• Acemoglu, D. & Guerrieri, V., 2008. Capital Deepening and Nonbalanced Economic Growth. Journal of Political Economy, 116(3), pp.467–498. Available at: Link.
• BibTeX
@article{ag08,
author = {Acemoglu, Daron and Guerrieri, Veronica},
date-modified = {2015-03-16 21:32:44 +0000},
journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
keywords = {theory},
month = jun,
number = {3},
pages = {467-498},
title = {Capital Deepening and Nonbalanced Economic Growth},
url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/jpolec/v116y2008i3p467-498.html},
volume = {116},
year = {2008},
bdsk-url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/ucp/jpolec/v116y2008i3p467-498.html}
}

• Aghion, P. et al., 2005. Competition and Innovation: a Inverted-U Relationship. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 120(2), pp.701–728.
• Abstract

This paper investigates the relationship between product market competition and innovation. We find strong evidence of an inverted-U relationship using panel data. We develop a model where competition discourages laggard firms from innovating but encourages neck-and-neck firms to innovate. Together with the effect of competition on the equilibrium industry structure, these generate an inverted-U. Two additional predictions of the model-that the average technological distance between leaders and followers increases with competition, and that the inverted-U is steeper when industries are more neck-and-neck-are both supported by the data.

• BibTeX
@article{Philippe-Aghion:2005kx,
author = {Aghion, Philippe and Bloom, Nick and Blundell, Richard and Griffith, Rachel and Howitt, Peter},
date-modified = {2017-01-02 17:55:21 +0000},
journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
keywords = {intro,theory},
number = {2},
pages = {701-728},
title = {Competition and Innovation: a Inverted-U Relationship},
volume = {120},
year = {2005}
}

• Aghion, P. & Howitt, P., 2009. The Economics of Growth, MIT Press.
• BibTeX
@book{Aghion:2009kx,
author = {Aghion, Philippe and Howitt, Peter},
date-modified = {2017-01-16 21:55:12 +0000},
keywords = {intro,theory},
publisher = {MIT Press},
title = {The Economics of Growth},
year = {2009}
}

• Dalgaard, C.-J. & Kreiner, C.T., 2001. Is declining productivity inevitable? Journal of Economic Growth, 6(3), pp.187–203.
• Abstract

Fertility has been declining on all continents for the last couple of decades and this development is expected to continue in the future. Prevailing innovation-based growth theories imply, as a consequence of scale effects from the size of population, that such demographic changes will lead to a major slowdown in productivity growth. In this paper we challenge this pessimistic view of the future. By allowing for endogenous human capital in a basic R&D driven growth model we develop a theory of scale-invariant endogenous growth according to which population growth is neither necessary nor conductive for economic growth.

• BibTeX
@article{dalgaard2001declining,
author = {Dalgaard, Carl-Johan and Kreiner, Claus T.},
date-modified = {2015-03-17 13:13:16 +0000},
journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
keywords = {theory},
number = {3},
pages = {187--203},
publisher = {Springer},
title = {Is declining productivity inevitable?},
volume = {6},
year = {2001}
}

• Dinopoulos, E. & Thompson, P., 1993. Schumpeterian Growth without Scale Effects. Journal of Economic Growth, 3(4), pp.313–335.
• Abstract

We incorporate population growth into the model of trustified capitalism, with vertical and horizontal product differentiation, developed by Thompson and Waldo (1994) and generate endogenous long-run Schumpeterian growth without scale effects. Our model extends the analysis of Young (1998) and overturns some key policy and welfare implications of his model. The transitional dynamics of the model can account for the presence of scale effects in preindustrial and early industrial eras.

• BibTeX
@article{Dinopoulos:3uq,
author = {Dinopoulos, Elias and Thompson, Peter},
date-modified = {2015-03-17 13:06:50 +0000},
journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
keywords = {intro,theory},
number = {4},
pages = {313-335},
title = {Schumpeterian Growth without Scale Effects},
volume = {3},
year = {1993}
}

• Galor, O. & Zeira, J., 1993. Income distribution and macroeconomics. The Review of Economic Studies, 60(1), pp.35–52.
• Abstract

This paper analyzes the role of wealth distribution in macroeconomics through investment in human capital. In the presen ce of credit markets’ imperfections and indivisibilities in investment in human capital, the initial distribution of wealth affects aggregate output and investment both in the short and in the long run, as ther e are multiple steady states. This paper, therefore, provides an additional explanation for the persistent differences in per-capita output across countries. Furthermore, the paper shows that cross-country differences in macroeconomic adjustment to aggregate shocks can be attributed, among other factors, to differences in wea lth and income distribution across countries.

• BibTeX
@article{galor1993income,
author = {Galor, Oded and Zeira, Joseph},
date-modified = {2015-03-16 21:52:59 +0000},
journal = {The Review of Economic Studies},
keywords = {theory},
number = {1},
pages = {35-52},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
title = {Income distribution and macroeconomics},
volume = {60},
year = {1993}
}

• Houthakker, H.S., 1955. The Pareto Distribution and the Cobb-Douglas Production Function in Activity Analysis. Review of Economic Studies, 23(1), pp.27–31. Available at: Link.
• Abstract

No abstract is available for this item.

• BibTeX
@article{houthakker1955,
author = {Houthakker, H. S.},
date-modified = {2016-04-08 20:04:35 +0000},
journal = {Review of Economic Studies},
keywords = {theory},
number = {1},
pages = {27-31},
title = {{The Pareto Distribution and the Cobb-Douglas Production Function in Activity Analysis}},
url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/oup/restud/v23y1955i1p27-31..html},
volume = {23},
year = {1955},
bdsk-url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/oup/restud/v23y1955i1p27-31..html}
}

• Howitt, P., 1999. Steady Endogenous Growth with Population and R & D Inputs Growing. Journal of Political Economy, 107(4), pp.715–730. Available at: Link.
• Abstract

This paper presents a Schumpeterian endogenous growth model in which a steady state exists with a constant growth rate even though population and the inputs to R. & D. are growing. The scale effect of rising population is nullified by product proliferation that fragments the growing demand for intermediate prodcuts, thus preventing the reward to any specific innovation from rising with population. All the ususal comparitive statics results of Schumpeterian growth theory are valid, including the positive effect of R. & D. subsidies on growth.

• BibTeX
@article{howitt1999,
author = {Howitt, Peter},
date-modified = {2015-03-17 13:08:17 +0000},
issn = {00223808},
journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
jstor_articletype = {research-article},
jstor_formatteddate = {August 1999},
keywords = {intro,theory},
number = {4},
pages = {715-730},
publisher = {The University of Chicago Press},
title = {Steady Endogenous Growth with Population and R \& D Inputs Growing},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/250076},
volume = {107},
year = {1999},
bdsk-url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/250076}
}

• Hoxha, I., Kalemli-Ozcan, S. & Vollrath, D., 2013. How big are the gains from international financial integration? Journal of Development Economics, 103(C), pp.90–98.   Paper
• Abstract

The literature has shown that the implied welfare gains from financial integration are very small. We revisit these findings and document that welfare gains are substantial if capital goods are not perfect substitutes. We use a model of optimal savings where the elasticity of substitution between capital varieties is less than infinity, but more than the value that would generate endogenous growth. This production structure is consistent with empirical estimates of the actual elasticity of substitution between capital types, as well as with the relatively slow speed of convergence documented in the literature. Calibrating the model, welfare gains from financial integration are equivalent to a 9% increase in consumption for the median country, and 14% for the most capital-scarce. This rises substantially if capital’s share in output increases even modestly above 0.3, and remains large if inflows of foreign capital are limited to a fraction of the existing capital stock.

• BibTeX
@article{hkv2013,
author = {Hoxha, Indrit and Kalemli-Ozcan, Sebnem and Vollrath, Dietrich},
date-modified = {2016-03-06 23:41:20 +0000},
journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
keywords = {me,theory},
number = {C},
pages = {90-98},
paper = {DEVEC1757.pdf},
title = {{How big are the gains from international financial integration?}},
volume = {103},
year = {2013},
bdsk-url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/deveco/v103y2013icp90-98.html}
}

• Jones, C.I., 2005. The Shape of the Production Function and the Direction of Technical Change. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 120(2), pp.517–549.
• Abstract

This paper views the standard production function in macroeconomics as a reduced form and derives its properties from microfoundations. The shape of this production function is governed by the distribution of ideas. If that distribution is Pareto, then two results obtain: the global production function is Cobb-Douglas, and technical change in the long run is labor-augmenting. Kortum (1997) showed that Pareto distributions are necessary if search-based idea models are to exhibit steady-state growth. Here we show that this same assumption delivers the additional results about the shape of the production function and the direction of technical change.

• BibTeX
@article{jones2005,
author = {Jones, Charles I.},
date-modified = {2016-04-08 20:09:50 +0000},
journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
keywords = {theory},
number = {2},
pages = {517-549},
title = {The Shape of the Production Function and the Direction of Technical Change},
volume = {120},
year = {2005}
}

• Jones, C.I., 2002. Sources of U.S. Economic Growth in a World of Ideas. American Economic Review, 92(1), pp.220–239.
• Abstract

Rising educational attainment and research intensity in recent decades suggest that the U.S. economy is far from its steady state. This paper develops a model reconciling these facts with the stability of U.S. growth rates. In the model, long-run growth arises from the worldwide discovery of ideas, which depends on population growth. Nevertheless, constant growth can temporarily proceed at a faster rate, provided research intensity and educational attainment rise steadily over time. Growth accounting reveals that these factors explain 80 percent of recent U.S. growth, with less than 20 percent coming from world population growth.

• BibTeX
@article{Jones:2002fk,
author = {Jones, Charles I.},
date-modified = {2015-03-17 13:08:56 +0000},
journal = {American Economic Review},
keywords = {intro,theory},
month = mar,
number = {1},
pages = {220-239},
title = {Sources of U.S. Economic Growth in a World of Ideas},
volume = {92},
year = {2002}
}

• Jones, C.I., 1995. Time Series Test of Endogenous Growth Models. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110, pp.495–525.
• Abstract

According to endogenous growth theory, permanent changes in certain policy variables have permanent effects on the rate of economic growth. Empirically, however, U.S. growth rates exhibit no large persistent changes. Therefore, the determinants of long-run growth highlighted by a specific growth model must similarly exhibit no large persistent changes or the persistent movement in these variables must be offsetting. Otherwise, the growth model is inconsistent with time series evidence. This paper argues that many AK-style models and R&D-based models of endogenous growth are rejected by this criterion. The rejection of the R&D-based models is particularly strong.

• BibTeX
@article{Jones:1995uq,
author = {Jones, Charles I.},
date-modified = {2015-03-17 13:09:01 +0000},
journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
keywords = {intro,theory},
pages = {495-525},
title = {Time Series Test of Endogenous Growth Models},
volume = {110},
year = {1995}
}

• Jones, C.I., 1995. R&D-Based Models of Economics Growth. Journal of Political Economy, 103, pp.759–784.
• Abstract

This paper argues that the ’scale effects’ prediction of many recent R&D-based models of growth is inconsistent with the time-series evidence from industrialized economies. A modified version of the Romer model that is consistent with this evidence is proposed, but the extended model alters a key implication usually found in endogenous growth theory. Although growth in the extended model is generated endogenously through R&D, the long-run growth rate depends only on parameters that are usually taken to be exogenous, including the rate of population growth.

• BibTeX
@article{Jones:1995fk,
author = {Jones, Charles I.},
date-modified = {2015-03-17 13:08:48 +0000},
journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
keywords = {intro,theory},
pages = {759-784},
title = {R\&D-Based Models of Economics Growth},
volume = {103},
year = {1995}
}

• Klump, R. & Grandville, O. de la, 2000. Economic Growth and the Elasticity of Substitution: Two Theorems and Some Suggestions. The American Economic Review, 90(1), pp.282–291.
• BibTeX
@article{klump_etal_2000,
author = {Klump, Rainer and de la Grandville, Olivier},
date-modified = {2015-03-17 13:14:18 +0000},
journal = {The American Economic Review},
keywords = {theory},
month = mar,
number = {1},
pages = {282-291},
title = {Economic Growth and the Elasticity of Substitution: Two Theorems and Some Suggestions},
volume = {90},
year = {2000},
}

• Kortum, S.S., 1997. Research, Patenting, and Technological Change. Econometrica, 65(6), pp.1389–1419. Available at: Link.
• Abstract

This paper develops a search-theoretic model of technological change that accounts for some puzzling trends in industrial research, patenting, and productivity growth. In the model, researchers sample from probability distributions of potential new production techniques. Past research generates a technological frontier representing the best techniques for producing each good in the economy. Technological breakthroughs, resulting in patents, become increasingly hard to find as the technological frontier advances. This explains why patenting has been roughly constant as research employment has risen sharply over the last forty years. Productivity is determined by the position of the technological frontier and hence by the stock of past research. If researchers sample from Pareto distributions, then productivity growth is proportional to the growth of the research stock. The Pareto specification accounts for why productivity growth has neither risen as research employment has grown nor fallen as patenting has failed to grow. The growth of research employment itself is driven, in equilibrium, by population growth. Calibrating the model’s four parameters, the implied social return to research is over twenty percent.

• BibTeX
@article{1997,
author = {Kortum, Samuel S.},
date-modified = {2015-03-17 13:09:17 +0000},
issn = {00129682},
journal = {Econometrica},
jstor_articletype = {research-article},
jstor_formatteddate = {Nov., 1997},
keywords = {intro,theory},
number = {6},
pages = {1389-1419},
publisher = {The Econometric Society},
title = {Research, Patenting, and Technological Change},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2171741},
volume = {65},
year = {1997},
bdsk-url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2171741}
}

• Murphy, K.M., Shleifer, A. & Vishny, R.W., 1989. Income Distribution, Market Size, and Industrialization. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 104(3), pp.537–64. Available at: Link.
• Abstract

When world trade is costly, a country can profitably industrialize only if its domestic markets are large enough. In such a country, for increasing returns technologies to break even, sales must be high enough to cover fixed setup costs. The authors suggest two conditions conducive to industrialization. First, a leading sector, such as agriculture or exports, must grow and provide the source of autonomous demand for manufactures. Second, income generated by this leading sector must be broadly enough distributed that it materializes as demand for a broad range of domestic manufactures. These conditions have been important in several historical growth episodes. Copyright 1989, the President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

• BibTeX
@article{msv89,
author = {Murphy, Kevin M and Shleifer, Andrei and Vishny, Robert W},
date-modified = {2015-03-17 18:39:37 +0000},
journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
keywords = {theory,pop},
month = aug,
number = {3},
pages = {537-64},
title = {{Income Distribution, Market Size, and Industrialization}},
url = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/tpr/qjecon/v104y1989i3p537-64.html},
volume = {104},
year = {1989},
bdsk-url-1 = {http://ideas.repec.org/a/tpr/qjecon/v104y1989i3p537-64.html}
}

• Peretto, P., 1998. Technological Change and Population Growth. Journal of Economic Growth, 3(4), pp.283–311.
• Abstract

What is the relationship between the rate of population growth and the rate of technological change? To answer this question, I discuss a model where increasing returns generate long-run growth but where the scale effect is absent. More precisely, the model predicts that steady-state productivity growth does not depend on population size because an increase in population size leads to entry. The resulting crowding-in effect generates dispersion of R&D resources across firms and offsets the positive effect of the scale of the economy on the returns to R&D. Changes in population size have only transitory effects on productivity growth. This desirable property allows me to introduce population growth in the model and study the effects of demographic shocks. The predicted patterns of growth, entry, and change in industrial structure match the experience of several industrialized countries. In addition, they match several of the empirical observations cited as evidence against standard models of endogenous technological change.

• BibTeX
@article{Peretto:1998fk,
author = {Peretto, Pietro},
date-modified = {2015-03-17 13:10:54 +0000},
journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
keywords = {intro,theory},
number = {4},
pages = {283-311},
title = {Technological Change and Population Growth},
volume = {3},
year = {1998}
}

• Peretto, P. & Valente, S., 2015. Growth on a finite planet: resources, technology and population in the long run. Journal of Economic Growth, 20(3), pp.305–331. Available at: Link.
• Abstract

We study the interactions between technological change, resource scarcity and population dynamics in a Schumpeterian model with endogenous fertility. We find a steady state in which population is constant and determined by resource scarcity while income grows exponentially. If labor and resources are substitutes in production, income and fertility dynamics are stable and the steady state is the global attractor of the system. If labor and resources are complements, income and fertility dynamics are unstable and drive the economy towards either demographic explosion or collapse. We calibrate the model numerically to match past US data on fertility and land scarcity, obtaining future scenarios for the current century and quantifying the response of fertility and productivity to exogenous shocks. Copyright Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015

• BibTeX
@article{perettovalente2015,
author = {Peretto, Pietro and Valente, Simone},
date-modified = {2017-02-21 16:47:59 +0000},
doi = {10.1007/s10887-015-9118-z},
journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
keywords = {theory},
month = sep,
number = {3},
pages = {305-331},
title = {{Growth on a finite planet: resources, technology and population in the long run}},
url = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/kap/jecgro/v20y2015i3p305-331.html},
volume = {20},
year = {2015},
bdsk-url-1 = {https://ideas.repec.org/a/kap/jecgro/v20y2015i3p305-331.html},
bdsk-url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10887-015-9118-z}
}

• Romer, P.M., 1990. Endogenous Technological Change. Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), pp.pp. S71–S102. Available at: Link.
• Abstract

Growth in this model is driven by technological change that arises from intentional investment decisions made by profit-maximizing agents. The distinguishing feature of the technology as an input is that it is neither a conventional good nor a public good; it is a nonrival, partially excludable good. Because of the nonconvexity introduced by a nonrival good, price-taking competition cannot be supported. Instead, the equilibrium is one with monopolistic competition. The main conclusions are that the stock of human capital determines the rate of growth, that too little human capital is devoted to research in equilibrium, that integration into world markets will increase growth rates, and that having a large population is not sufficient to generate growth.

• BibTeX
@article{1990,
author = {Romer, Paul M.},
date-modified = {2016-01-25 15:00:22 +0000},
issn = {00223808},
journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
jstor_articletype = {research-article},
jstor_formatteddate = {Oct., 1990},
jstor_issuetitle = {Part 2: The Problem of Development: A Conference of the Institute for the Study of Free Enterprise Systems},
keywords = {theory, intro},
language = {English},
number = {5},
pages = {pp. S71-S102},
publisher = {The University of Chicago Press},
title = {Endogenous Technological Change},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2937632},
volume = {98},
year = {1990},
bdsk-url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2937632}
}

• Romer, P.M., 1986. Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth. Journal of Political Economy, 94(5), pp.pp. 1002–1037. Available at: Link.
• Abstract

This paper presents a fully specified model of long-run growth in which knowledge is assumed to be an input in production that has increasing marginal productivity. It is essentially a competitive equilibrium model with endogenous technological change. In contrast to models based on diminishing returns, growth rates can be increasing over time, the effects of small disturbances can be amplified by the actions of private agents, and large countries may always grow faster than small countries. Long-run evidence is offered in support of the empirical relevance of these possibilities.

• BibTeX
@article{1986,
author = {Romer, Paul M.},
date-modified = {2016-01-25 15:00:29 +0000},
issn = {00223808},
journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
jstor_articletype = {research-article},
jstor_formatteddate = {Oct., 1986},
keywords = {theory, intro},
language = {English},
number = {5},
pages = {pp. 1002-1037},
publisher = {The University of Chicago Press},
title = {Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1833190},
volume = {94},
year = {1986},
bdsk-url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1833190}
}

• Segerstrom, P.S., 1998. Endogenous Growth without Scale Effects. The American Economic Review, 88(5), pp.1290–1310. Available at: Link.
• Abstract

This paper presents a simple R&D-driven endogenous growth model to shed light on some puzzling economic trends. The model can account for why patent statistics have been roughly constant even though R&D employment has risen sharply over the last 30 years. The model also illuminates why steadily increasing R&D effort has not led to any upward trend in economic growth rates, as is predicted by earlier R&D-driven endogenous growth models with the "scale effect" property.

• BibTeX
@article{seger1998,
author = {Segerstrom, Paul S.},
date-modified = {2015-03-17 13:11:43 +0000},
issn = {00028282},
journal = {The American Economic Review},
jstor_articletype = {research-article},
jstor_formatteddate = {Dec., 1998},
keywords = {intro,theory},
number = {5},
pages = {1290-1310},
publisher = {American Economic Association},
title = {Endogenous Growth without Scale Effects},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/116872},
volume = {88},
year = {1998},
bdsk-url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/116872}
}

• Segerstrom, P.S., Anant, T.C.A. & Dinopoulos, E., 1990. A Schumpeterian Model of the Product Life Cycle. The American Economic Review, 80(5), pp.1077–1091. Available at: Link.
• Abstract

This paper presents a dynamic general equilibrium model of North-South trade in which research and development races between firms determine the rate of product innovation in the North. Tariffs designed to protect dying industries in the North from Southern competition reduce the steady-state number of dominant firms in the North, reduce the rate of product innovation, and increase the relative wage of Northern workers.

• BibTeX
@article{seger1990,
author = {Segerstrom, Paul S. and Anant, T. C. A. and Dinopoulos, Elias},
date-modified = {2015-03-17 13:11:36 +0000},
issn = {00028282},
journal = {The American Economic Review},
jstor_articletype = {research-article},
jstor_formatteddate = {Dec., 1990},
keywords = {intro,theory},
number = {5},
pages = {1077-1091},
publisher = {American Economic Association},
title = {A Schumpeterian Model of the Product Life Cycle},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2006762},
volume = {80},
year = {1990},
bdsk-url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2006762}
}

• Solow, R.M., 1956. A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(1), pp.pp. 65–94. Available at: Link.
• Abstract

I. Introduction, 65.–II. A model of long-run growth, 66.–III. Possible growth patterns, 68.–IV. Examples, 73.–V. Behavior of interest and wage rates, 78.–VI. Extensions, 85.–VII. Qualifications, 91.

• BibTeX
@article{1956,
author = {Solow, Robert M.},
date-modified = {2016-01-25 14:58:22 +0000},
issn = {00335533},
journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
jstor_articletype = {research-article},
jstor_formatteddate = {Feb., 1956},
keywords = {theory},
language = {English},
number = {1},
pages = {pp. 65-94},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
title = {A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1884513},
volume = {70},
year = {1956},
bdsk-url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1884513}
}

• Young, A., 1998. Growth without Scale Effects. Journal of Political Economy, 106(1), pp.41–63. Available at: Link.
• Abstract

An increase in the size (scale) of an economy increases the total quantity of rents that can be captured by successful innovators, which, in equilibrium, should lead to a rise in innovative activity. Conventional wisdom and the theoretical predictions of models of endogenous innovation suggest that this increased research effort should lead to more rapid growth. As noted by Charles Jones, this prediction is at odds with the postwar experience of the OECD, where the growth of the market has indeed led to an increased R & D effort that, however, has been translated into stagnat or declining growth rates. Drawing on the remarkable insights of the museum curator Seabury C. Gilfillan, this paper modifies models of endogenous innovation to allow for the possibility that a rise in the profitability of innovative activity could lead to an increased variety of differentiated solutions to similar problems. An increased variety of technologies (e.g., an increase in the number and types of contraceptives) will increase the level of utility of the average consumer. If, however, continued improvement of this increased variety of technologies requires increased research input, a rise in the scale of the market could raise the equilibrium quantity of R & D without increasing the economy’s growth rate.

• BibTeX
@article{Young1998,
author = {Young, Alwyn},
date-modified = {2015-03-17 13:12:36 +0000},
issn = {00223808},
journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
jstor_articletype = {research-article},
jstor_formatteddate = {February 1998},
keywords = {intro,theory},
number = {1},
pages = {41-63},
publisher = {The University of Chicago Press},
title = {Growth without Scale Effects},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/250002},
volume = {106},
year = {1998},
bdsk-url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/250002}
}

• Young, A., 1991. Learning by Doing and the Dynamic Effects of International Trade. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106(2), pp.369–405. Available at: Link.
• BibTeX
@article{young91,
author = {Young, Alwyn},