16 +0000},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Keywords = {intro,trade},
Month = {May},
Number = {2},
Pages = {355-61},
Title = {The Dynamo and the Computer: An Historical Perspective on the Modern Productivity Paradox},
Volume = {80},
Year = {1990}}
@book{Acemoglu:2009ve,
Address = {Princeton, NJ},
Author = {Daron Acemoglu},
Date-Added = {2012-06-19 20:05:20 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2013-04-21 15:00:13 +0000},
Keywords = {intro},
Publisher = {Princeton University Press},
Title = {Introduction to Modern Economic Growth},
Year = {2009}}
@misc{Barro:2010ly,
Author = {Barro, Robert and Jong-Wha Lee},
Date-Added = {2012-06-19 20:01:53 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:06:11 +0000},
Howpublished = {NBER Working paper 15902},
Keywords = {intro,other},
Month = {April},
Title = {A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, 1950-2010},
Year = {2010}}
@misc{U.S.-Patent-and-Trademark-Office:2011zr,
Author = {{U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}},
Date-Added = {2012-06-19 19:54:40 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2013-04-21 15:00:13 +0000},
Howpublished = {www.uspto.gov/web/offices/ac/ido/oeip/taf/h\_counts.htm},
Keywords = {intro},
Title = {{U.S.} Patent Activity, Calendar Years 1790 to the Present},
Year = {2011}}
@misc{U.S.-Energy-Information-Administration:2011ys,
Author = {{U.S. Energy Information Administration}},
Date-Added = {2012-06-19 19:49:39 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2013-04-21 15:00:13 +0000},
Howpublished = {www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/},
Keywords = {intro},
Title = {Annual Energy Review. {DOE/EIA-0384(2010)}},
Year = {2011}}
@misc{Bureau-of-Labor-Statistics:2010vn,
Author = {{U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics}},
Date-Added = {2012-06-19 15:27:30 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2013-04-21 15:00:13 +0000},
Howpublished = {USDL-11-0723},
Keywords = {intro},
Title = {Preliminary Multifactor Productivity Trends},
Year = {2010}}
@misc{U.S.-Geological-Survey:2000kx,
Author = {{U.S. Geological Survey}},
Date-Added = {2012-06-19 15:23:11 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2013-04-21 15:00:13 +0000},
Keywords = {intro},
Title = {Executive Summary, World Energy Assessment},
Year = {2000}}
@misc{OECD:2009uq,
Author = {{Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development} (OECD)},
Date-Added = {2012-06-19 15:21:09 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2013-04-21 15:00:13 +0000},
Keywords = {intro},
Title = {Main Science and Technology Indicators},
Year = {2009}}
@misc{Economic-Cooperation:2006fk,
Author = {{Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development} (OECD)},
Date-Added = {2012-06-19 15:17:55 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2013-04-21 15:00:13 +0000},
Keywords = {intro},
Title = {Main Science and Technology Indicators},
Year = {2006}}
@article{Almas:2012in,
Abstract = {Purchasing power-adjusted incomes applied in cross-country comparisons are measured with bias. This paper estimates the purchasing power parity (PPP) bias in Penn World Table incomes and provides corrected incomes. The bias is substantial and systematic: the poorer a country, the more its income tends to be overestimated. Consequently, international income inequality is substantially underestimated. The methodological contribution is to exploit the analogies between PPP bias and the bias in consumer price index (CPI) numbers. The PPP bias and subsequent corrected incomes are measured by estimating Engel curves for food, an established method of measuring CPI bias.},
Author = {Almas, Ingvild},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:15 +0000},
Doi = {10.1257/aer.102.2.1093},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Keywords = {rich},
Number = {2},
Pages = {1093-1117},
Title = {International Income Inequality: Measuring PPP Bias by Estimating Engel Curves for Food},
Url = {http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/aer.102.2.1093},
Url-1 = {http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/aer.102.2.1093},
Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.2.1093},
Volume = {102},
Year = {2012},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/aer.102.2.1093},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.2.1093}}
@article{Henderson:2012me,
Abstract = {We develop a statistical framework to use satellite data on night lights to augment official income growth measures. For countries with poor national income accounts, the optimal estimate of growth is a composite with roughly equal weights on conventionally mea- sured growth and growth predicted from lights. Our estimates dif- fer from official data by up to three percentage points annually. Using lights, empirical analyses of growth need no longer use coun- tries as the unit of analysis; we can measure growth for sub- and supranational regions. We show, for example, that coastal areas in sub-Saharan Africa are growing slower than the hinterland.},
Author = {Henderson, J. Vernon and Adam Storeygard and David N. Weil},
Date-Modified = {2017-04-16 15:42:30 +0000},
Doi = {10.1257/aer.102.2.994},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Keywords = {ec7340},
Local-Url = {/Users/dietz/Dropbox/Papers/Henderson_etal_2012.pdf},
Number = {2},
Pages = {994-1028},
Title = {Measuring Economic Growth from Outer Space},
Url = {http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/aer.102.2.994},
Volume = {102},
Year = {2012},
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@article{Restuccia:2008dq,
Abstract = {We formulate a version of the growth model in which production is carried out by heterogeneous establishments and calibrate it to U.S. data. In the context of this model we argue that differences in the allocation of resources across establishments that differ in productivity may be an important factor in accounting for cross-country differences in output per capita. In particular, we show that policies which create heterogeneity in the prices faced by individual producers can lead to sizeable decreases in output and measured total factor productivity (TFP) in the range of 30 to 50 percent. We show that these effects can result from policies that do not rely on aggregate capital accumulation or aggregate relative price differences. More generally, the model can be used to generate differences in capital accumulation, relative prices, and measured TFP. },
Author = {Restuccia, Diego and Richard Rogerson},
Date-Added = {2012-04-13 17:37:33 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:29 +0000},
Journal = {Review of Economic Dynamics},
Keywords = {intro,ec7340, markup},
Month = {October},
Number = {4},
Pages = {707-720},
Title = {Policy Distortions and Aggregate Productivity with Heterogeneous Plants},
Volume = {11},
Year = {2008},
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@misc{Institute:2001bh,
Author = {{McKinsey Global Institute}},
Date-Added = {2012-04-13 17:35:10 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2016-03-06 16:43:26 +0000},
Howpublished = {Report, McKinsey Global Institute},
Keywords = {intro},
Title = {India: The Growth Imperative},
Year = {2001}}
@incollection{Banerjee:2004qf,
Abstract = {Growth theory traditionally assumed the existence of an aggregate production function, whose existence and properties are closely tied to the assumption of optimal resource allocation within each economy. We show extensive evidence, culled from the micro- development literature, demonstrating that the assumption of optimal resource allocation fails radically. The key fact is the enormous heterogeneity of rates of return to the same factor within a single economy, a heterogeneity that dwarfs the cross-country heterogeneity in the economy-wide average return. Prima facie, we argue, this evidence poses problems for old and new growth theories alike. We then review the literature on various causes of this misallocation. We go on to calibrate a simple model which explicitly introduces the possibility of misallocation into an otherwise standard growth model . We show that, in order to match the data, it is not enough to have misallocated factors: there also needs to be important fixed costs in production. We conclude by outlining the contour of a possible non-aggregate growth theory, and review the existing attempts to take such a model to the data.},
Address = {Amsterdam},
Author = {Banerjee, Abhijit V. and Esther Duflo},
Booktitle = {Handbook of Economic Growth},
Date-Added = {2012-04-13 17:33:11 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:29 +0000},
Editor = {Philippe Aghion and Steven Durlauf},
Keywords = {intro, markup},
Local-Url = {/Users/dietz/Dropbox/Papers/Banerjee_Duflo_2005.pdf},
Pages = {473-554},
Publisher = {Elsevier},
Title = {Growth Theory through the Lens of Development Economics},
Year = {2005},
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@book{Stern:2007ve,
Address = {Cambridge, UK},
Author = {Nicholas Stern},
Date-Added = {2012-04-13 17:00:49 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2017-04-21 15:07:15 +0000},
Keywords = {intro, nature},
Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
Title = {The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review},
Year = {2007}}
@article{Acemoglu:2012ly,
Abstract = {This paper introduces endogenous and directed technical change in a growth model with environmental constraints. A unique final good is produced by combining inputs from two sectors. One of these sectors uses "dirty" machines and thus creates environmental degradation. Research can be directed to improving the technology of machines in either sector. We characterize dynamic tax policies that achieve sustainable growth or maximize intertemporal welfare. We show that: (i) in the case where the inputs are sufficiently substitutable, sustainable long-run growth can be achieved with temporary taxation of dirty innovation and production; (ii) optimal policy involves both ``carbon taxes'' and research subsidies, so that excessive use of carbon taxes is avoided; (iii) delay in intervention is costly: the sooner and the stronger is the policy response, the shorter is the slow growth transition phase; (iv) the use of an exhaustible resource in dirty input production helps the switch to clean innovation under laissez-faire when the two inputs are substitutes. Under reasonable parameter values and with sufficient substitutability between inputs, it is optimal to redirect technical change towards clean technologies immediately and optimal environmental regulation need not reduce long-run growth.},
Author = {Acemoglu, Daron and Philippe Aghion and Leonard Bursztyn and David Hemous},
Date-Added = {2012-04-13 16:58:41 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2013-04-21 15:00:13 +0000},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Keywords = {intro},
Number = {1},
Pages = {131-66},
Title = {The Environment and Directed Technical Change},
Volume = {102},
Year = {2012}}
@article{Stern:2004zr,
Abstract = {This paper chronicles the story of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC). The EKC proposes that indicators of environmental degradation first rise, and then fall with increasing income per capita. However, recent evidence shows that developing countries are addressing environmental issues, sometimes adopting developed country standards with a short time lag and sometimes performing better than some wealthy countries, and that the EKC results have a very flimsy statistical foundation. A new generation of decomposition models can help disentangle the true relations between development and the environment.},
Author = {David I. Stern},
Date-Added = {2012-04-13 16:57:13 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2017-04-21 15:07:21 +0000},
Journal = {World Development},
Keywords = {intro, nature},
Number = {8},
Pages = {1419-1439},
Title = {The Rise and Fall of the Environmental Kuznets Curve},
Volume = {32},
Year = {2004}}
@misc{Broda:2010ys,
Abstract = {Starting with Romer [1987] and Rivera-Batiz-Romer [1991] economists have been able to model how trade enhances growth through the creation and import of new varieties. In this framework, international trade increases economic output through two channels. First, trade raises productivity levels because producers gain access to new imported varieties. Second, increases in the number of varieties drives down the cost of innovation and results in ever more variety creation. Using highly disaggregate trade data, e.g. Gabon's imports of Gambian groundnuts, we structurally estimate the impact that new imports have had in approximately 4000 markets per country. We then move from groundnuts to globalization by building an exact TFP index that aggregates these micro gains to obtain an estimate of trade on productivity growth for each country. We find that in the typical country in the world, new imported varieties account for 15 percent of its productivity growth. These effects are larger in developing countries where the median impact of new imported varieties equals a quarter of national productivity growth.},
Author = {Broda, Christian and Joshua Greenfield and David E. Weinstein},
Date-Added = {2012-04-13 16:54:50 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:16:32 +0000},
Howpublished = {Working paper},
Keywords = {trade},
Title = {From Groundnuts to Globalization: A Structural Estimate of Trade and Growth},
Year = {2010}}
@misc{Williamson:2009vn,
Author = {Samuel H. Williamson},
Date-Added = {2012-04-13 16:52:25 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2013-04-21 15:00:13 +0000},
Howpublished = {http://www.measuringworth.org},
Keywords = {intro},
Title = {An Index of the Wage of Unskilled Labor from 1774 to the Present},
Year = {2009}}
@article{Syverson:2004kx,
Abstract = {Tremendous differences in producer productivity levels exist, even within narrowly defined industries. This paper explores the influence of product substitutability in an industry on this disparity. When consumers can easily switch between producers, inefficient (high-cost) producers cannot operate profitably. Thus high-substitutability industries should exhibit less productivity dispersion and have higher average productivity levels. I demonstrate this mechanism in a simple industry equilibrium model and test it empirically using producer-level data from 443 U.S. manufacturing industries. I find evidence that substitutability measured in several ways'is indeed negatively related to within-industry productivity dispersion and positively related to median productivity.},
Author = {Syverson, Chad},
Date-Added = {2012-04-13 16:51:07 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:29 +0000},
Journal = {Review of Economics and Statistics},
Keywords = {intro,markup,ec7340},
Month = {May},
Number = {2},
Pages = {534-550},
Title = {Product Substitutability and Productivity Dispersion},
Volume = {86},
Year = {2004}}
@book{Acemoglu:2012uq,
Address = {New York, NY},
Author = {Acemoglu, Daron and James Robinson},
Date-Added = {2012-04-13 16:47:59 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2019-04-03 10:49:14 -0500},
Keywords = {intro,deep},
Publisher = {Crown Publishers},
Title = {Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty},
Year = {2012}}
@book{Acemoglu:2005fk,
Address = {Cambridge, UK},
Author = {Acemoglu, Daron and James Robinson},
Date-Added = {2012-04-13 16:46:15 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000},
Keywords = {intro,deep},
Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
Title = {Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy},
Year = {2005}}
@article{Dell:2010vn,
Abstract = {This study utilizes regression discontinuity to examine the long-run impacts of the mita, an extensive forced mining labor system in effect in Peru and Bolivia between 1573 and 1812. Results indicate that a mita effect lowers household consumption by around 25\% and increases the prevalence of stunted growth in children by around six percentage points in subjected districts today. Using data from the Spanish Empire and Peruvian Republic to trace channels of institutional persistence, I show that the mita's influence has persisted through its impacts on land tenure and public goods provision. Mita districts historically had fewer large landowners and lower educational attainment. Today, they are less integrated into road networks, and their residents are substantially more likely to be subsistence farmers.},
Author = {Dell, Melissa},
Date-Added = {2012-04-13 16:43:16 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000},
Journal = {Econometrica},
Keywords = {intro,ec7350,deep},
Number = {6},
Pages = {1863-1903},
Title = {The Persistent Effect of Peru's Mining Mita},
Volume = {78},
Year = {2010}}
@article{Easterly:2003kx,
Abstract = {Does economic development depend on geographic endowments like temperate instead of tropical location, the ecological conditions shaping diseases, or an environment good for grains or certain cash crops? Or do these endowments of tropics, germs, and crops affect economic development only through institutions or policies? We test the endowment, institution, and policy views against each other using cross country evidence. We find evidence that tropics, germs, and crops affect development through institutions. We find no evidence that tropics, germs, and crops affect country incomes directly other than through institutions, nor do we find any effect of policies on development once we control for institutions.},
Annote = {Easterly is cool},
Author = {Easterly, William and Ross Levine},
Date-Added = {2012-04-13 16:41:45 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2019-04-03 10:49:46 -0500},
Journal = {Journal of Monetary Economics},
Keywords = {intro,deep},
Month = {January},
Number = {1},
Pages = {3-39},
Title = {Tropics, Germs, and Crops: How Endowments Influence Economic Development},
Volume = {50},
Year = {2003}}
@misc{Kaufmann:2012uq,
Author = {Kaufmann, Daniel and Aart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi},
Date-Added = {2012-04-13 16:39:02 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000},
Howpublished = {http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/index.asp},
Keywords = {intro,deep},
Title = {Worldwide Governance Indicators},
Year = {2010}}
@article{Coe:1995fk,
Abstract = {Investment in research and development (R\&D) affects a country's total factor productivity. Recently new theories of economic growth have emphasized this link and have also identified a number of channels through which a country's R\&D affects total factor productivity of its trade partners. Following these theoretical developments we estimate the effects of a country's R\&D capital stock and the R\&D capital stocks of its trade partners on the country's total factor productivity. We find large effects of both domestic and foreign R\&D capital stocks on total factor productivity. The foreign R\&D capital stocks have particularly large effects on the smaller countries in our sample (that consists of 22 countries). Moreover, we find that about one-quarter of the worldwide benefits of investment in R\&D in the seven largest economies are appropriated by their trade partners.},
Author = {Coe, David and Elhanan Helpman},
Date-Added = {2012-04-13 16:35:19 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:16 +0000},
Journal = {European Economic Review},
Keywords = {intro,ec7350;trade},
Number = {5},
Pages = {859-87},
Title = {International R\&D Spillovers},
Volume = {39},
Year = {1995}}
@article{Helpman:1993zr,
Abstract = {The debate between the North and the South about the enforcement of intellectual property rights in the South is examined within a dynamic general equilibrium framework in which the North innovates new products and the South imitates them. A welfare evaluation of a policy of tighter intellectual property rights is provided by decomposing a region's welfare change into four components: terms of trade, production composition, available product choice and intertemporal allocation of consumption spending. The paper provides a theoretical evaluation of each one of these components and their relative size. The analysis proceeds in stages. It begins with an exogenous rate of innovation in order to focus on the first two components. The last two components are added by endogenizing the rate of innovation. Finally, the paper considers the role of foreign direct investment.},
Author = {Elhanan Helpman},
Date-Added = {2012-04-13 16:27:31 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2013-04-21 15:00:13 +0000},
Journal = {Econometrica},
Keywords = {intro},
Pages = {1247-1280},
Title = {Innovation, Imitation, and Intellectual Property Rights},
Volume = {61},
Year = {1993}}
@misc{Clark:2009ys,
Author = {Gregory Clark},
Date-Added = {2012-04-13 16:25:27 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Howpublished = {Working paper},
Keywords = {intro,takeoff},
Title = {The Macroeconomic Aggregates for England, 1209-2008},
Year = {2009}}
@incollection{Steven-N.-Durlauf:2005vn,
Address = {Amsterdam},
Author = {Durlauf, Steven and Paul A. Johnson and Jonathan R. W. Temple},
Booktitle = {Handbook of Economic Growth},
Date-Added = {2012-04-13 16:20:45 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:15 +0000},
Editor = {Philippe Aghion and Steven Durlauf},
Keywords = {intro,rich, reform},
Pages = {555-677},
Publisher = {Elsevier},
Title = {Growth Econometrics},
Year = {2005}}
@article{Ashraf:2012kx,
Abstract = {This research advances and empirically establishes the hypothesis that, in the course of the prehistoric exodus of Homo sapiens out of Africa, variation in migratory distance to various settlements across the globe affected genetic diversity and has had a persistent hump-shaped effect on comparative economic development, reflecting the trade-off between the beneficial and the detrimental effects of diversity on productivity. While the low diversity of Native American populations and the high diversity of African populations have been detrimental for the development of these regions, the intermediate levels of diversity associated with European and Asian populations have been conducive for development.},
Author = {Quamrul Ashraf and Oded Galor},
Date-Added = {2012-04-13 16:18:40 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:59 +0000},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Keywords = {intro,deep},
Number = {1},
Pages = {1-46},
Title = {The "Out of Africa" Hypothesis, Human Genetic Diversity, and Comparative Economic Development},
Year = {2013}}
@incollection{Hajnal:1965uq,
Address = {London},
Author = {John Hajnal},
Booktitle = {Population in History},
Date-Added = {2012-04-13 16:16:51 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 16:03:11 -0600},
Editor = {David Glass and D. E. C. Eversley},
Keywords = {intro,takeoff,deep},
Publisher = {Edward Arnold},
Title = {European Marriage Patterns in Perspective},
Year = {1965}}
@article{vv08,
Abstract = {How did Europe escape the "Iron Law of Wages?" We construct a simple Malthusian model with two sectors and multiple steady states, and use it to explain why European per capita incomes and urbanization rates increased during the period 1350--1700. Productivity growth can only explain a small fraction of the rise in output per capita. Population dynamics -- changes of the birth and death schedules -- were far more important determinants of steady states. We show how a major shock to population can trigger a transition to a new steady state with higher per-capita income. The Black Death was such a shock, raising wages substantially. Because of Engel's Law, demand for urban products increased, and urban centers grew in size. European cities were unhealthy, and rising urbanization pushed up aggregate death rates. This effect was reinforced by diseases spread through war, financed by higher tax revenues. In addition, rising trade also spread diseases. In this way higher wages themselves reduced population pressure. We show in a calibration exercise that our model can account for the sustained rise in European urbanization as well as permanently higher per capita incomes in 1700, without technological change. Wars contributed importantly to the 'Rise of Europe,' even if they had negative short-run effects. We thus trace Europe's precocious rise to economic riches to interactions of the plague shock with the belligerent political environment and the nature of cities.},
Author = {Nico Voigtl{\"a}nder and Hans-Joachim Voth},
Date-Added = {2012-04-13 16:14:41 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Journal = {Review of Economic Studies},
Keywords = {intro,takeoff},
Number = {2},
Pages = {774-811},
Title = {The Three Horsemen of Riches: Plague, War, and Urbanization in Early Modern Europe},
Volume = {80},
Year = {2013},
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@misc{Maddison:2008bh,
Author = {Angus Maddison},
Date-Added = {2012-04-13 16:06:09 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2019-04-03 10:52:18 -0500},
Howpublished = {http://www.ggdc.net/},
Keywords = {intro,takeoff,rich},
Title = {Historical Statistics of the World Economy, 1-2008 A.D.},
Year = {2010}}
@book{Diamond:1997qf,
Address = {New York, NY},
Author = {Jared Diamond},
Date-Added = {2012-04-13 15:59:05 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:59 +0000},
Keywords = {intro,deep},
Publisher = {W. W. Norton and Co.},
Title = {Guns, Germs, and Steel},
Year = {1997}}
@incollection{Becker:1960ve,
Address = {Princeton, NJ},
Author = {Gary S. Becker},
Booktitle = {Demographic and Economic Change in Developing Countries},
Date-Added = {2012-04-13 15:56:54 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:06:51 +0000},
Editor = {Gary S. Becker},
Keywords = {intro,theory},
Publisher = {Princeton University Press},
Title = {An Economic Analysis of Fertility},
Year = {1960}}
@book{Mitchell:1975ly,
Address = {New York, NY},
Author = {Brian R. Mitchell},
Date-Added = {2012-04-13 15:55:20 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Keywords = {intro,takeoff},
Publisher = {Columbia University Press},
Title = {European Historical Statistics, 1750-1970},
Year = {1975}}
@book{McEvedy:1978zr,
Address = {New York, NY},
Author = {Colin McEvedy and Richard Jones},
Date-Added = {2012-04-13 15:54:11 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-14 15:21:17 +0000},
Keywords = {intro,other},
Publisher = {Penguin Books},
Title = {Atlas of World Population History},
Year = {1978}}
@book{Mitch:1992ys,
Address = {Philadelphia, PA},
Author = {David F. Mitch},
Date-Added = {2012-04-13 15:52:59 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Keywords = {intro,takeoff},
Publisher = {University of Pennsylvania Press},
Title = {The Rise of Popular Literacy in Victorian England: The Influence of Private Choice and Public Policy},
Year = {1992}}
@book{Landes:1969vn,
Address = {Cambridge, UK},
Author = {David S. Landes},
Date-Added = {2012-04-13 15:50:15 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Keywords = {intro,takeoff},
Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
Title = {The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1975 to the Present},
Year = {1969}}
@book{Mokyr:2002kx,
Address = {Princeton, NJ},
Author = {Joel Mokyr},
Date-Added = {2012-04-13 15:47:10 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Keywords = {intro,takeoff},
Publisher = {Princeton University Press},
Title = {The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy},
Year = {2002}}
@book{Galor:2011uq,
Address = {Princeton, NJ},
Author = {Oded Galor},
Date-Added = {2012-04-13 15:45:47 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:10:12 +0000},
Keywords = {intro,ec7350,takeoff},
Publisher = {Princeton University Press},
Title = {Unified Growth Theory},
Year = {2011}}
@book{Clark:2007fk,
Address = {Princeton, NJ},
Author = {Gregory Clark},
Date-Added = {2012-04-13 15:44:51 +0000},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 16:01:30 -0600},
Keywords = {intro,takeoff,deep},
Publisher = {Princeton University Press},
Title = {A Farewell to Alms},
Year = {2007}}
@article{allen2000economic,
Abstract = {Estimates of employment structure, agricultural output, and agricultural labour productivity are developed for the leading European countries from 1300 to 1800. The employment estimates are developed from estimates of the total, urban, and rural populations. The output estimates are derived by positing a demand curve for agricultural goods.},
Author = {Allen, Robert C.},
Date-Added = {2011-05-25 13:16:20 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Journal = {European Review of Economic History},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Number = {01},
Pages = {1--25},
Publisher = {Cambridge Univ Press},
Title = {Economic structure and agricultural productivity in Europe, 1300--1800},
Volume = {4},
Year = {2000}}
@article{allen2001great,
Abstract = {This paper traces the history of prices and wages in European cities from the fourteenth century to the First World War. It is shown that the divergence in real incomes observed in the mid-nineteenth century was produced between 1500 and 1750 as incomes fell in most European cities but were maintained (not increased) in the economic leaders.},
Author = {Allen, Robert C.},
Date-Added = {2011-05-25 13:15:50 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Journal = {Explorations in Economic History},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Local-Url = {/Users/dietz/Dropbox/Papers/Allen_2001.pdf},
Number = {4},
Pages = {411--447},
Publisher = {Elsevier},
Title = {The great divergence in European wages and prices from the Middle Ages to the First World War},
Volume = {38},
Year = {2001},
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@article{ms09,
Abstract = {Why do fertility rates vary so much across countries? Why are European fertility rates so much lower than American fertility rates? To answer these questions we extend the Barro-Becker framework to incorporate the decision to accumulate human capital (which determines earnings) and health capital (which determines life span). We find that cross-country differences in productivity and taxes go a long way toward explaining the observed differences in fertility and mortality.},
Author = {Manuelli, Rodolfo and Seshadri, Ananth},
Date-Added = {2011-05-24 20:19:14 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:12:56 +0000},
Journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
Keywords = {rich,ec7350,dev},
Number = {2},
Pages = {771--807},
Publisher = {MIT Press},
Title = {Explaining International Fertility Differences},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/tpr/qjecon/v124y2009i2p771-807.html},
Volume = {124},
Year = {2009},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/tpr/qjecon/v124y2009i2p771-807.html}}
@article{becker2009weber,
Abstract = {Max Weber attributed the higher economic prosperity of Protestant regions to a Protestant work ethic. We provide an alternative theory, where Protestant economies prospered because instruction in reading the Bible generated the human capital crucial to economic prosperity. County-level data from late 19th-century Prussia reveal that Protestantism was indeed associated not only with higher economic prosperity, but also with better education. We find that Protestants' higher literacy can account for the whole gap in economic prosperity. Results hold when we exploit the initial concentric dispersion of the Reformation to use distance to Wittenberg as an instrument for Protestantism.},
Author = {Becker, Sascha O. and Woessmann, Ludger},
Date-Added = {2011-05-24 20:18:23 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Local-Url = {/Users/dietz/Dropbox/Papers/Becker_Woess_2009.pdf},
Number = {2},
Pages = {531--596},
Publisher = {MIT Press},
Title = {Was Weber Wrong? A Human Capital Theory of Protestant Economic History*},
Volume = {124},
Year = {2009},
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@article{spolaore2009diffusion,
Abstract = {We find that genetic distance, a measure associated with the time elapsed since two populations' last common ancestors, has a statistically and economically significant effect on income differences across countries, even controlling for measures of geographical distance, climatic differences, transportation costs, and measures of historical, religious, and linguistic distance. We provide an economic interpretation of these findings in terms of barriers to the diffusion of development from the world technological frontier, implying that income differences should be a function of relative genetic distance from the frontier. The empirical evidence strongly supports this barriers interpretation.},
Author = {Spolaore, Enrico and Wacziarg, Romain},
Date-Added = {2011-05-24 20:17:49 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
Keywords = {takeoff,ec7350,deep},
Number = {2},
Pages = {469--529},
Publisher = {MIT Press},
Title = {The Diffusion of Development},
Volume = {124},
Year = {2009},
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@article{kopczuk2010earnings,
Abstract = {This paper uses Social Security Administration longitudinal earnings micro data since 1937 to analyze the evolution of inequality and mobility in the United States. Annual earnings inequality is U-shaped, decreasing sharply up to 1953 and increasing steadily afterward. Short-term earnings mobility measures are stable over the full period except for a temporary surge during World War II. Virtually all of the increase in the variance in annual (log) earnings since 1970 is due to increase in the variance of permanent earnings (as opposed to transitory earnings). Mobility at the top of the earnings distribution is stable and has not mitigated the dramatic increase in annual earnings concentration since the 1970s. Long-term mobility among all workers has increased since the 1950s but has slightly declined among men. The decrease in the gender earnings gap and the resulting substantial increase in upward mobility over a lifetime for women are the driving force behind the increase in long-term mobility among all workers.},
Author = {Kopczuk, W. and Saez, E. and Song, J.},
Date-Added = {2011-05-24 20:16:42 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2017-06-03 14:42:52 +0000},
Journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
Keywords = {policy},
Number = {1},
Pages = {91--128},
Publisher = {MIT Press},
Title = {Earnings Inequality and Mobility in the United States: Evidence from Social Security Data since 1937*},
Volume = {125},
Year = {2010}}
@article{putterman2010post,
Abstract = {We construct a matrix showing the share of the year 2000 population in every country that is descended from people in different source countries in the year 1500. Using the matrix to adjust indicators of early development so that they reflect the history of a population's ancestors rather than the history of the place they live today greatly improves the ability of those indicators to predict current GDP. The variance of the early development history of a country's inhabitants is a good predictor for current inequality, with ethnic groups originating in regions having longer histories of organized states tending to be at the upper end of a country's income distribution.},
Author = {Putterman, Louis and Weil, David N.},
Date-Added = {2011-05-24 20:14:25 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
Keywords = {rich,takeoff,deep},
Number = {4},
Pages = {1627--1682},
Publisher = {MIT Press},
Title = {Post-1500 Population Flows and the Long-Run Determinants of Economic Growth and Inequality},
Volume = {125},
Year = {2010}}
@article{duarte2010role,
Abstract = {We investigate the role of sectoral labor productivity in explaining the process of structural transformation-the secular reallocation of labor across sectors-and the time path of aggregate productivity across countries. We measure sectoral labor productivity across countries using a model of the structural transformation. Productivity differences across countries are large in agriculture and services and smaller in manufacturing. Over time, productivity gaps have been substantially reduced in agriculture and industry but not nearly as much in services. These sectoral productivity patterns generate implications in the model that are broadly consistent with the cross-country data. We find that productivity catch-up in industry explains about 50\% of the gains in aggregate productivity across countries, whereas low productivity in services and the lack of catch-up explain all the experiences of slowdown, stagnation, and decline observed across countries.},
Author = {Margarida Duarte and Diego Restuccia},
Date-Added = {2011-05-24 20:13:29 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:06 +0000},
Journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
Keywords = {sector, ec7340},
Number = {1},
Pages = {129--173},
Publisher = {MIT Press},
Title = {The Role of the Structural Transformation in Aggregate Productivity},
Volume = {125},
Year = {2010}}
@article{parman2011american,
Author = {Parman, J.},
Date-Added = {2011-05-24 20:11:41 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:13:18 +0000},
Journal = {The Journal of Economic History},
Keywords = {reform},
Number = {01},
Pages = {105--132},
Publisher = {Cambridge Univ Press},
Title = {American Mobility and the Expansion of Public Education},
Volume = {71},
Year = {2011}}
@article{go2010uneven,
Abstract = {Three factors help to explain why school enrollments in the Northern United States were higher than those in the South and in most of Europe by 1850. One was affordability: the northern schools had lower direct costs relative to income. The second was the greater autonomy of local governments. The third was the greater diffusion of voting power among the citizenry in much of the North, especially in rural communities. The distribution of local political voice appears to be a robust predictor of tax support and enrollments, both within and between regions. Extra local voice raised tax support without crowding out private support for education.},
Author = {Go, Sun and Lindert, Peter},
Date-Added = {2011-05-24 20:11:28 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:11:04 +0000},
Journal = {The Journal of Economic History},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Number = {01},
Pages = {1--26},
Publisher = {Cambridge Univ Press},
Title = {The Uneven Rise of American Public Schools to 1850},
Volume = {70},
Year = {2010}}
@article{ashraf2010dynamics,
Abstract = {This paper examines the central hypothesis of the influential Malthusian theory, according to which improvements in the technological environment during the preindustrial era had generated only temporary gains in income per capita, eventually leading to a larger, but not significantly richer, population. Exploiting exogenous sources of cross-country variations in land productivity and the level of technological advancement, the analysis demonstrates that, in accordance with the theory, technological superiority and higher land productivity had significant positive effects on population density but insignificant effects on the standard of living, during the time period 1-1500 CE.},
Author = {Ashraf, Quamrul and Galor, Oded},
Date-Added = {2011-05-24 20:03:16 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Keywords = {deep, sector, takeoff},
Local-Url = {/Users/dietz/Dropbox/Papers/AshrafGalor-Malthus.pdf},
Month = {August},
Number = {5},
Pages = {2003-41},
Title = {Dynamics and stagnation in the malthusian epoch},
Volume = {101},
Year = {2011},
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@article{galor2004physical,
Abstract = {This paper develops a growth theory that captures the replacement of physical capital accumulation by human capital accumulation as a prime engine of growth along the process of development. It argues that the positive impact of inequality on the growth process was reversed in this process. In early stages of the Industrial Revolution, when physical capital accumulation was the prime source of growth, inequality stimulated development by channelling resources towards individuals with a higher propensity to save. As human capital emerged as a growth engine, equality alleviated adverse effects of credit constraints on human capital accumulation, stimulating the growth process.},
Author = {Galor, Oded and Moav, Omer},
Date-Added = {2011-05-24 20:02:07 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:10:45 +0000},
Journal = {Review of Economic Studies},
Keywords = {takeoff,theory},
Number = {4},
Pages = {1001--1026},
Publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
Title = {From physical to human capital accumulation: Inequality and the process of development},
Volume = {71},
Year = {2004}}
@article{galor2002natural,
Abstract = {This research develops an evolutionary growth theory that captures the interplay between the evolution of mankind and economic growth since the emergence of the human species. The theory suggests that the struggle for survival that had characterized most of human existence generated an evolutionary advantage to human traits that were complementary to the growth process, triggering the takeoff from an epoch of stagnation to sustained economic growth.},
Author = {Galor, Oded and Omer Moav},
Date-Added = {2011-05-24 20:01:57 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
Keywords = {takeoff,deep},
Number = {4},
Pages = {1133--1191},
Publisher = {MIT Press},
Title = {Natural Selection and the Origin of Economic Growth},
Volume = {117},
Year = {2002}}
@article{gw00,
Abstract = {This paper develops a unified growth model that captures the historical evolution of population, technology, and output. It encompasses the endogenous transition between three regimes that have characterized economic development. The economy evolves from a Malthusian regime, where technological progress is slow and population growth prevents any sustained rise in income per capita, into a Post-Malthusian regime, where technological progress rises and population growth absorbs only part of output growth. Ultimately, a demographic transition reverses the positive relationship between income and population growth, and the economy enters a Modern Growth regime, with reduced population growth and sustained income growth.},
Author = {Galor, Oded and Weil, David N.},
Date-Added = {2011-05-24 20:01:40 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:10:29 +0000},
Journal = {The American Economic Review},
Keywords = {takeoff,intro,ec7350,theory},
Number = {4},
Pages = {806--828},
Publisher = {JSTOR},
Title = {Population, technology, and growth: From Malthusian stagnation to the demographic transition and beyond},
Url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v90y2000i4p806-828.html},
Volume = {90},
Year = {2000},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v90y2000i4p806-828.html}}
@article{galor1993income,
Abstract = {This paper analyzes the role of wealth distribution in macroeconomics through investment in human capital. In the presen ce of credit markets' imperfections and indivisibilities in investment in human capital, the initial distribution of wealth affects aggregate output and investment both in the short and in the long run, as ther e are multiple steady states. This paper, therefore, provides an additional explanation for the persistent differences in per-capita output across countries. Furthermore, the paper shows that cross-country differences in macroeconomic adjustment to aggregate shocks can be attributed, among other factors, to differences in wea lth and income distribution across countries. },
Author = {Galor, Oded and Zeira, Joseph},
Date-Added = {2011-05-24 20:01:28 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2015-03-16 21:52:59 +0000},
Journal = {The Review of Economic Studies},
Keywords = {theory},
Number = {1},
Pages = {35-52},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
Title = {Income distribution and macroeconomics},
Volume = {60},
Year = {1993}}
@article{acemoglu2002reversal,
Abstract = {Among countries colonized by European powers during the past 500 years, those that were relatively rich in 1500 are now relatively poor. We document this reversal using data on urbanization patterns and population density, which, we argue, proxy for economic prosperity. This reversal weighs against a view that links economic development to geographic factors. Instead, we argue that the reversal reflects changes in the institutions resulting from European colonialism. The European intervention appears to have created an "institutional reversal" among these societies, meaning that Europeans were more likely to introduce institutions encouraging investment in regions that were previously poor. This institutional reversal accounts for the reversal in relative incomes. We provide further support for this view by documenting that the reversal in relative incomes took place during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, and resulted from societies with good institutions taking advantage of the opportunity to industrialize.},
Author = {Acemoglu, Daron and Simon Johnson and James Robinson},
Date-Added = {2011-05-24 20:00:47 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000},
Journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
Keywords = {deep,takeoff},
Number = {4},
Pages = {1231--1294},
Title = {Reversal of fortune: geography and development in the making of the modern world income distribution},
Volume = {117},
Year = {2002}}
@article{acemoglu2001colonial,
Abstract = {We exploit differences in European mortality rates to estimate the effect of institutions on economic performance. Europeans adopted very different colonization policies in different colonies, with different associated institutions. In places where Europeans faced high mortality rates, they could not settle and were more likely to set up extractive institutions. These institutions persisted to the present. Exploiting differences in European mortality rates as an instrument for current institutions, we estimate large effects of institutions on income per capita. Once the effect of institutions is controlled for, countries in Africa or those closer to the equator do not have lower incomes.},
Author = {Acemoglu, Daron and Simon Johnson and James Robinson},
Date-Added = {2011-05-24 20:00:06 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Keywords = {deep,takeoff},
Local-Url = {/Users/dietz/Dropbox/Papers/AJR_2001.pdf},
Number = {5},
Pages = {1369--1401},
Title = {The colonial origins of economic development: an empirical investigation},
Volume = {91},
Year = {2001},
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@article{acemoglu2000political,
Author = {Acemoglu, Daron and Robinson, James A.},
Date-Added = {2011-05-24 19:59:16 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000},
Journal = {The American Economic Review},
Keywords = {deep},
Number = {2},
Pages = {126--130},
Publisher = {JSTOR},
Title = {Political losers as a barrier to economic development},
Volume = {90},
Year = {2000}}
@article{acemoglu2000did,
Abstract = {During the nineteenth century most Western societies extended voting rights, a decision that led to unprecedented redistributive programs. We argue that these political reforms can be viewed as strategic decisions by the political elite to prevent widespread social unrest and revolution. Political transition, rather than redistribution under existing political institutions, occurs because current transfers do not ensure future transfers, while the extension of the franchise changes future political equilibria and acts as a commitment to redistribution. Our theory also offers a novel explanation for the Kuznets curve in many Western economies during this period, with the fall in inequality following redistribution due to democratization.},
Author = {Acemoglu, Daron and Robinson, James A.},
Date-Added = {2011-05-24 19:58:35 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000},
Journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
Keywords = {deep},
Local-Url = {/Users/dietz/Dropbox/Papers/Acemoglu & Robinson - 2000.pdf},
Number = {4},
Pages = {1167--1199},
Publisher = {MIT Press},
Title = {Why did the West Extend the Franchise? Democracy, Inequality, and Growth in Historical Perspective},
Volume = {115},
Year = {2000},
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@article{doepke2008occupational,
Abstract = {The British Industrial Revolution triggered a socioeconomic transformation whereby the landowning aristocracy was replaced by industrial capitalists rising from the middle classes as the economically dominant group. We propose a theory of preference formation under financial market imperfections that can account for this pattern. Parents shape their children's preferences in response to economic incentives. Middle-class families in occupations requiring effort, skill, and experience develop patience and a work ethic, whereas upper-class families relying on rental income cultivate a refined taste for leisure. These class-specific attitudes, which are rooted in the nature of preindustrial professions, become key determinants of success once industrialization transforms the economic landscape.},
Author = {Doepke, Matthias and Zilibotti, Fabrizio},
Date-Added = {2011-05-24 19:55:31 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Number = {2},
Pages = {747--793},
Publisher = {MIT Press},
Title = {Occupational Choice and the Spirit of Capitalism},
Volume = {123},
Year = {2008}}
@article{doepke2005macroeconomics,
Abstract = {We develop a positive theory of the adoption of child labor laws. Workers who compete with children in the labor market support a child labor ban, unless their own working children provide a large fraction of family income. Fertility decisions lock agents into specific political preferences, and multiple steady states can arise. The introduction of child labor laws can be triggered by skill-biased technological change, which induces parents to choose smaller families. The theory can account for the observation that, in Britain, regulations were first introduced after a period of rising wage inequality, and coincided with rapid fertility decline.},
Author = {Doepke, Matthias and Zilibotti, Fabrizio},
Date-Added = {2011-05-24 19:55:23 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:05:33 +0000},
Journal = {The American economic review},
Keywords = {dev},
Number = {5},
Pages = {1492--1524},
Publisher = {American Economic Association},
Title = {The macroeconomics of child labor regulation},
Volume = {95},
Year = {2005}}
@article{doepke2004accounting,
Abstract = {In every developed country, the economic transition from pre-industrial stagnation to modern growth was accompanied by a demographic transition from high to low fertility. Even though the overall pattern is repeated, there are large cross-country variations in the timing and speed of the demographic transition. What accounts for falling fertility during the transition to growth? To answer this question, this paper develops a unified growth model that delivers a transition from stagnation to growth, accompanied by declining fertility. The model is used to determine whether government policies that affect the opportunity cost of education can account for cross-country variations in fertility decline. Among the policies considered, education subsidies are found to have only minor effects, while accounting for child labor regulation is crucial. Apart from influencing fertility, the policies also determine the evolution of the income distribution in the course of development.},
Author = {Doepke, Matthias},
Date-Added = {2011-05-24 19:55:10 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:09:35 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
Keywords = {theory,takeoff},
Number = {3},
Pages = {347--383},
Publisher = {Springer},
Title = {Accounting for fertility decline during the transition to growth},
Volume = {9},
Year = {2004}}
@article{aiyar2008technological,
Abstract = {This paper offers micro-foundations for the dynamic relationship between technology and population in the pre-industrial world, accounting for both technological progress and the hitherto neglected but common phenomenon of technological regress. A growing population engenders the endogenous adoption of new techniques that increase the division of labour. Conversely, technological progress supports an increasing population in the Malthusian environment. A transient shock to population or productivity, however, induces the neglect of some techniques rendered temporarily unprofitable, which are therefore not transmitted to the next generation. When the shock passes, the division of labour remains constrained by the smaller stock of knowledge, and technology has thereby regressed. A slow process of rediscovery is required for the economy to reach its previous level of technological sophistication and population size.},
Author = {Aiyar, Shekhar and Dalgaard, Carl-Johan and Moav, Omer},
Date-Added = {2011-05-24 19:54:15 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Number = {2},
Pages = {125--144},
Publisher = {Springer},
Title = {Technological progress and regress in pre-industrial times},
Volume = {13},
Year = {2008}}
@article{chanda2008,
Abstract = {This paper shows that a significant part of measured total factor productivity (TFP) differ- ences across countries is attributable not to technological factors that affect the entire economy neutrally, but rather, to variations in the structural composition of economies. In particular, the allocation of scarce inputs between agriculture and non-agriculture is important. We pro- vide a framework which maps the composition of the economy to measured aggregate TFP. A decomposition analysis suggests that as much as 85 percent of the international variation in TFP can be attributed to the composition of output. Estimation exercises indicate that recent findings of the conduciveness of good institutions, and, to some extent trade, on levels of TFP, may be thus explained.},
Author = {Chanda, Areendam and Dalgaard, Carl-Johan},
Date-Added = {2011-05-24 19:53:46 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:06 +0000},
Journal = {Economica},
Keywords = {sector},
Number = {300},
Pages = {629--661},
Publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
Title = {Dual economies and international total factor productivity differences: Channelling the impact from institutions, trade, and geography},
Volume = {75},
Year = {2008}}
@article{dalgaard2001declining,
Abstract = {Fertility has been declining on all continents for the last couple of decades and this development is expected to continue in the future. Prevailing innovation-based growth theories imply, as a consequence of scale effects from the size of population, that such demographic changes will lead to a major slowdown in productivity growth. In this paper we challenge this pessimistic view of the future. By allowing for endogenous human capital in a basic R\&D driven growth model we develop a theory of scale-invariant endogenous growth according to which population growth is neither necessary nor conductive for economic growth. },
Author = {Dalgaard, Carl-Johan and Kreiner, Claus T.},
Date-Added = {2011-05-24 19:53:29 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:23 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
Keywords = {theory, slowdown},
Number = {3},
Pages = {187--203},
Publisher = {Springer},
Title = {Is declining productivity inevitable?},
Volume = {6},
Year = {2001}}
@article{weisdorf2008malthus,
Abstract = {Malthus' (1798) population hypothesis is inconsistent with the demographic transitions and the massive income expansion observed among industrialised countries. The current study shows that eliminating the income-effect on the demand for children from Malthus' theory makes consistent with industrial development.},
Author = {Weisdorf, Jacob L.},
Date-Added = {2011-05-24 19:53:04 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:14:19 +0000},
Journal = {Economics Letters},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Number = {1},
Pages = {127--130},
Publisher = {Elsevier},
Title = {Malthus revisited: Fertility decision making based on quasi-linear preferences},
Volume = {99},
Year = {2008}}
@article{weisdorf2006domestic,
Abstract = {The classical story of industrialization always begins with agriculture: the modernization of rural institutions, involving both the enclosure of 'open fields' and a shift from peasant farming to larger scale capitalist farming, generates a rise in agricultural productivity, which in turn fuels industrial development. An emerging view, however, turns the old story on its head, arguing that agricultural improvement is a response to urban development. This paper follows the line of this emerging view, demonstrating that productivity growth in commercial manufacture is crucial to the performance of farmers and thus to the transfer of labour from agriculture to industry.},
Author = {Weisdorf, Jacob L.},
Date-Added = {2011-05-24 19:52:54 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Journal = {Oxford Economic Papers},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Number = {2},
Pages = {264-287},
Publisher = {Oxford Univ Press},
Title = {From domestic manufacture to Industrial Revolution: long-run growth and agricultural development},
Volume = {58},
Year = {2006}}
@article{weisdorf2004stagnation,
Abstract = {This paper explores the role of mortality in the long transition from Malthusian stagnation to sustained economic growth. An endogenous child mortality rate that varies inversely with parents' standard of living is added to the framework in Galor and Weil (AER 2000). In our version of the model, the transition from stagnation to growth, triggered by an exogenous shock to technology, comprises a `mortality revolution' succeeded by a `demographic transition'.},
Author = {Weisdorf, Jacob L.},
Date-Added = {2011-05-24 19:52:39 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Population Economics},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Number = {3},
Pages = {455--472},
Publisher = {Springer},
Title = {From stagnation to growth: revisiting three historical regimes},
Volume = {17},
Year = {2004}}
@article{strulik2008population,
Abstract = {This paper provides a unified growth theory, i.e. a model that explains the very long-run economic and demographic development path of industrialized economies, stretching from the pre-industrial era to the present-day and beyond. Making strict use of Malthus' (An essay on the principle of population. London, printed for J. Johnson, 1798) so-called preventive check hypothesis---that fertility rates vary inversely with the price of food---the current study offers a new and straightforward explanation for the demographic transition and the break with the Malthusian era. Employing a two-sector framework with agriculture and industry, we demonstrate how fertility responds differently to productivity and income growth, depending on whether it emerges in agriculture or industry. Agricultural productivity and income growth makes food goods, and therefore children, relatively less expensive. Industrial productivity and income growth, on the other hand, makes food goods, and therefore children, relatively more expensive. The present framework lends support to existing unified growth theories and is well in tune with historical evidence about structural transformation.},
Author = {Strulik, Holger and Weisdorf, Jacob L.},
Date-Added = {2011-05-24 19:52:30 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Number = {3},
Pages = {195--216},
Publisher = {Springer},
Title = {Population, food, and knowledge: A simple unified growth theory},
Volume = {13},
Year = {2008}}
@article{hsieh2010development,
Abstract = {Researchers have made much progress in the past 25 years in accounting for the proximate determinants of income levels: physical capital, human capital, and Total Factor Productivity (TFP). But we still know little about why these factors vary. We argue that TFP exerts a powerful influence on output not only directly, but also indirectly, through its effect on physical and human capital accumulation. We discuss why TFP varies across countries, highlighting misallocation of inputs across firms and industries as a key determinant.},
Author = {Hsieh, Chang-Tai and Klenow, Peter J.},
Date-Added = {2011-05-24 19:51:26 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:15 +0000},
Journal = {American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics},
Keywords = {ec7340,rich},
Number = {1},
Pages = {207--223},
Publisher = {American Economic Association},
Title = {Development accounting},
Volume = {2},
Year = {2010}}
@article{hsieh2009misallocation,
Abstract = {Resource misallocation can lower aggregate total factor productivity (TFP). We use microdata on manufacturing establishments to quantify the potential extent of misallocation in China and India versus the United States. We measure sizable gaps in marginal products of labor and capital across plants within narrowly defined industries in China and India compared with the United States. When capital and labor are hypothetically reallocated to equalize marginal products to the extent observed in the United States, we calculate manufacturing TFP gains of 30\%--50\% in China and 40\%--60\% in India.},
Author = {Hsieh, Chang-Tai and Peter J. Klenow},
Date-Added = {2011-05-24 19:51:14 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:29 +0000},
Journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
Keywords = {markup,intro,ec7340},
Number = {4},
Pages = {1403--1448},
Publisher = {MIT Press},
Title = {Misallocation and Manufacturing TFP in China and India},
Volume = {124},
Year = {2009}}
@article{becker2010effect,
Abstract = {The interaction between investment in children's education and parental fertility is crucial in recent theories of the transition from Malthusian stagnation to modern economic growth. This paper contributes to the literature on the child quantity--quality trade-off with new county-level evidence for Prussia in 1816, several decades before the demographic transition. We find a significant negative causal effect of education on fertility, which is robust to accounting for spatial autocorrelation. The causal effect of education is identified through exogenous variation in enrollment rates due to differences in landownership inequality. A comparison with estimates for 1849 suggests that the preference for quality relative to quantity might have increased during the first half of the nineteenth century.},
Author = {Becker, Sascha O. and Cinnirella, Francesco and Woessmann, Ludger},
Date-Added = {2011-05-24 19:48:46 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:07:54 +0000},
Journal = {Cliometrica},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Pages = {1--16},
Publisher = {Springer},
Title = {The effect of investment in children's education on fertility in 1816 Prussia},
Year = {2010}}
@article{mourmouras2009reconciling,
Abstract = {Economic historians have debated the relative labor productivity of the United States agricultural sector during the 19th century. David (2005) offers a reconciliation of the opposing views by suggesting that while productivity per hour worked in agriculture was high, the number of hours worked per year was low. We model and extend a version of Davis's reconciliation within a unified growth theory that connections the structural transformation away from traditional agriculture to several other features of United States development. Similar to David, our model predicts an almost two-fold annual workerproductivity advantage in the modern (industrial) sector of the economy, entirely due to greater hours worked per year. The dynamic general equilibrium model is consistent with the structural transformation having minor direct and indirect effects on aggregate labor productivity per hour, but substantial effects on aggregate labor productivity per worker. The model also provides a reasonable match to the trends in schooling, fertility, rates of return to physical capital, and labor productivity growth over the two centuries.},
Author = {Mourmouras, Alex and Rangazas, Peter},
Date-Added = {2011-05-24 19:47:46 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:13:10 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Number = {2},
Pages = {149--181},
Publisher = {Springer},
Title = {Reconciling Kuznets and Habbakuk in a unified growth theory},
Volume = {14},
Year = {2009}}
@article{vollrath2009dual,
Abstract = {This paper provides a dynamic model of the dual economy in which differences in productivity across sectors arise endogenously. Rather than relying on exogenous price distortions, duality arises because of differences between sectors in the separability of their fertility and labor decisions. The model demonstrates how a dual economy will originate, persist, and eventually disappear within a unified growth framework. It is also shown that agricultural productivity growth will exacerbate the inefficiencies of a dual economy and slow down long-run growth.},
Author = {Vollrath, Dietrich},
Date-Added = {2011-05-24 19:47:12 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-08-20 11:38:01 -0500},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
Keywords = {sector,me},
Number = {4},
Pages = {287--312},
Paper = {joeg_pub.pdf},
Title = {The dual economy in long-run development},
Volume = {14},
Year = {2009}}
@article{ramcharan2010inequality,
Abstract = {Does economic inequality affect redistributive policy? This paper turns to U.S. county data on land inequality over the period 1890 to 1930 to help address this fundamental question in political economy. Redistributive policy was primarily decided at the local level during this period, making county-level data particularly informative. Examining within-state variation also reduces the potential impact of latent institutional and political variables. The paper also uses a variety of identification strategies, including historic variables as well as county weather and crop characteristics, as instruments for land inequality. The evidence consistently suggests that greater inequality is significantly associated with less redistribution. This negative relationship is especially large in heavily rural counties, where concentrated landownership implied that landed elites also controlled the majority of economic production.},
Author = {Ramcharan, Rodney},
Date-Added = {2011-05-24 19:46:20 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000},
Journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
Keywords = {deep},
Number = {4},
Pages = {729--744},
Publisher = {MIT Press},
Title = {Inequality and Redistribution: Evidence from US Counties and States, 1890-1930},
Volume = {92},
Year = {2010}}
@article{strulik2008geography,
Abstract = {This paper investigates the impact of subsistence consumption and extrinsic and intrinsic causes of child mortality on fertility and child expenditure. It offers a theory for why mankind multiplies at higher rates at geographically unfavorable, tropical locations. Placed into a macroeconomic framework this behavior creates an indirect channel through which geography shapes economic performance. It is explained why it are countries of low absolute latitude where we observe exceedingly slow (if not stalled) economic development and demographic transition.},
Author = {Strulik, Holger},
Date-Added = {2011-05-24 19:46:10 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:59 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
Keywords = {deep},
Number = {1},
Pages = {61--75},
Publisher = {Elsevier},
Title = {Geography, health, and the pace of demo-economic development},
Volume = {86},
Year = {2008}}
@article{de2009segregate,
Abstract = {How is the quality of public education affected by the presence of private schools for the rich? Theory and evidence suggest that the link depends crucially on the political system. We develop a theory that integrates private education and fertility decisions with voting on public schooling expenditures. We find that the presence of a large private education sector benefits public schools in a broad-based democracy where politicians are responsive to low-income families but crowds out public education spending in a society that is politically dominated by the rich. The main predictions of the theory are consistent with state-level data and micro data from the U.S. as well as cross-country evidence from the Programme for International Student Assessment study.},
Author = {De la Croix, David and Doepke, Matthias},
Date-Added = {2011-05-24 19:45:37 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 15:38:30 -0600},
Journal = {Review of Economic Studies},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Number = {2},
Pages = {597--628},
Publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
Title = {To segregate or to integrate: Education politics and democracy},
Volume = {76},
Year = {2009}}
@article{becker2009trade,
Abstract = {The trade-off between child quantity and education is a crucial ingredient of unified growth models that explain the transition from Malthusian stagnation to modern growth. We present first evidence that such a trade-off indeed existed before the demographic transition, exploiting a unique census-based dataset of 334 Prussian counties in 1849. Estimating two separate instrumental-variable models that instrument education by landownership inequality and distance to Wittenberg and fertility by previous-generation fertility and sex-imbalance ratio, we find that causation between fertility and education runs both ways. Furthermore, education in 1849 predicts the fertility transition in 1880-1905.},
Author = {Becker, Sascha O. and Cinnirella, Francesco and Woessmann, Ludger},
Date-Added = {2011-05-24 19:44:13 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:07:48 +0000},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Pages = {1-28},
Title = {The trade-off between fertility and education: evidence from before the demographic transition},
Year = {2009}}
@article{galor2008trading,
Abstract = {This research argues that the differential effect of international trade on the demand for human capital across countries has been a major determinant of the distribution of income and population across the globe. In developed countries the gains from trade have been directed towards investment in education and growth in income per capita, whereas a significant portion of these gains in less developed economies has been chanelled towards population growth. Cross-country regressions establish that indeed trade has positive effects on fertility and negative effects on education in non-OECD economies, while inducing fertility decline and human capital formation in OECD economies. },
Author = {Galor, Oded and Mountford, Andrew},
Date-Added = {2011-05-24 19:43:53 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:16 +0000},
Journal = {Review of Economic Studies},
Keywords = {takeoff,trade},
Number = {4},
Pages = {1143--1179},
Publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
Title = {Trading population for productivity: theory and evidence},
Volume = {75},
Year = {2008}}
@article{vollrath2009important,
Abstract = {This paper brings together development accounting techniques and the dual economy model to address the role that factor markets have in creating variation in aggregate total factor productivity (TFP). Development accounting research has shown that much of the variation in income across countries can be attributed to differences in TFP. The dual economy model suggests that aggregate productivity is depressed by having too many factors allocated to low productivity work in agriculture. Data show large differences in marginal products of similar factors within many developing countries, offering prima facie evidence of this misallocation. Using a simple two-sector decomposition of the economy, this article estimates the role of these misallocations in accounting for the cross-country income distribution. A key contribution is the ability to bring sector specific data on human and physical capital stocks to the analysis. Variation across countries in the degree of misallocation is shown to account for 30 --- 40\% of the variation in income per capita, and up to 80\% of the variation in aggregate TFP.},
Author = {Vollrath, Dietrich},
Date-Added = {2011-05-24 19:43:19 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-08-20 11:38:07 -0500},
Journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
Keywords = {ec7340,sector,me},
Number = {2},
Pages = {325--334},
Paper = {JDE_Final.pdf},
Title = {How important are dual economy effects for aggregate productivity?},
Volume = {88},
Year = {2009}}
@article{galor2006human,
Abstract = {This paper hypothesizes that the demise of the 19th century's European class structure reflects a deliberate transformation of society orchestrated by the capitalists. Contrary to conventional wisdom, it argues that the demise of this class structure was an outcome of a cooperative, rather than divisive process. The research suggests that the transition from this class structure may be viewed as the outcome of an optimal reaction by the capitalists to the increasing importance of human capital in sustaining their profit rates. The paper argues that the process of capital accumulation gradually intensified the importance of skilled labor in the production process and generated an incentive for investment in human capital. Due to the complementarity between physical and human capital in production, the capitalists were among the prime beneficiaries of the accumulation of human capital by the masses. They therefore had the incentive to support public education that would sustain their profit rates and would improve their economic well-being, although it would ultimately undermine their dynasty's position in the social ladder. The research suggests that Karl Marx's highly influential prediction about the inevitable class struggle due to declining profit rates stemmed from an under appreciation of the role that human capital would play in the production process. The basic premise of this research, regarding the positive attitude of capitalists towards education reforms, is supported empirically by a newly constructed data set of the voting patterns on England's education reform proposed in the Balfour Act of 1902.},
Author = {Galor, Oded and Moav, Omer},
Date-Added = {2011-05-24 19:43:07 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000},
Journal = {The Review of Economic Studies},
Keywords = {deep,takeoff},
Number = {1},
Pages = {85},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
Title = {Das human-kapital: A theory of the demise of the class structure},
Volume = {73},
Year = {2006}}
@article{galor2009inequality,
Abstract = {This research suggests that favorable geographical conditions, that were inherently associated with inequality in the distribution of land ownership, adversely affected the implementation of human capital promoting institutions (e.g., public schooling and child labor regulations), and thus the pace and the nature of the transition from an agricultural to an industrial economy, contributing to the emergence of the Great Divergence in income per capita across countries. The basic premise of this research, regarding the negative effect of land inequality on public expenditure on education is established empirically based on cross-state data from the beginning of the 20th century in the United States.},
Author = {Galor, Oded and Moav, Omer and Vollrath, Dietrich},
Data = {roes_data.zip},
Date-Added = {2011-05-24 19:42:49 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:10:38 +0000},
Journal = {Review of Economic Studies},
Keywords = {takeoff,me,deep},
Number = {1},
Pages = {143--179},
Paper = {roes_506.pdf},
Title = {Inequality in Landownership, the Emergence of Human-Capital Promoting Institutions, and the Great Divergence},
Volume = {76},
Year = {2009}}
@article{crafts1992output,
Author = {Crafts, N.F.R. and Harley, C.K.},
Date-Added = {2011-05-24 19:40:17 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Journal = {The Economic History Review},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Number = {4},
Pages = {703--730},
Publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
Title = {Output growth and the British industrial revolution: a restatement of the Crafts-Harley view1},
Volume = {45},
Year = {1992}}
@unpublished{besley_etal_2010,
Abstract = {This paper develops a simple model to analyze how a lack of politi- cal competition may lead to policies that hinder economic growth. We test the predictions of the model on panel data for the US states. In these data, we {\"O}nd robust evidence that lack of political competition in a state is associated with anti-growth policies: higher taxes, lower capital spending and a reduced likelihood of using right-to-work laws. We also document a strong link between low political competition and low income growth.
},
Author = {Timothy Besley and Torsten Persson and Daniel M. Sturm},
Date-Added = {2011-05-15 19:39:15 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000},
Keywords = {deep},
Local-Url = {/Users/dietz/Dropbox/Papers/Besley_Persson_2010.pdf},
Month = {January},
Note = {Working paper},
Title = {Political Competition, Policy, and Growth: Theory and Evidence from the United States},
Year = {2010},
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@unpublished{bond_etal_2009,
Abstract = {Using annual data for 75 countries in the period 1960-2000, we present evidence of a positive relationship between investment as a share of GDP and the long-run growth rate of GDP per worker. This result is robust for our full sample and for the sub-sample of non-OECD countries, but not for the sub-sample of OECD countries. Our analysis controls for time-invariant country-specific heterogeneity in growth rates, and for a range of time- varying control variables. We also address endogeneity issues, allow for heterogeneity across countries in model parameters, and for cross-section dependence.},
Author = {Steven Bond and Asli Leblebicioglu and Fabio Schiantarelli},
Date-Added = {2011-05-15 19:37:03 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:15 +0000},
Keywords = {rich},
Local-Url = {/Users/dietz/Dropbox/Papers/Bond_etal_2009.pdf},
Month = {November},
Note = {Working paper},
Title = {Capital Accumulation and Growth: A New Look at the Empirical Evidence},
Year = {2009},
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@article{donaldson_2010,
Abstract = {How large are the benefits of transportation infrastructure projects, and what explains these benefits? To shed new light on these questions, this paper uses archival data from colonial India to investigate the impact of India's vast railroad network. Guided by four predictions from a general equilibrium trade model, I find that railroads: (1) decreased trade costs and interregional price gaps; (2) increased interregional and international trade; (3) increased real income levels; and (4), that a sufficient statistic for the effect of railroads on welfare in the model (an effect that is purely due to newly exploited gains from trade) accounts for virtually all of the observed reduced-form impact of railroads on real income in the data. I find no spurious effects from over 40,000 km of lines that were approved but - for four different reasons - were never built.},
Author = {David Donaldson},
Date-Added = {2011-05-15 19:34:59 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Journal = {NBER Working Papers},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Month = {October},
Number = {16487},
Title = {Railroads of the Raj: Estimating the Impact of Transportation Infrastructure},
Year = {2010},
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@unpublished{mokyr_voth_2007,
Author = {Joel Mokyr and Hans-Joachim Voth},
Date-Added = {2011-05-15 19:32:34 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Note = {Working paper},
Title = {Understanding Growth in Europe, 1700-1870: Theory and Evidence},
Year = {2007},
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@article{broda_etal_2006,
Abstract = {Starting with Romer [1987] and Rivera-Batiz-Romer [1991] economists have been able to model how trade enhances growth through the creation and import of new varieties. In this framework, international trade increases economic output through two channels. First, trade raises productivity levels because producers gain access to new imported varieties. Second, increases in the number of varieties drives down the cost of innovation and results in ever more variety creation. Using highly disaggregate trade data, e.g. Gabon's imports of Gambian groundnuts, we structurally estimate the impact that new imports have had in approximately 4000 markets per country. We then move from groundnuts to globalization by building an exact TFP index that aggregates these micro gains to obtain an estimate of trade on productivity growth for each country. We find that in the typical country in the world, new imported varieties account for 15 percent of its productivity growth. These effects are larger in developing countries where the median impact of new imported varieties equals a quarter of national productivity growth.},
Author = {Christian Broda and Joshua Greenfield and David Weinstein},
Date-Added = {2011-05-15 19:30:28 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:16 +0000},
Journal = {NBER Working Papers},
Keywords = {trade,intro},
Month = {September},
Number = {12512},
Title = {From Groundnuts to Globalization: A Structural Estimate of Trade and Growth},
Year = {2006},
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@article{Fernald_2010,
Abstract = {We derive aggregate growth-accounting implications for a two-sector economy with heterogeneous capital subsidies and monopoly power. In this economy, measures of total factor productivity (TFP) growth in terms of quantities (the primal) and real factor prices (the dual) can diverge from each other as well as from true technology growth. These distortions potentially give rise to dynamic reallocation effects that imply that change in technology needs to be measured from the bottom up rather than the top down. We show an example, for Singapore, of how incomplete data can be used to obtain estimates of aggregate and sectoral technology growth as well as reallocation effects. We also apply our framework to reconcile divergent TFP estimates in Singapore and to resolve other empirical puzzles regarding Asian development.},
Author = {John Fernald and Brent Neiman},
Date-Added = {2011-05-15 19:25:34 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:29 +0000},
Journal = {American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics},
Keywords = {markup,ec7340},
Number = {2},
Pages = {29-74},
Title = {Growth Accounting with Misallocation: or, Doing Less with More in Singapore},
Volume = {3},
Year = {2011}}
@article{klump_etal_2000,
Author = {Klump, Rainer and Olivier de la Grandville},
Date-Added = {2011-05-15 19:19:26 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2015-03-17 13:14:18 +0000},
Journal = {The American Economic Review},
Keywords = {theory},
Month = {March},
Number = {1},
Pages = {282-291},
Title = {Economic Growth and the Elasticity of Substitution: Two Theorems and Some Suggestions},
Volume = {90},
Year = {2000},
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@article{jones_2011,
Abstract = {One of the most important developments in the growth literature of the last decade is the enhanced appreciation of the role that the misallocation of resources plays in helping us understand income differences across countries. Misallocation at the micro level typically reduces total factor productivity at the macro level. Quantifying these effects is leading growth researchers in new directions, two examples being the extensive use of firm-level data and the exploration of input-output tables, and promises to yield new insights on why some countries are so much richer than others.},
Author = {Charles I. Jones},
Date-Added = {2011-05-15 19:17:14 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:29 +0000},
Journal = {NBER Working Papers},
Keywords = {markup,ec7340},
Month = {January},
Number = {16742},
Title = {Misallocation, Economic Growth, and Input-Output Economics},
Year = {2011}}
@article{deaton2010,
Abstract = {We provide an overview of the theory and practice of constructing PPPs. We focus on four practical areas: how to handle international differences in quality; the treatment of urban and rural areas of large countries; how to estimate prices for government services, health, and education; and the effects of the regional structure of the latest International Comparison Program for 2005. We discuss revisions of the Penn World Table, and their effects on econometric analysis, and include health warnings. Some international comparisons are close to impossible, even in theory, and in others, the practical difficulties make comparison exceedingly hazardous. },
Author = {Angus Deaton and Alan Heston},
Date-Added = {2011-05-15 19:13:16 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2019-04-03 10:52:04 -0500},
Journal = {American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics},
Keywords = {rich,ec7340},
Number = {4},
Pages = {1-35},
Title = {Understanding PPPs and PPP-based National Accounts},
Volume = {2},
Year = {2010},
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@article{alesina_etal_2011,
Abstract = {The current study finds that societies which historically engaged in plough agriculture today have lower fertility. We argue, and provide ethnographic evidence, that the finding is explained by the fact that with plough agriculture, children, like women, are relatively less useful in the field. The plough requires strength and eliminates the need for weeding, a task particularly suitable for women and children. This in turn generates a preference for fewer children, lowering fertility.},
Author = {Alesina, Alberto and Paola Giuliano and Nathan Nunn},
Date-Added = {2011-05-15 19:11:06 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Journal = {NBER Working Papers},
Keywords = {takeoff;deep},
Month = {January},
Number = {16718},
Title = {Fertility and the Plough},
Year = {2011},
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@article{chari_2011,
Abstract = {Distortions in the allocation of resources between heterogeneous pro- ducers have the potential to generate large reductions in aggregate productivity, a point that has been stressed by recent studies. There is, however, little direct empirical evidence from actual policy experi- ments on the magnitude of these effects. This paper proposes a simple methodology that empirically identifies the separate effects of entry and size restrictions on aggregate productivity, and uses it to analyse the impact of a policy reform in India. },
Author = {Chari, A. V.},
Date-Added = {2011-05-15 19:05:03 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:29 +0000},
Journal = {American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics},
Keywords = {markup},
Month = {May},
Pages = {66-96},
Title = {Identifying the Aggregate Productivity Effects of Entry and Size Restrictions: An Empirical Analysis of License Reform in India},
Volume = {3},
Year = {2011},
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@article{nunn_2009,
Abstract = {This article provides a survey of a growing body of empirical evidence that points toward the important long-term effects that historic events can have on economic development. The most re- cent studies, using microlevel data and more sophisticated identifi- cation techniques, have moved beyond testing whether history matters and attempt to identify exactly why history matters. The most commonly examined channels include institutions, culture, knowledge and technology, and movements between multiple equi- libria. The article concludes with a discussion of the questions that remain and the direction of current research in the literature.},
Author = {Nathan Nunn},
Date-Added = {2011-05-15 17:28:01 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000},
Journal = {Annual Review of Economics},
Keywords = {deep},
Pages = {65-92},
Title = {The Importance of History for Economic Development},
Volume = {1},
Year = {2009},
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@article{allen_1999,
Author = {Robert C. Allen},
Date-Added = {2011-05-14 15:47:13 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Journal = {The Economic History Review},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Month = {May},
Number = {2},
Pages = {209-235},
Title = {Tracking the Agricultural Revolution in England},
Volume = {52},
Year = {1999},
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@article{clark2005,
Abstract = {I use building workers' wages for 1209--2004 and the skill premium to consider the causes and consequences of the Industrial Revolution. Real wages were trendless before 1800, as would be predicted for the Malthusian era. Comparing wages with population, however, suggests that the break from the technological stagnation of the Malthusian era came around 1640, long before the classic Industrial Revolution, and even before the arrival of modern democracy in 1689. Building wages also conflict with human capital interpretations of the Industrial Revolution, as modeled by Gary Becker, Kevin Murphy, and Robert Tamura; Oded Galor and David Weil; and Robert Lucas. Human capital accumulation began when the rewards for skills were unchanged and when fertility was increasing.},
Author = {Clark, Gregory},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Issn = {00223808},
Journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
Jstor_Articletype = {research-article},
Jstor_Formatteddate = {December 2005},
Keywords = {intro,takeoff,rich},
Number = {6},
Pages = {1307-1340},
Publisher = {The University of Chicago Press},
Title = {The Condition of the Working Class in England, 1209--2004},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/498123},
Volume = {113},
Year = {2005},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/498123}}
@article{hsieh2007,
Abstract = {The positive correlation between real investment rates and real income levels across countries is driven largely by differences in the price of investment relative to output. The high relative price of investment in poor countries is due to the low price of consumption goods in those countries. Investment prices are no higher in poor countries. Thus, the low real investment rates in poor countries are not driven by high tax or tariff rates on investment. Poor countries, instead, appear to be plagued by low efficiency in producing investment goods and in producing consumer goods to trade for them.},
Author = {Hsieh, Chang-Tai and Klenow, Peter J.},
Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 2007 American Economic Association},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:15 +0000},
Issn = {00028282},
Journal = {The American Economic Review},
Jstor_Articletype = {research-article},
Jstor_Formatteddate = {Jun., 2007},
Keywords = {intro,ec7340,rich},
Number = {3},
Pages = {562-585},
Publisher = {American Economic Association},
Title = {Relative Prices and Relative Prosperity},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/30035012},
Volume = {97},
Year = {2007},
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/30035012}}
@article{hsieh2002,
Abstract = {This paper presents dual estimates of total factor productivity growth (TFPG) for East Asian countries. While the dual estimates of TFPG for Korea and Hong Kong are similar to the primal estimates, they exceed the primal estimates by 1 percent a year for Taiwan and by more than 2 percent for Singapore. The reason for the large discrepancy for Singapore is because the return to capital has remained constant, despite the high rate of capital accumulation indicated by Singapore's national accounts. This discrepancy is not explained by financial market controls, capital income taxes, risk premium changes, and public investment subsidies.},
Author = {Hsieh, Chang-Tai},
Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 2002 American Economic Association},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:15 +0000},
Issn = {00028282},
Journal = {The American Economic Review},
Jstor_Articletype = {research-article},
Jstor_Formatteddate = {Jun., 2002},
Keywords = {intro,ec7340,rich},
Number = {3},
Pages = {502-526},
Publisher = {American Economic Association},
Title = {What Explains the Industrial Revolution in East Asia? Evidence from the Factor Markets},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3083352},
Volume = {92},
Year = {2002},
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3083352}}
@article{sim2004,
Abstract = {This paper examines the robustness of explanatory variables in cross-country economic growth regressions. It introduces and employs a novel approach, Bayesian Averaging of Classical Estimates (BACE), which constructs estimates by averaging OLS coefficients across models. The weights given to individual regressions have a Bayesian justification similar to the Schwarz model selection criterion. Of 67 explanatory variables we find 18 to be significantly and robustly partially correlated with long-term growth and another three variables to be marginally related. The strongest evidence is for the relative price of investment, primary school enrollment, and the initial level of real GDP per capita.},
Author = {Sala-i-Martin, Xavier and Doppelhofer, Gernot and Miller, Ronald I.},
Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 2004 American Economic Association},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:15 +0000},
Issn = {00028282},
Journal = {The American Economic Review},
Jstor_Articletype = {research-article},
Jstor_Formatteddate = {Sep., 2004},
Keywords = {intro,rich},
Number = {4},
Pages = {813-835},
Publisher = {American Economic Association},
Title = {Determinants of Long-Term Growth: A Bayesian Averaging of Classical Estimates (BACE) Approach},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3592794},
Volume = {94},
Year = {2004},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3592794}}
@article{sim2006,
Abstract = {We estimate the World Distribution of Income by integrating individual income distributions for 138 countries between 1970 and 2000. Country distributions are constructed by combining national accounts GDP per capita to anchor the mean with survey data to pin down the dispersion. Poverty rates and head counts are reported for four specific poverty lines. Rates in 2000 were between one-third and one-half of what they were in 1970 for all four lines. There were between 250 and 500 million fewer poor in 2000 than in 1970. We estimate eight indexes of income inequality implied by our world distribution of income. All of them show reductions in global inequality during the 1980s and 1990s.},
Author = {Sala-i-Martin, Xavier},
Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 2006 Oxford University Press},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:15 +0000},
Issn = {00335533},
Journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
Jstor_Articletype = {research-article},
Jstor_Formatteddate = {May, 2006},
Keywords = {intro,rich,ec7340,rich},
Number = {2},
Pages = {351-397},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
Title = {The World Distribution of Income: Falling Poverty and... Convergence, Period},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/25098796},
Volume = {121},
Year = {2006},
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/25098796}}
@article{acemoglu2001,
Abstract = {Many technologies used by the LDCs are developed in the OECD economies and are designed to make optimal use of the skills of these richer countries' workforces. Differences in the supply of skills create a mismatch between the requirements of these technologies and the skills of LDC workers, and lead to low productivity in the LDCs. Even when all countries have equal access to new technologies, this technology-skill mismatch can lead to sizable differences in total factor productivity and output per worker. We provide evidence in favor of the cross-industry productivity patterns predicted by our model, and also show that technology-skill mismatch could account for a large fraction of the observed output per worker differences in the data.},
Author = {Daron Acemoglu and Zilibotti, Fabrizio},
Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 2001 Oxford University Press},
Date-Modified = {2012-04-13 21:28:39 +0000},
Issn = {00335533},
Journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
Jstor_Articletype = {research-article},
Jstor_Formatteddate = {May, 2001},
Keywords = {intro},
Number = {2},
Pages = {563-606},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
Title = {Productivity Differences},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2696473},
Volume = {116},
Year = {2001},
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2696473}}
@article{Young1998,
Abstract = {An increase in the size (scale) of an economy increases the total quantity of rents that can be captured by successful innovators, which, in equilibrium, should lead to a rise in innovative activity. Conventional wisdom and the theoretical predictions of models of endogenous innovation suggest that this increased research effort should lead to more rapid growth. As noted by Charles Jones, this prediction is at odds with the postwar experience of the OECD, where the growth of the market has indeed led to an increased R \& D effort that, however, has been translated into stagnat or declining growth rates. Drawing on the remarkable insights of the museum curator Seabury C. Gilfillan, this paper modifies models of endogenous innovation to allow for the possibility that a rise in the profitability of innovative activity could lead to an increased variety of differentiated solutions to similar problems. An increased variety of technologies (e.g., an increase in the number and types of contraceptives) will increase the level of utility of the average consumer. If, however, continued improvement of this increased variety of technologies requires increased research input, a rise in the scale of the market could raise the equilibrium quantity of R \& D without increasing the economy's growth rate.},
Author = {Young, Alwyn},
Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 1998 The University of Chicago Press},
Date-Modified = {2015-03-17 13:12:36 +0000},
Issn = {00223808},
Journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
Jstor_Articletype = {research-article},
Jstor_Formatteddate = {February 1998},
Keywords = {intro,theory},
Number = {1},
Pages = {41-63},
Publisher = {The University of Chicago Press},
Title = {Growth without Scale Effects},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/250002},
Volume = {106},
Year = {1998},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/250002}}
@article{howitt1999,
Abstract = {This paper presents a Schumpeterian endogenous growth model in which a steady state exists with a constant growth rate even though population and the inputs to R. \& D. are growing. The scale effect of rising population is nullified by product proliferation that fragments the growing demand for intermediate prodcuts, thus preventing the reward to any specific innovation from rising with population. All the ususal comparitive statics results of Schumpeterian growth theory are valid, including the positive effect of R. \& D. subsidies on growth.},
Author = {Howitt, Peter},
Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 1999 The University of Chicago Press},
Date-Modified = {2015-03-17 13:08:17 +0000},
Issn = {00223808},
Journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
Jstor_Articletype = {research-article},
Jstor_Formatteddate = {August 1999},
Keywords = {intro,theory},
Number = {4},
Pages = {715-730},
Publisher = {The University of Chicago Press},
Title = {Steady Endogenous Growth with Population and R \& D Inputs Growing},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/250076},
Volume = {107},
Year = {1999},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/250076}}
@article{olson1996,
Abstract = {Some research presumes that, when rational parties bargain, nothing is left on the table, so that social outcomes are efficient and leave countries on the frontiers of their aggregate production functions. A study of differences in per capita incomes across countries shows that this cannot be the case. Countries' endowments of natural and human resources do not explain any significant part of the variation in incomes and the mobility of capital assures that it is impartially available to all countries. National differences in the quality of policies and institutions across countries mainly account for differences in per capita incomes.},
Author = {Olson, Mancur},
Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 1996 American Economic Association},
Date-Modified = {2019-04-03 10:50:38 -0500},
Issn = {08953309},
Journal = {The Journal of Economic Perspectives},
Jstor_Articletype = {research-article},
Jstor_Formatteddate = {Spring, 1996},
Keywords = {intro,deep},
Number = {2},
Pages = {3-24},
Publisher = {American Economic Association},
Title = {Distinguished Lecture on Economics in Government: Big Bills Left on the Sidewalk: Why Some Nations are Rich, and Others Poor},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2138479},
Volume = {10},
Year = {1996},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2138479}}
@article{Nunn2008,
Abstract = {Can part of Africa's current underdevelopment be explained by its slave trades? To explore this question, I use data from shipping records and historical documents reporting slave ethnicities to construct estimates of the number of slaves exported from each country during Africa's slave trades. I find a robust negative relationship between the number of slaves exported from a country and current economic performance. To better understand if the relationship is causal, I examine the historical evidence on selection into the slave trades and use instrumental variables. Together the evidence suggests that the slave trades had an adverse effect on economic development.},
Author = {Nunn, Nathan},
Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 2008 Oxford University Press},
Date-Modified = {2019-04-03 10:50:33 -0500},
Issn = {00335533},
Journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
Jstor_Articletype = {research-article},
Jstor_Formatteddate = {Feb., 2008},
Keywords = {intro,ec7350,deep},
Number = {1},
Pages = {139-176},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
Title = {The Long-Term Effects of Africa's Slave Trades},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/25098896},
Volume = {123},
Year = {2008},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/25098896}}
@article{popp2002,
Abstract = {I use U.S. patent data from 1970 to 1994 to estimate the effect of energy prices on energy-efficient innovations. Using patent citations to construct a measure of the usefulness of the existing base of scientific knowledge, I consider the effect of both demand-side factors, which spur innovative activity by increasing the value of new innovations, and supply-side factors, such as scientific advancements that make new innovations possible. I find that both energy prices and the quality of existing knowledge have strongly significant positive effects on innovation. Furthermore, I show that omitting the quality of knowledge adversely affects the estimation results.},
Author = {Popp, David},
Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 2002 American Economic Association},
Date-Modified = {2017-04-09 21:15:20 +0000},
Issn = {00028282},
Journal = {The American Economic Review},
Jstor_Articletype = {research-article},
Jstor_Formatteddate = {Mar., 2002},
Keywords = {intro},
Number = {1},
Pages = {160-180},
Publisher = {American Economic Association},
Title = {Induced Innovation and Energy Prices},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3083326},
Volume = {92},
Year = {2002},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3083326}}
@article{seger1998,
Abstract = {This paper presents a simple R\&D-driven endogenous growth model to shed light on some puzzling economic trends. The model can account for why patent statistics have been roughly constant even though R\&D employment has risen sharply over the last 30 years. The model also illuminates why steadily increasing R\&D effort has not led to any upward trend in economic growth rates, as is predicted by earlier R\&D-driven endogenous growth models with the "scale effect" property.},
Author = {Segerstrom, Paul S.},
Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 1998 American Economic Association},
Date-Modified = {2015-03-17 13:11:43 +0000},
Issn = {00028282},
Journal = {The American Economic Review},
Jstor_Articletype = {research-article},
Jstor_Formatteddate = {Dec., 1998},
Keywords = {intro,theory},
Number = {5},
Pages = {1290-1310},
Publisher = {American Economic Association},
Title = {Endogenous Growth without Scale Effects},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/116872},
Volume = {88},
Year = {1998},
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/116872}}
@article{seger1990,
Abstract = {This paper presents a dynamic general equilibrium model of North-South trade in which research and development races between firms determine the rate of product innovation in the North. Tariffs designed to protect dying industries in the North from Southern competition reduce the steady-state number of dominant firms in the North, reduce the rate of product innovation, and increase the relative wage of Northern workers.},
Author = {Segerstrom, Paul S. and Anant, T. C. A. and Dinopoulos, Elias},
Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 1990 American Economic Association},
Date-Modified = {2015-03-17 13:11:36 +0000},
Issn = {00028282},
Journal = {The American Economic Review},
Jstor_Articletype = {research-article},
Jstor_Formatteddate = {Dec., 1990},
Keywords = {intro,theory},
Number = {5},
Pages = {1077-1091},
Publisher = {American Economic Association},
Title = {A Schumpeterian Model of the Product Life Cycle},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2006762},
Volume = {80},
Year = {1990},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2006762}}
@article{kortum1997,
Abstract = {This paper develops a search-theoretic model of technological change that accounts for some puzzling trends in industrial research, patenting, and productivity growth. In the model, researchers sample from probability distributions of potential new production techniques. Past research generates a technological frontier representing the best techniques for producing each good in the economy. Technological breakthroughs, resulting in patents, become increasingly hard to find as the technological frontier advances. This explains why patenting has been roughly constant as research employment has risen sharply over the last forty years. Productivity is determined by the position of the technological frontier and hence by the stock of past research. If researchers sample from Pareto distributions, then productivity growth is proportional to the growth of the research stock. The Pareto specification accounts for why productivity growth has neither risen as research employment has grown nor fallen as patenting has failed to grow. The growth of research employment itself is driven, in equilibrium, by population growth. Calibrating the model's four parameters, the implied social return to research is over twenty percent.},
Author = {Kortum, Samuel S.},
Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 1997 The Econometric Society},
Date-Modified = {2017-04-09 21:15:12 +0000},
Issn = {00129682},
Journal = {Econometrica},
Jstor_Articletype = {research-article},
Jstor_Formatteddate = {Nov., 1997},
Keywords = {intro,theory},
Number = {6},
Pages = {1389-1419},
Publisher = {The Econometric Society},
Title = {Research, Patenting, and Technological Change},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2171741},
Volume = {65},
Year = {1997},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2171741}}
@article{Stokey1998,
Abstract = {A simple theoretical model of pollution is developed that generates an inverted U-shape relationship between per capita income and environmental quality. This model is then used to study long-run growth. The same inverted U-shape is shown to appear in time series, and the prospects for sustained growth are shown to hinge on whether increasingly strict environmental regulation is compatible with a constant rate of return on capital. Implementation is also studied. Tax and voucher schemes are shown to have an advantage over direct regulation because they provide the correct incentives for capital accumulation.},
Author = {Stokey, Nancy L.},
Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 1998 Economics Department of the University of Pennsylvania},
Date-Modified = {2017-04-21 15:07:31 +0000},
Issn = {00206598},
Journal = {International Economic Review},
Jstor_Articletype = {research-article},
Jstor_Formatteddate = {Feb., 1998},
Keywords = {intro, nature},
Number = {1},
Pages = {1-31},
Publisher = {Blackwell Publishing for the Economics Department of the University of Pennsylvania and Institute of Social and Economic Research -- Osaka University},
Title = {Are There Limits to Growth?},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2527228},
Volume = {39},
Year = {1998},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2527228}}
@article{grosskrueger1995,
Abstract = {We examine the reduced-form relationship between per capita income and various environmental indicators. Our study covers four types of indicators: urban air pollution, the state of the oxygen regime in river basins, fecal contamination of river basins, and contamination of river basins by heavy metals. We find no evidence that environmental quality deteriorates steadily with economic growth. Rather, for most indicators, economic growth brings an initial phase of deterioration followed by a subsequent phase of improvement. The turning points for the different pollutants vary, but in most cases they come before a country reaches a per capita income of \$8000.},
Author = {Grossman, Gene M. and Krueger, Alan B.},
Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 1995 Oxford University Press},
Date-Modified = {2017-04-09 21:15:04 +0000},
Issn = {00335533},
Journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
Jstor_Articletype = {research-article},
Jstor_Formatteddate = {May, 1995},
Keywords = {intro},
Number = {2},
Pages = {353-377},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
Title = {Economic Growth and the Environment},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2118443},
Volume = {110},
Year = {1995},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2118443}}
@article{nordhaus2007,
Abstract = {How much and how fast should we react to the threat of global warming? The "Stern Review" argues that the damages from climate change are large, and that nations should undertake sharp and immediate reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. An examination of the Review's radical revision of the economics of climate change finds, however, that it depends decisively on the assumption of a near-zero time discount rate combined with a specific utility function. The Review's unambiguous conclusions about the need for extreme immediate action will not survive the substitution of assumptions that are consistent with today's marketplace real interest rates and savings rates.},
Author = {Nordhaus, William D.},
Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 2007 American Economic Association},
Date-Modified = {2017-04-09 21:15:30 +0000},
Issn = {00220515},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
Jstor_Articletype = {book-review},
Jstor_Formatteddate = {Sep., 2007},
Keywords = {intro},
Number = {3},
Pages = {686-702},
Publisher = {American Economic Association},
Title = {A Review of the "Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change"},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/27646843},
Volume = {45},
Year = {2007},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/27646843}}
@article{vollrath2011,
Abstract = {This article shows, in a two-sector Malthusian model of endogenous population growth, that output per capita, population density, and industrialization depend upon the labor intensity of agricultural production. Because the diminishing returns to labor are less pronounced, high labor intensity (as in rice production) leads not only to a larger population density but also to lower output per capita and a larger share of labor in agriculture. Agronomic and historical evidence confirm that there are distinct, inherent differences between rice and wheat production. A calibration of the model shows that a relatively small difference in labor intensity in agriculture can account for a large portion of the observed differences in industrialization, output per capita, and labor productivity between Asia and Europe prior to the Industrial Revolution. Significantly, these differences can be explained even though sector-level total factor productivity levels and the efficiency of factor markets are held constant in the two regions.},
Affiliation = {University of Houston, 201C McElhinney Hall, Houston, TX 77204, USA},
Annote = {
},
Author = {Vollrath, Dietrich},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Issn = {1381-4338},
Issue = {4},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
Keywords = {intro,takeoff,me},
Pages = {343-370},
Paper = {JOEG_basis.pdf},
Title = {The agricultural basis of comparative development},
Volume = {16},
Year = {2011},
Bdsk-File-1 = {YnBsaXN0MDDSAQIDBFxyZWxhdGl2ZVBhdGhZYWxpYXNEYXRhXxAuLi4vR3Jvd3RoQmxvZy9Hcm93dGhFY29uL2Fzc2V0cy9KT0VHX2Jhc2lzLnBkZk8RAXoAAAAAAXoAAgAADE1hY2ludG9zaCBIRAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABCRAAB/////w5KT0VHX2Jhc2lzLnBkZgAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAD/////AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEABAAACiBjdQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGYXNzZXRzAAIAQS86VXNlcnM6ZGlldHo6RHJvcGJveDpHcm93dGhCbG9nOkdyb3d0aEVjb246YXNzZXRzOkpPRUdfYmFzaXMucGRmAAAOAB4ADgBKAE8ARQBHAF8AYgBhAHMAaQBzAC4AcABkAGYADwAaAAwATQBhAGMAaQBuAHQAbwBzAGgAIABIAEQAEgA/VXNlcnMvZGlldHovRHJvcGJveC9Hcm93dGhCbG9nL0dyb3d0aEVjb24vYXNzZXRzL0pPRUdfYmFzaXMucGRmAAATAAEvAAAVAAIADP//AAAACAANABoAJABVAAAAAAAAAgEAAAAAAAAABQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAdM=},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10887-011-9074-1}}
@article{keller2004,
Abstract = {This paper surveys what is known about the extent of international technology diffusion and channels through which technology spreads. Productivity differences explain much of the variation in incomes across countries, and technology plays a key role in determining productivity. The pattern of worldwide technical change is determined largely by international technology diffusion because a few rich countries account for most of the world's creation of new technology. Cross-country income convergence turns on whether technology diffusion is global or local. There is no indication that international diffusion is inevitable or automatic, but rather, domestic technology investments are necessary. Better understanding of what determines the effectiveness of technology diffusion sheds light on the pace at which the world's technology frontier may expand.},
Author = {Keller, Wolfgang},
Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 2004 American Economic Association},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:16 +0000},
Issn = {00220515},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
Jstor_Articletype = {research-article},
Jstor_Formatteddate = {Sep., 2004},
Keywords = {intro,ec7350,trade},
Number = {3},
Pages = {752-782},
Publisher = {American Economic Association},
Title = {International Technology Diffusion},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3217250},
Volume = {42},
Year = {2004},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3217250}}
@article{es2000,
Abstract = {The explanations offered for the contrasting records of long-run growth and development among the societies of North and South America most often focus on institutions. The traditional explanations for the sources of these differences in institutions, typically highlight the significance of national heritage or religion. We, in contrast, argue that a hemispheric perspective across the wide range of colonies established in the New World by the Europeans suggests that although there were many influences, factor endowments or initial conditions had profound and enduring effects on the long-run paths of institutional and economic development followed by the respective economies.},
Author = {Sokoloff, Kenneth L. and Engerman, Stanley L.},
Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 2000 American Economic Association},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000},
Issn = {08953309},
Journal = {The Journal of Economic Perspectives},
Jstor_Articletype = {research-article},
Jstor_Formatteddate = {Summer, 2000},
Keywords = {intro,ec7350,deep,takeoff},
Number = {3},
Pages = {217-232},
Publisher = {American Economic Association},
Title = {History Lessons: Institutions, Factors Endowments, and Paths of Development in the New World},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2646928},
Volume = {14},
Year = {2000},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2646928}}
@article{MRW1992,
Abstract = {This paper examines whether the Solow growth model is consistent with the international variation in the standard of living. It shows that an augmented Solow model that includes accumulation of human as well as physical capital provides an excellent description of the cross-country data. The paper also examines the implications of the Solow model for convergence in standards of living, that is, for whether poor countries tend to grow faster than rich countries. The evidence indicates that, holding population growth and capital accumulation constant, countries converge at about the rate the augmented Solow model predicts.},
Author = {Mankiw, N. Gregory and Romer, David and Weil, David N.},
Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 1992 Oxford University Press},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:15 +0000},
Issn = {00335533},
Journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
Jstor_Articletype = {research-article},
Jstor_Formatteddate = {May, 1992},
Keywords = {intro,rich},
Number = {2},
Pages = {pp. 407-437},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
Title = {A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2118477},
Volume = {107},
Year = {1992},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2118477}}
@article{Frankel1999,
Abstract = {Examining the correlation between trade and income cannot identify the direction of causation between the two. Countries' geographic characteristics, however, have important effects on trade, and are plausibly uncorrelated with other determinants of income. This paper therefore constructs measures of the geographic component of countries' trade, and uses those measures to obtain instrumental variables estimates of the effect of trade on income. The results provide no evidence that ordinary least-squares estimates overstate the effects of trade. Further, they suggest that trade has a quantitatively large and robust, though only moderately statistically significant, positive effect on income.},
Author = {Frankel, Jeffrey A. and Romer, David},
Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 1999 American Economic Association},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:16 +0000},
Issn = {00028282},
Journal = {The American Economic Review},
Jstor_Articletype = {research-article},
Jstor_Formatteddate = {Jun., 1999},
Keywords = {ec7350,trade},
Number = {3},
Pages = {pp. 379-399},
Publisher = {American Economic Association},
Title = {Does Trade Cause Growth?},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/117025},
Volume = {89},
Year = {1999},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/117025}}
@article{Iyer2010,
Abstract = {This paper compares economic outcomes across areas in India that were under direct British colonial rule with areas that were under indirect colonial rule. Controlling for selective annexation using a specific policy rule, I find that areas that experienced direct rule have significantly lower levels of access to schools, health centers, and roads in the postcolonial period. I find evidence that the quality of governance in the colonial period has a significant and persistent effect on postcolonial outcomes.},
Author = {Iyer, Lakshmi},
Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 2010 The MIT Press},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000},
Issn = {00346535},
Journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
Jstor_Articletype = {research-article},
Jstor_Formatteddate = {NOVEMBER 2010},
Keywords = {ec7350,deep},
Number = {4},
Pages = {pp. 693-713},
Publisher = {The MIT Press},
Title = {Direct versus Indirect Colonial Rule in India: Long-term Consequences},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/40985788},
Volume = {92},
Year = {2010},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/40985788}}
@article{Nunn2012,
Abstract = {We show that geography, through its impact on history, can have important effects on economic development today. The analysis focuses on the historic interaction between ruggedness and Africa's slave trades. Although rugged terrain hinders trade and most productive activities, negatively affecting income globally, rugged terrain within Africa afforded protection to those being raided during the slave trades. Since the slave trades retarded subsequent economic development, ruggedness within Africa has also had a historic indirect positive effect on income. Studying all countries worldwide, we estimate the differential effect of ruggedness on income for Africa. We show that the differential effect of ruggedness is statistically significant and economically meaningful, it is found in Africa only, it cannot be explained by other factors like Africa's unique geographic environment, and it is fully accounted for by the history of the slave trades.},
Author = {Nunn, Nathan and Puga, Diego},
Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 2012 The MIT Press},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000},
Issn = {00346535},
Journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
Jstor_Articletype = {research-article},
Jstor_Formatteddate = {February 2012},
Keywords = {deep},
Number = {1},
Pages = {pp. 20-36},
Publisher = {The MIT Press},
Title = {Ruggedness: The Blessing of Bad Geography in Africa},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/41349158},
Volume = {94},
Year = {2012},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/41349158}}
@article{Feyrer2009,
Abstract = {Using a new database of islands throughout the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans we find a robust positive relationship between the number of years spent as a European colony and current GDP per capita. We argue that the nature of discovery and colonization of islands provides random variation in the length and type of colonial experience. We instrument for length of colonization using variation in prevailing wind patterns. We argue that wind speed and direction had a significant effect on historical colonial rule but do not have a direct effect on GDP today. The data also suggest that years as a colony after 1700 are more beneficial than earlier years. We also find a discernable pecking order among the colonial powers, with years under U.S., British, French, and Dutch rule having more beneficial effects than Spanish or Portuguese rule. Our finding of a strong connection between modern income and years of colonization is conditional on being colonized at all since each of the islands in our data set spent some time under colonial rule.},
Author = {Feyrer, James and Sacerdote, Bruce},
Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 2009 The MIT Press},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000},
Issn = {00346535},
Journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
Jstor_Articletype = {research-article},
Jstor_Formatteddate = {May 2009},
Keywords = {ec7350,deep},
Number = {2},
Pages = {pp. 245-262},
Publisher = {The MIT Press},
Title = {Colonialism and Modern Income: Islands as Natural Experiments},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/25651336},
Volume = {91},
Year = {2009},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/25651336}}
@article{Nunn2011,
Abstract = {We exploit regional variation in suitability for cultivating potatoes, together with time variation arising from their introduction to the Old World from the Americas, to estimate the impact of potatoes on Old World population and urbanization. Our results show that the introduction of the potato was responsible for a significant portion of the increase in population and urbanization observed during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. According to our most conservative estimates, the introduction of the potato accounts for approximately one-quarter of the growth in Old World population and urbanization between 1700 and 1900. Additional evidence from within-country comparisons of city populations and adult heights also confirms the cross-country findings.},
Author = {Nunn, Nathan and Qian, Nancy},
Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 2011 Oxford University Press},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Issn = {00335533},
Journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
Jstor_Articletype = {research-article},
Jstor_Formatteddate = {May 2011},
Keywords = {ec7350,deep,takeoff},
Number = {2},
Pages = {pp. 593-650},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
Title = {The Potato's Contribution to Population and Urbanization: Evidence from a Historical Experiment},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/23015685},
Volume = {126},
Year = {2011},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/23015685}}
@article{Rajan1998,
Abstract = {This paper examines whether financial development facilitates economic growth by scrutinizing one rationale for such a relationship: that financial development reduces the costs of external finance to firms. Specifically, we ask whether industrial sectors that are relatively more in need of external finance develop disproportionately faster in countries with more-developed financial markets. We find this to be true in a large sample of countries over the 1980's. We show this result is unlikely to be driven by omitted variables, outliers, or reverse causality.},
Author = {Rajan, Raghuram G. and Zingales, Luigi},
Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 1998 American Economic Association},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:15 +0000},
Issn = {00028282},
Journal = {The American Economic Review},
Jstor_Articletype = {research-article},
Jstor_Formatteddate = {Jun., 1998},
Keywords = {ec7350,rich},
Number = {3},
Pages = {pp. 559-586},
Publisher = {American Economic Association},
Title = {Financial Dependence and Growth},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/116849},
Volume = {88},
Year = {1998},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/116849}}
@article{Bils2000,
Abstract = {A number of economists find that growth and schooling are highly correlated across countries. A model is examined in which the ability to build on the human capital of one's elders plays an important role in linking growth to schooling. The model is calibrated to quantify the strength of the effect of schooling on growth by using evidence from the labor literature on Mincerian returns to education. The upshot is that the impact of schooling on growth explains less than one-third of the empirical cross-country relationship. The ability of reverse causality to explain this empirical relationship is also investigated.},
Author = {Bils, Mark and Klenow, Peter J.},
Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 2000 American Economic Association},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:07:31 +0000},
Issn = {00028282},
Journal = {The American Economic Review},
Jstor_Articletype = {research-article},
Jstor_Formatteddate = {Dec., 2000},
Keywords = {ec7350,reform},
Number = {5},
Pages = {pp. 1160-1183},
Publisher = {American Economic Association},
Title = {Does Schooling Cause Growth?},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2677846},
Volume = {90},
Year = {2000},
Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2677846}}
@article{Pritchett2001,
Abstract = {Cross-national data show no association between increases in human capital attributable to the rising educational attainment of the labor force and the rate of growth of output per worker. This implies that the association of educational capital growth with conventional measures of total factor production is large, strongly statistically significant, and negative. These are "on average" results, derived from imposing a constant coefficient. However, the development impact of education varied widely across countries and has fallen short of expectations for three possible reasons. First, the institutional/governance environment could have been sufficiently perverse that the accumulation of educational capital lowered economic growth. Second, marginal returns to education could have fallen rapidly as the supply of educated labor expanded while demand remained stagnant. Third, educational quality could have been so low that years of schooling created no human capital. The extent and mix of these three phenomena vary from country to country in explaining the actual economic impact of education, or the lack thereof.},
Author = {Pritchett, Lant},
Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 2001 Oxford University Press},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:13:23 +0000},
Issn = {02586770},
Journal = {The World Bank Economic Review},
Jstor_Articletype = {research-article},
Jstor_Formatteddate = {2001},
Keywords = {ec7350,reform},
Number = {3},
Pages = {pp. 367-391},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
Title = {Where Has All the Education Gone?},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3990107},
Volume = {15},
Year = {2001},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3990107}}
@article{Gallego2010,
Abstract = {Why does schooling attainment vary widely across countries? Why are differences in schooling attainment highly persistent? I show that cross-country differences in schooling are related to political institutions, such as democracy and local democracy (political decentralization), which are affected by colonial factors. By using the number of native cultures before colonization as an instrument for political decentralization, I show that after controlling for the causal effect of income on schooling, the degree of democratization positively affects the development of primary education, whereas political decentralization has a positive and significant impact on more advanced levels of schooling.},
Author = {Gallego, Francisco A.},
Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 2010 The MIT Press},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:10:00 +0000},
Issn = {00346535},
Journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
Jstor_Articletype = {research-article},
Jstor_Formatteddate = {MAY 2010},
Keywords = {ec7350,takeoff},
Number = {2},
Pages = {pp. 228-243},
Publisher = {The MIT Press},
Title = {Historical Origins of Schooling: The Role of Democracy and Political Decentralization},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/27867534},
Volume = {92},
Year = {2010},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/27867534}}
@article{Comin2010,
Abstract = {We assemble a dataset on technology adoption in 1000 BC, 0 AD, and 1500 AD for the predecessors to today's nation states. Technological differences are surprisingly persistent over long periods of time. Our most interesting, strong, and robust results are for the association of 1500 AD technology with per capita income and technology adoption today. We also find robust and significant technological persistence from 1000 BC to 0 AD, and from 0 AD to 1500 AD. The evidence is consistent with a model where the cost of adopting new technologies declines sufficiently with the current level of adoption.},
Author = {Comin, Diego and Easterly, William and Gong, Erick},
Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 2010 American Economic Association},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:16 +0000},
Issn = {19457707},
Journal = {American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics},
Jstor_Articletype = {research-article},
Jstor_Formatteddate = {July 2010},
Keywords = {ec7350,trade,deep},
Number = {3},
Pages = {pp. 65-97},
Publisher = {American Economic Association},
Title = {Was the Wealth of Nations Determined in 1000 BC?},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/25760309},
Volume = {2},
Year = {2010},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/25760309}}
@article{AJR2005,
Abstract = {The rise of Western Europe after 1500 is due largely to growth in countries with access to the Atlantic Ocean and with substantial trade with the New World, Africa, and Asia via the Atlantic. This trade and the associated colonialism affected Europe not only directly, but also indirectly by inducing institutional change. Where "initial" political institutions (those established before 1500) placed significant checks on the monarchy, the growth of Atlantic trade strengthened merchant groups by constraining the power of the monarchy, and helped merchants obtain changes in institutions to protect property rights. These changes were central to subsequent economic growth.},
Author = {Daron Acemoglu and Simon Johnson and Robinson, James},
Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 2005 American Economic Association},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000},
Issn = {00028282},
Journal = {The American Economic Review},
Jstor_Articletype = {research-article},
Jstor_Formatteddate = {Jun., 2005},
Keywords = {deep},
Number = {3},
Pages = {pp. 546-579},
Publisher = {American Economic Association},
Title = {The Rise of Europe: Atlantic Trade, Institutional Change, and Economic Growth},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4132729},
Volume = {95},
Year = {2005},
Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4132729}}
@article{imbswac2003,
Abstract = {This paper studies the evolution of sectoral concentration in relation to the level of per capita income. We show that various measures of sectoral concentration follow a U-shaped pattern across a wide variety of data sources: countries first diversify, in the sense that economic activity is spread more equally across sectors, but there exists, relatively late in the development process, a point at which they start specializing again. We discuss this finding in light of existing theories of trade and growth, which generally predict a monotonic relationship between income and diversification.},
Author = {Imbs, Jean and Wacziarg, Romain},
Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 2003 American Economic Association},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:15 +0000},
Issn = {00028282},
Journal = {The American Economic Review},
Jstor_Articletype = {research-article},
Jstor_Formatteddate = {Mar., 2003},
Keywords = {ec7350,rich, ec7340,sector},
Number = {1},
Pages = {pp. 63-86},
Publisher = {American Economic Association},
Title = {Stages of Diversification},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3132162},
Volume = {93},
Year = {2003},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3132162}}
@article{hend2002,
Abstract = {This paper offers new evidence on the sources of cross-country income differences. It exploits the idea that observing immigrant workers from different countries in the same labor market provides an opportunity to estimate their human-capital endowments. These estimates suggest that human and physical capital account for only a fraction of cross-country income differences. For countries below 40 percent of U.S. output per worker, less than half of the output gap relative to the United States is attributed to human and physical capital. (JEL O15, O41, F22)},
Author = {Hendricks, Lutz},
Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 2002 American Economic Association},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:11:32 +0000},
Issn = {00028282},
Journal = {The American Economic Review},
Jstor_Articletype = {research-article},
Jstor_Formatteddate = {Mar., 2002},
Keywords = {ec7350,reform},
Number = {1},
Pages = {pp. 198-219},
Publisher = {American Economic Association},
Title = {How Important Is Human Capital for Development? Evidence from Immigrant Earnings},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3083328},
Volume = {92},
Year = {2002},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3083328}}
@article{bi2005,
Abstract = {We analyze the colonial land revenue institutions set up by the British in India, and show that differences in historical property rights institutions lead to sustained differences in economic outcomes. Areas in which proprietary rights in land were historically given to landlords have significantly lower agricultural investments and productivity in the post-independence period than areas in which these rights were given to the cultivators. These areas also have significantly lower investments in health and education. These differences are not driven by omitted variables or endogeneity problems; they probably arise because differences in historical institutions lead to very different policy choices.},
Author = {Banerjee, Abhijit and Iyer, Lakshmi},
Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 2005 American Economic Association},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000},
Issn = {00028282},
Journal = {The American Economic Review},
Jstor_Articletype = {research-article},
Jstor_Formatteddate = {Sep., 2005},
Keywords = {ec7350,deep},
Number = {4},
Pages = {pp. 1190-1213},
Publisher = {American Economic Association},
Title = {History, Institutions, and Economic Performance: The Legacy of Colonial Land Tenure Systems in India},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4132711},
Volume = {95},
Year = {2005},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4132711}}
@article{lz1998,
Abstract = {Do well-functioning stock markets and banks promote long-run economic growth? This paper shows that stock market liquidity and banking development both positively predict growth, capital accumulation, and productivity improvements when entered together in regressions, even after controlling for economic and political factors. The results are consistent with the views that financial markets provide important services for growth, and that stock markets provide different services from banks. The paper also finds that stock market size, volatility, and international integration are not robustly linked with growth, and that none of the financial indicators is closely associated with private saving rates.},
Author = {Levine, Ross and Zervos, Sara},
Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 1998 American Economic Association},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:15 +0000},
Issn = {00028282},
Journal = {The American Economic Review},
Jstor_Articletype = {research-article},
Jstor_Formatteddate = {Jun., 1998},
Keywords = {ec7350,rich},
Number = {3},
Pages = {pp. 537-558},
Publisher = {American Economic Association},
Title = {Stock Markets, Banks, and Economic Growth},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/116848},
Volume = {88},
Year = {1998},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/116848}}
@article{llsv1998,
Abstract = {This paper examines legal rules covering protection of corporate shareholders and creditors, the origin of these rules, and the quality of their enforcement in 49 countries. The results show that common-law countries generally have the strongest, and French civil-law countries the weakest legal protections of investors, with German and Scandanavian civil-law countries located in the middle. We also find that concentration of ownership of shares in the largest public companies is negatively related to investor protections, consistent with the hypothesis that small, diversified share-holders are unlikely to be important in countries that fail to protect their rights.},
Author = {La Porta, Rafael and Lopez-de-Silanes, Florencio and Shleifer, Andrei and Vishny, Robert W.},
Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 1998 The University of Chicago Press},
Date-Modified = {2018-12-07 15:40:55 -0600},
Issn = {00223808},
Journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
Jstor_Articletype = {research-article},
Jstor_Formatteddate = {December 1998},
Keywords = {ec7350, takeoff},
Number = {6},
Pages = {pp. 1113-1155},
Publisher = {The University of Chicago Press},
Title = {Law and Finance},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/250042},
Volume = {106},
Year = {1998},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/250042}}
@article{jmw2002,
Abstract = {Which is the tighter constraint on private sector investment: weak property rights or limited access to external finance? From a survey of new firms in post-communist countries, we find that weak property rights discourage firms from reinvesting their profits, even when bank loans are available. Where property rights are relatively strong, firms reinvest their profits; where they are relatively weak, entrepreneurs do not want to invest from retained earnings.},
Author = {Simon Johnson and McMillan, John and Woodruff, Christopher},
Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 2002 American Economic Association},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000},
Issn = {00028282},
Journal = {The American Economic Review},
Jstor_Articletype = {research-article},
Jstor_Formatteddate = {Dec., 2002},
Keywords = {ec7350,deep},
Number = {5},
Pages = {pp. 1335-1356},
Publisher = {American Economic Association},
Title = {Property Rights and Finance},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3083253},
Volume = {92},
Year = {2002},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3083253}}
@article{lls2008,
Abstract = {In the last decade, economists have produced a considerable body of research suggesting that the historical origin of a country's laws is highly correlated with a broad range of its legal rules and regulations, as well as with economic outcomes. We summarize this evidence and attempt a unified interpretation. We also address several objections to the empirical claim that legal origins matter. Finally, we assess the implications of this research for economic reform.},
Author = {La Porta, Rafael and Lopez-de-Silanes, Florencio and Shleifer, Andrei},
Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 2008 American Economic Association},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000},
Issn = {00220515},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
Jstor_Articletype = {research-article},
Jstor_Formatteddate = {Jun., 2008},
Keywords = {deep},
Number = {2},
Pages = {pp. 285-332},
Publisher = {American Economic Association},
Title = {The Economic Consequences of Legal Origins},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/27646991},
Volume = {46},
Year = {2008},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/27646991}}
@article{gsz2004,
Abstract = {To identify the effect of social capital on financial development, we exploit social capital differences within Italy. In high-social-capital areas, households are more likely to use checks, invest less in cash and more in stock, have higher access to institutional credit, and make less use of informal credit. The effect of social capital is stronger where legal enforcement is weaker and among less educated people. These results are not driven by omitted environmental variables, since we show that the behavior of movers is still affected by the level of social capital of the province where they were born.},
Author = {Guiso, Luigi and Sapienza, Paola and Zingales, Luigi},
Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 2004 American Economic Association},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000},
Issn = {00028282},
Journal = {The American Economic Review},
Jstor_Articletype = {research-article},
Jstor_Formatteddate = {Jun., 2004},
Keywords = {ec7350,deep},
Number = {3},
Pages = {pp. 526-556},
Publisher = {American Economic Association},
Title = {The Role of Social Capital in Financial Development},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3592941},
Volume = {94},
Year = {2004},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3592941}}
@article{gsz2004b,
Abstract = {We study the effects of differences in local financial development within an integrated financial market. We construct a new indicator of financial development by estimating a regional effect on the probability that, ceteris paribus, a household is shut off from the credit market. By using this indicator, we find that financial development enhances the probability an individual starts his own business, favors entry of new firms, increases competition, and promotes growth. As predicted by theory, these effects are weaker for larger firms, which can more easily raise funds outside of the local area. These effects are present even when we instrument our indicator with the structure of the local banking markets in 1936, which, because of regulatory reasons, affected the supply of credit in the following 50 years. Overall, the results suggest local financial development is an important determinant of the economic success of an area even in an environment where there are no frictions to capital movements.},
Author = {Guiso, Luigi and Sapienza, Paola and Zingales, Luigi},
Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 2004 Oxford University Press},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000},
Issn = {00335533},
Journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
Jstor_Articletype = {research-article},
Jstor_Formatteddate = {Aug., 2004},
Keywords = {ec7350,deep},
Number = {3},
Pages = {pp. 929-969},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
Title = {Does Local Financial Development Matter?},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/25098706},
Volume = {119},
Year = {2004},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/25098706}}
@article{gsz2009,
Abstract = {How much do cultural biases affect economic exchange? We answer this question by using data on bilateral trust between European countries. We document that this trust is affected not only by the characteristics of the country being trusted, but also by cultural aspects of the match between trusting country and trusted country, such as their history of conflicts and their religious, genetic, and somatic similarities. We then find that lower bilateral trust leads to less trade between two countries, less portfolio investment, and less direct investment, even after controlling for the characteristics of the two countries. This effect is stronger for goods that are more trust intensive. Our results suggest that perceptions rooted in culture are important (and generally omitted) determinants of economic exchange.},
Author = {Guiso, Luigi and Sapienza, Paola and Zingales, Luigi},
Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 2009 Oxford University Press},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000},
Issn = {00335533},
Journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
Jstor_Articletype = {research-article},
Jstor_Formatteddate = {Aug., 2009},
Keywords = {deep},
Number = {3},
Pages = {pp. 1095-1131},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
Title = {Cultural Biases in Economic Exchange?},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/40506253},
Volume = {124},
Year = {2009},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/40506253}}
@article{keller2002,
Abstract = {This paper integrates earlier studies on the link of productivity and research and development (R\&D) in different industries of a closed economy with the more recent emphasis on R\&D-driven growth and international trade in open economies. In this framework, technology in the form of product designs is transmitted to other industries, both domestically as well as internationally, through trade in differentiated intermediate goods. I present empirical results based on a new industry-level data set that covers more than 65 percent of the world's manufacturing output and most of the world's R\&D expenditures between 1970 and 1991. The analysis considers productivity effects from R\&D in the domestic industry itself, from R\&D in other domestic industries, as well as in the same and other foreign industries. I estimate strong productivity effects both from own R\&D spending and R\&D conducted elsewhere. The contribution of R\&D in the industry itself is about 50 percent in this sample. Domestic R\&D in other industries is the source of 30 percent of the productivity increases, and the remaining 20 percent are due to R\&D expenditures in foreign industries.},
Author = {Keller, Wolfgang},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:16 +0000},
Issn = {1381-4338},
Issue = {1},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
Keywords = {ec7350,trade},
Pages = {5-24},
Publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
Title = {Trade and the Transmission of Technology},
Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1013461025733},
Volume = {7},
Year = {2002},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1013461025733}}
@article{bd2003,
Abstract = {This paper describes the correlations between inequality and the growth rates in cross-country data. Using non-parametric methods, we show that the growth rate is an inverted U-shaped function of net changes in inequality: changes in inequality (in any direction) are associated with reduced growth in the next period. The estimated relationship is robust to variations in control variables and estimation methods. This inverted U-curve is consistent with a simple political economy model but it could also reflect the nature of measurement errors, and, in general, efforts to interpret this evidence causally run into difficult identification problems. We show that this non-linearity is sufficient to explain why previous estimates of the relationship between the level of inequality and growth are so different from one another.},
Author = {Banerjee, Abhijit V. and Duflo, Esther},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000},
Issn = {1381-4338},
Issue = {3},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
Keywords = {deep},
Pages = {267-299},
Publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
Title = {Inequality and Growth: What Can the Data Say?},
Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026205114860},
Volume = {8},
Year = {2003},
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026205114860}}
@article{rst2004,
Abstract = {We estimate the respective contributions of institutions, geography, and trade in determining income levels around the world, using recently developed instrumental variables for institutions and trade. Our results indicate that the quality of institutions ``trumps'' everything else. Once institutions are controlled for, conventional measures of geography have at best weak direct effects on incomes, although they have a strong indirect effect by influencing the quality of institutions. Similarly, once institutions are controlled for, trade is almost always insignificant, and often enters the income equation with the ``wrong'' (i.e., negative) sign. We relate our results to recent literature, and where differences exist, trace their origins to choices on samples, specification, and instrumentation.},
Author = {Rodrik, Dani and Subramanian, Arvind and Trebbi, Francesco},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000},
Issn = {1381-4338},
Issue = {2},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
Keywords = {deep},
Pages = {131-165},
Publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
Title = {Institutions Rule: The Primacy of Institutions Over Geography and Integration in Economic Development},
Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEG.0000031425.72248.85},
Volume = {9},
Year = {2004},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEG.0000031425.72248.85}}
@article{glls2004,
Abstract = {We revisit the debate over whether political institutions cause economic growth, or whether, alternatively, growth and human capital accumulation lead to institutional improvement. We find that most indicators of institutional quality used to establish the proposition that institutions cause growth are constructed to be conceptually unsuitable for that purpose. We also find that some of the instrumental variable techniques used in the literature are flawed. Basic OLS results, as well as a variety of additional evidence, suggest that (a) human capital is a more basic source of growth than are the institutions, (b) poor countries get out of poverty through good policies, often pursued by dictators, and (c) subsequently improve their political institutions.},
Author = {Glaeser, Edward L. and La Porta, Rafael and Lopez-de-Silanes, Florencio and Shleifer, Andrei},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:46 +0000},
Issn = {1381-4338},
Issue = {3},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
Keywords = {deep},
Pages = {271-303},
Publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
Title = {Do Institutions Cause Growth?},
Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEG.0000038933.16398.ed},
Volume = {9},
Year = {2004},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEG.0000038933.16398.ed}}
@article{bdl2007,
Abstract = {Financial development disproportionately boosts incomes of the poorest quintile and reduces income inequality. About 40\% of the long-run impact of financial development on the income growth of the poorest quintile is the result of reductions in income inequality, while 60\% is due to the impact of financial development on aggregate economic growth. Furthermore, financial development is associated with a drop in the fraction of the population living on less than \$ 1 a day, a result which holds when conditioning on average growth. These findings emphasize the importance of the financial system for the poor.},
Affiliation = {The World Bank, Mail stop MC 3-300, 1818 H street N.W., Washington, DC 20433, USA},
Author = {Beck, Thorsten and Demirg{\"u}{\c c}-Kunt, Asli and Levine, Ross},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:15 +0000},
Issn = {1381-4338},
Issue = {1},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
Keywords = {ec7350,rich},
Pages = {27-49},
Publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
Title = {Finance, inequality and the poor},
Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10887-007-9010-6},
Volume = {12},
Year = {2007},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10887-007-9010-6}}
@article{hend2010,
Abstract = {Educational attainment varies greatly across countries and within countries over time. This paper asks whether the variation in education is primarily due to industry composition or to within-industry skill intensities. The main finding is that within-industry variation accounts for at least two-thirds of the cross-country and the time-series variation in educational attainment. The within-industry education gaps are broadly consistent with a model of industry neutral cross-country differences in skilled labor productivity. These results suggest that theories of educational development should focus on skill upgrading within industries rather than structural change.},
Affiliation = {Department of Economics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA},
Author = {Hendricks, Lutz},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:11:44 +0000},
Issn = {1381-4338},
Issue = {3},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
Keywords = {ec7350,reform,sector},
Pages = {205-233},
Publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
Title = {Cross-country variation in educational attainment: structural change or within-industry skill upgrading?},
Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10887-010-9055-9},
Volume = {15},
Year = {2010},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10887-010-9055-9}}
@article{ad2011,
Abstract = {The present paper examines a neglected determinant of aggregate productivity: temporary cross-border flows of people. We hypothesize that interaction between people from different nations facilitates the international diffusion of ideas, thus stimulating aggregate productivity. In order to assess the causal impact of people flows on productivity, we construct an instrument for people flows. By analogy to the trade/growth literature, this instrument is derived from a fitted gravity equation involving geographic determinants of bilateral travel flows. Our cross-section analysis reveal that greater international interaction leads to higher productivity; a very similar result, qualitatively as well as quantitatively, is obtained when we employ dynamic panel data methods for the purpose of identification.},
Affiliation = {University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark},
Author = {Andersen, Thomas and Dalgaard, Carl-Johan},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:02:16 +0000},
Issn = {1381-4338},
Issue = {1},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
Keywords = {ec7350,trade},
Pages = {1-32},
Publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
Title = {Flows of people, flows of ideas, and the inequality of nations},
Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10887-011-9060-7},
Volume = {16},
Year = {2011},
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10887-011-9060-7}}
@article{pw2011,
Abstract = {A model of growth with endogenous innovation and distortionary taxes is presented. Since innovation is the only source of volatility, any variable that influences innovation directly affects volatility and growth. This joint endogeneity is illustrated by working out the effects through which economies with different tax levels differ in their volatility and growth process. We obtain analytical measures of macro volatility based on cyclical output and on output growth rates for plausible parametric restrictions. This analysis implies that controls for taxes should be included in the standard growth-volatility regressions. Our estimates show that the conventional Ramey--Ramey coefficient is affected sizeably. In addition, tax levels do indeed appear to affect volatility in our empirical application.},
Affiliation = {Department of Economics and Business, Aarhus University and CREATES, CESifo, Bartholins All{\'e} 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark},
Author = {Posch, Olaf and W{\"a}lde, Klaus},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:00:15 +0000},
Issn = {1381-4338},
Issue = {4},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
Keywords = {ec7350,rich},
Pages = {285-308},
Publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
Title = {On the link between volatility and growth},
Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10887-011-9069-y},
Volume = {16},
Year = {2011},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10887-011-9069-y}}
@article{hw2012,
Abstract = {We develop a new metric for the distribution of educational achievement across countries that can further track the cognitive skill distribution within countries and over time. Cross-country growth regressions generate a close relationship between educational achievement and GDP growth that is remarkably stable across extensive sensitivity analyses of specification, time period, and country samples. In a series of now-common microeconometric approaches for addressing causality, we narrow the range of plausible interpretations of this strong cognitive skills-growth relationship. These alternative estimation approaches, including instrumental variables, difference-in-differences among immigrants on the U.S. labor market, and longitudinal analysis of changes in cognitive skills and in growth rates, leave the stylized fact of a strong impact of cognitive skills unchanged. Moreover, the results indicate that school policy can be an important instrument to spur growth. The shares of basic literates and high performers have independent relationships with growth, the latter being larger in poorer countries.},
Affiliation = {Hoover Institution, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-6010, USA},
Author = {Hanushek, Eric and Woessmann, Ludger},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:11:17 +0000},
Issn = {1381-4338},
Issue = {4},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
Keywords = {ec7350,reform},
Pages = {267-321},
Publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
Title = {Do better schools lead to more growth? Cognitive skills, economic outcomes, and causation},
Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10887-012-9081-x},
Volume = {17},
Year = {2012},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10887-012-9081-x}}
@article{hk2000,
Abstract = {Direct measures of labor-force quality from international mathematics and science test scores are strongly related to growth. Indirect specification tests are generally consistent with a causal link: direct spending on schools is unrelated to student performance differences; the estimated growth effects of improved labor-force quality hold when East Asian countries are excluded; and, finally, home-country quality differences of immigrants are directly related to U.S. earnings if the immigrants are educated in their own country but not in the United States. The last estimates of micro productivity effects, however, introduce uncertainty about the magnitude of the growth effects.},
Author = {Hanushek, Eric A. and Kimko, Dennis D.},
Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 2000 American Economic Association},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:11:24 +0000},
Issn = {00028282},
Journal = {The American Economic Review},
Jstor_Articletype = {research-article},
Jstor_Formatteddate = {Dec., 2000},
Keywords = {ec7350,reform},
Number = {5},
Pages = {pp. 1184-1208},
Publisher = {American Economic Association},
Title = {Schooling, Labor-Force Quality, and the Growth of Nations},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2677847},
Volume = {90},
Year = {2000},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2677847}}
@article{weil2007,
Abstract = {I use microeconomic estimates of the effect of health on individual outcomes to construct macroeconomic estimates of the proximate effect of health on GDP per capita. I employ a variety of methods to construct estimates of the return to health, which I combine with cross-country and historical data on height, adult survival rates, and age at menarche. Using my preferred estimate, eliminating health differences among countries would reduce the variance of log GDP per worker by 9.9 percent and reduce the ratio of GDP per worker at the 90th percentile to GDP per worker at the 10th percentile from 20.5 to 17.9. While this effect is economically significant, it is also substantially smaller than estimates of the effect of health on economic growth that are derived from cross-country regressions.},
Author = {Weil, David N.},
Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 2007 Oxford University Press},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:14:11 +0000},
Issn = {00335533},
Journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
Jstor_Articletype = {research-article},
Jstor_Formatteddate = {Aug., 2007},
Keywords = {ec7350,rich,ec7340},
Number = {3},
Pages = {pp. 1265-1306},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
Title = {Accounting for the Effect of Health on Economic Growth},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/25098873},
Volume = {122},
Year = {2007},
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Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/25098873}}
@article{koren2007,
Abstract = {Why is GDP growth so much more volatile in poor countries than in rich ones? We identify three possible reasons: (i) poor countries specialize in fewer and more volatile sectors; (ii) poor countries experience more frequent and more severe aggregate shocks (e.g., from macroeconomic policy); and (iii) poor countries' macroeconomic fluctuations are more highly correlated with the shocks affecting the sectors they specialize in. We show how to decompose volatility into the various sources, quantify their contribution to aggregate volatility, and study how they relate to the stage of development. We document the following regularities. First, as countries develop, their productive structure moves from more volatile to less volatile sectors. Second, the volatility of country-specific macroeconomic shocks falls with development. Third, the covariance between sector-specific and country-specific shocks does not vary systematically with the level of development. There is also some evidence that the degree of sectoral concentration declines with development at early stages, and increases at later stages. We argue that many theories linking volatility and development are not consistent with these findings, and suggest new directions for future theoretical work.},
Author = {Koren, Mikl{\'o}s and Tenreyro, Silvana},
Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 2007 Oxford University Press},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 17:58:06 +0000},
Issn = {00335533},
Journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
Jstor_Articletype = {research-article},
Jstor_Formatteddate = {Feb., 2007},
Keywords = {ec7350,sector},
Number = {1},
Pages = {pp. 243-287},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
Title = {Volatility and Development},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/25098842},
Volume = {122},
Year = {2007},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/25098842}}
@article{ciccone2009,
Abstract = {We document that countries with higher initial education levels experienced faster value-added and employment growth in schooling-intensive industries in the 1980s and 1990s. This effect is robust to controls for other determinants of international specialization and becomes stronger when we focus on economies open to international trade. Our finding is consistent with schooling fostering the adoption of new technologies if such technologies are skilled-labor augmenting, as was the case in the 1980s and the 1990s. In line with international specialization theory, we also find that countries where education levels increased rapidly experienced stronger shifts in production toward schooling-intensive industries.},
Author = {Ciccone, Antonio and Papaioannou, Elias},
Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 2009 The MIT Press},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:08:53 +0000},
Issn = {00346535},
Journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
Jstor_Articletype = {research-article},
Jstor_Formatteddate = {February 2009},
Keywords = {ec7350,rich},
Number = {1},
Pages = {pp. 66-82},
Publisher = {The MIT Press},
Title = {Human Capital, the Structure of Production, and Growth},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/25651318},
Volume = {91},
Year = {2009},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/25651318}}
@article{sk2007,
Abstract = {Why did Western Europe industrialize first? An influential view holds that its exceptionally well-functioning markets supported with a certain set of institutions provided the incentives to make investments needed to industrialize. This paper examines this hypothesis by comparing the actual performance of markets in terms of market integration in Western Europe and China, two regions that were relatively advanced in the preindustrial period, but would start to industrialize about 150 years apart. We find that the performance of markets in China and Western Europe overall was comparable in the late eighteenth century. Market performance in England was higher than in the Yangzi Delta, and markets in England also performed better than those in continental Western Europe. This suggests strong market performance may be necessary, but it is not sufficient for industrialization. Rather than being a key condition for subsequent growth, improvements in market performance and growth occurred simultaneously.},
Author = {Shiue, Carol H. and Keller, Wolfgang},
Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 2007 American Economic Association},
Date-Modified = {2018-07-13 18:01:31 +0000},
Issn = {00028282},
Journal = {The American Economic Review},
Jstor_Articletype = {research-article},
Jstor_Formatteddate = {Sep., 2007},
Keywords = {takeoff},
Number = {4},
Pages = {pp. 1189-1216},
Publisher = {American Economic Association},
Title = {Markets in China and Europe on the Eve of the Industrial Revolution},
Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/30034089},
Volume = {97},
Year = {2007},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/30034089}}
@comment{BibDesk Smart Groups{